Influence of cadmium on development of surface ciliary structures in the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus (Ciliophora, Oxytrichidae)

Molecular characterization and transcriptional modulation of stress-responsive genes under heavy metal stress in freshwater ciliate, Euