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Presence of CrkI-containing microvesicles in squamous cell carcinomas could have ramifications on tumor biology and cancer therapeutics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4803. [PMID: 35314778 PMCID: PMC8938485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we described a phenomenon whereby apoptotic cells generate and release CrkI-containing microvesicles, which stimulate proliferation in surrounding cells upon contact to compensate for their own demise. We termed these microvesicles “ACPSVs” for Apoptotic Compensatory Proliferation Signaling microvesicles. As immune cells and a majority of current cancer therapeutics destroy tumor cells primarily by apoptosis, we conducted a small pilot study to assess the possibility that ACPSVs may also be generated in squamous cell carcinomas. We first evaluated a primary and a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma cancer cell lines for their ability to produce ACPSVs under normal and apoptotic conditions. We next conducted a pilot study to assess the occurrence of ACPSVs in solid tumors extracted from 20 cancer patients with squamous cell carcinomas. Both cancer cell lines produced copious amounts of ACPSVs under apoptotic conditions. Interestingly, the metastatic squamous cell carcinoma cancer cell line also produced high levels of ACPSVs under healthy condition, suggesting that the ability to generate ACPSVs may be hijacked by these cells. Importantly, ACPSVs were also abundant in the solid tumors of all squamous cell carcinoma cancer patients. Detection of ACPSVs in cancer has potentially important ramifications in tumor biology and cancer therapeutics which warrants further investigation.
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Abstract
AbstractHead-and-neck cancers pose a serious economic burden, with most countries investing significant resources to reduce the incidence, primarily focusing on understanding addictive etiologies. The traditional literature focused on tobacco and alcohol use, with few studies on contemporary factors such as e-cigarette, waterpipe smoking, and human papillomavirus. This article attempts to collate and present an update on the globally identified etiologic factors.The aim of this study was to identify and review the addictive etiologic factors causing head-and-neck cancers.An electronic search was performed on Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify the etiologies causing head-and-neck cancers and narrowed down on those driven by addiction. Further, we identified their constituents, mechanism of action, and the risks attributable to various forms of products.Substances identified included smoked and chewed tobacco, alcohol, mate, marijuana, areca nut and betel quid, and viruses. An alarming majority of youth are now utilizing these substances. Furthermore, migrant movements have led to the spread of traditional practices across the regions, especially from the Asian subcontinent.Ironically, despite modern advances and technology, we still see that a large proportion of population succumb to these cancers, emphasizing the need for more effective and targeted policies to combat this menace at the grassroots level.
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Abdou AG, Marae AH, Shoeib M, Dawood G, Abouelfath E. C-Jun expression in lichen planus, psoriasis, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, an immunohistochemical study. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 39:58-69. [PMID: 29144206 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1395347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The AP-1 transcription factor complex is a key player in regulating inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell transformation. The aim of the present study is to investigate C-Jun (one of AP-1complex) expression and its proliferative role in skin samples of lichen planus, psoriasis as common inflammatory skin diseases and squamous cell carcinoma using immunohistochemical method. The present study was carried out on skin biopsies of 15 psoriatic patients, 15 lichen planus patients, 15 SCC, and 15 normal skin biopsies. Nuclear expression of C-Jun was detected in basal and few suprabasal layers of epidermis of normal skin. C-Jun was expressed in the whole epidermal layers of both psoriasis (14/15) and lichen planus (15/15) in addition to its expression in lymphocytic infiltrate in the latter in about half of cases (8/15). C-Jun was also expressed in 93.3% (14/15) of SCC in a percentage lower than that of psoriasis, lichen planus, and normal skin. The percentage of C-Jun expression in SCC was significantly associated with an early stage (p = 0.000), free surgical margins (p = 0.022), and small tumour size (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The marked reduction of C-Jun in SCC in comparison to normal skin and inflammatory skin dermatoses may refer to its tumour suppressor activity. C-Jun expression in SCC carries favourable prognosis. Absence of significant association between C-Jun and Ki-67 either in SCC or inflammatory skin diseases indicates that it does not affect proliferative capacity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- a Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Menoufia University , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Alaa Hassan Marae
- b Dermatology Departments, Faculty of Medicine , Menoufia University , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Mohammed Shoeib
- b Dermatology Departments, Faculty of Medicine , Menoufia University , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Ghada Dawood
- c Dermatology Departments , Shibin Elkom Teaching Hospital , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Enas Abouelfath
- c Dermatology Departments , Shibin Elkom Teaching Hospital , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
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Abstract
JNKs (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) belong to mitogen-activated protein kinases' family and become activated by several growth factors, stress, radiation, and other extracellular signals. In turn, JNK activation results in phosphorylation of downstream molecules involved in many normal cellular processes. Nevertheless, recent data have linked JNK signaling with several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancer. The role of JNK in cancer remains controversial. Initially, JNK was thought to play a rather oncosuppressive role by mediating apoptosis in response to stress stimuli, inflammatory, or oncogenic signals. However, a number of studies have implicated JNK in malignant transformation and tumor growth. The contradictory functions of JNK in cancer may be due to the diversity of JNK upstream and downstream signaling and are under intensive investigation. This review summarizes current literature focusing on the significance of JNK pathway in cancer development and progression, particularly addressing its role in oral cancer. Understanding the complexity of JNK signaling has the potential to elucidate important molecular aspects of oral cancer, possibly leading to development of novel and individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gkouveris
- 1 Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- 2 Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Role of areca nut induced JNK/ATF2/Jun axis in the activation of TGF-β pathway in precancerous Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34314. [PMID: 27708346 PMCID: PMC5052620 DOI: 10.1038/srep34314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is potentially premalignant with progressive and irreversible extracellular matrix deposition accompanied by epithelial atrophy and like other fibrotic disorders, is primarily a TGF-β driven disease. OSF is caused by prolonged chewing of areca nut. Our previous studies reported a pivotal role for TGF-β activation and its effects contributing to OSF. However, the mechanism for activation of TGF-β signaling in OSF is still unknown. In this study we demonstrate activation of TGF-β signaling with sub-cytotoxic dose of areca nut in epithelial cells and discovered a key role for pJNK in this process. In good correlation; pJNK was detected in OSF tissues but not in normal tissues. Moreover, activation of JNK was found to be dependent on muscarinic acid receptor induced Ca2+/CAMKII as well as ROS. JNK dependent phosphorylation of ATF2/c-Jun transcription factors resulted in TGF-β transcription and its signaling. pATF2/p-c-Jun were enriched on TGF-β promoter and co-localized in nuclei of epithelial cells upon areca nut treatment. In corroboration, OSF tissue sections also had nuclear pATF2 and p-c-Jun. Our results provide comprehensive mechanistic details of TGF-β signaling induced by etiological agent areca nut in the manifestation of fibrosis which can lead to new therapeutic modalities for OSF.
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Lima JS, Correa L, Klingbeil MFG, de Sousa SCOM. c-Jun, pc-Jun, and p27 are differently expressed in oral leukoplakias in smokers and never-smokers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 121:73-80. [PMID: 26679360 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral cancer may be preceded by potentially malignant lesions, and smoking is a risk factor. Oral leukoplakia (OL), which is the most common among these lesions, is defined by the World Health Organization as "a white plaque of questionable risk having excluded known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer." Thus, OL is a clinical diagnosis used to designate oral white lesions, which are histologically represented by hyperkeratosis associated or not associated with epithelial dysplasia. It is known that c-Jun and pc-Jun have a role in cell proliferation and that p27 is decreased during carcinogenesis; thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether these proteins are differently expressed in OL in smokers and never-smokers. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-three cases diagnosed as OL were selected and divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of dysplasia and patients' smoking status (smokers: 39 cases, 24 dysplastic; never-smokers: 34 cases, 20 dysplastic). The immunoexpressions of c-Jun, pc-Jun, and p27 were evaluated. RESULTS A significant correlation between smoking condition and the percentages of c-Jun (P = .0356) and pc-Jun (P = .0216) was found and was more intense in cases that underwent malignant transformation (6/47). CONCLUSIONS Smoking habits may be linked to the expression of proteins directly associated with cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelma Sousa Lima
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Correa
- General Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana C Orsini Machado de Sousa
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Research fellow of CNPq, Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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He L, Peng K, Liu Y, Xiong J, Zhu FF. Low expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein is associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1539-43. [PMID: 24204164 PMCID: PMC3817086 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s52805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) was initially identified as a key receptor interacting protein 3 downstream component of tumor-necrosis-factor-induced necrosis. In this study, we characterized the expression of MLKL in ovarian carcinomas and evaluated the prognostic value of MLKL in patients with ovarian cancer. Materials and methods The ovarian cancer tissue specimens were collected from 153 patients diagnosed as primary ovarian cancer after operation at The Second Xiangya Hospital from January 2005 to December 2008. Immunohistochemistry was performed for MLKL and the protein expression score was quantified using an established scoring system. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were generated for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for all patients. MLKL expression levels were correlated with DFS and OS using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results Seventy-five patients (49%) were defined as having high MLKL expression and 67 patients (43.7%) had >80% of cells staining for MLKL. Remarkably, low MLKL expression was significantly associated with decreased DFS (median 40 months versus 25 months, P=0.0282) and OS (median 43 months versus 28 months, P=0.0032). In multivariate analysis, retained significance was also observed. Conclusion Low MLKL expression was significantly associated with both decreased DFS and OS in patients with primary ovarian cancer. MLKL expression may serve as a potential prognostic marker in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, People's Republic of China
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Shah G, Chaturvedi P, Vaishampayan S. Arecanut as an emerging etiology of oral cancers in India. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2012; 33:71-9. [PMID: 22988348 PMCID: PMC3439794 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5851.99726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecanut (AN) usage is widespread in Asian countries, especially India and Taiwan. The incidence of oral cancer is increasing day by day, but there is no exponential increase with tobacco usage. Especially in the country like Taiwan where betel quid mostly do not contain tobacco, AN can be correlated with the increased incidence of cancer. There are different studies in the literature about AN and oral cancer but none of them have concluded with the definite pathway for carcinogenesis. The present paper includes reviews of the literature for AN and oral cancer and summarizes the possible mechanisms associated with AN-induced carcinogenesis; and we have also tried to propose pathway of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Shah
- Consultant Maxillofacial Surgeon, Shalby Hospitals, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar Vaishampayan
- Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Marceková Z, Flaig MJ, Kekus M, Ruzicka T, Rupec RA. The potential role of c-Jun activation in patients with cutaneous lichen planus. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:74-80. [PMID: 19758340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun, a component of the activating protein-1 transcription factor family, has been known to play an important role in the control of cell proliferation. It is also suspected to be a critical mediator of tumor promotion. However, investigations of c-Jun activation patterns in inflammatory and inflammatory transforming skin diseases have not been described so far. In this work, we show the c-Jun activation pattern in skin samples of patients with cutaneous lichen planus (LP), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), psoriasis and normal skin using an immunohistochemical approach and Western blot analysis. In addition, we studied the c-Jun activation pattern in histological samples of three patients in whom LP transformed to SCC. We show that c-Jun is rarely activated in normal skin and psoriasis in contrast to LP and SCC. Our results suggest that c-Jun activation in human skin is involved in (1) proliferation and (2) could potentially participate in the transformation of LP from an inflammatory to a carcinogenic state. Nevertheless, JNK1/2, an important c-Jun activating kinase, was not found to be differentially regulated in LP and SCC compared with normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Marceková
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Chen YJ, Chang JTC, Liao CT, Wang HM, Yen TC, Chiu CC, Lu YC, Li HF, Cheng AJ. Head and neck cancer in the betel quid chewing area: recent advances in molecular carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1507-14. [PMID: 18754860 PMCID: PMC11159516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the 10 most frequent cancers worldwide, with an estimated over 500,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The overall 5-year survival rate in patients with HNC is one of the lowest among common malignant neoplasms and has not significantly changed during the last two decades. Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) shares part of HNC and has been reported to be increasing in the betel quid chewing area in recent years. During 2006, OSCC has become the sixth most common type of cancer in Taiwan, and it is also the fourth most common type of cancer among men. It follows that this type of cancer wreaks a high social and personal cost. Environmental carcinogens such as betel quid chewing, tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking have been identified as major risk factors for head and neck cancer. There is growing interest in understanding the relationship between genetic susceptibility and the prevalent environmental carcinogens for HNC prevention. Within this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular aspects of HNC carcinogenesis in Taiwan, an endemic betel quid chewing area. Knowledge of molecular carcinogenesis of HNC may provide critical clues for diagnosis, prognosis, individualization of therapy and molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Mandell JW. Immunohistochemical assessment of protein phosphorylation state: the dream and the reality. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:465-71. [PMID: 18648845 PMCID: PMC2522329 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of phosphorylation state-specific antibodies (PSSAs) in the 1980s, and their subsequent proliferation promised to enable in situ analysis of the activation states of complex intracellular signaling networks. The extent to which this promise has been fulfilled is the topic of this review. I review some applications of PSSAs primarily in the assessment of solid tumor signaling pathway activation status. PSSAs have received considerable attention for their potential to reveal cell type-specific activation status, provide added prognostic information, aid in the prediction of response to therapy, and most recently, demonstrate the efficacy of kinase-targeted chemotherapies. However, despite some successes, many studies have failed to demonstrate added value of PSSAs over general antibody immunohistochemistry. Moreover, there is still a large degree of uncertainty about the interpretation of complex and heterogeneous staining patterns in tissue samples and their relationship to the actual phosphorylation states in vivo. The next phase of translational research in applications of PSSAs will entail the hard work of antibody validation, gathering of detailed information about epitope-specific lability, and implementation of methods for standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Mandell
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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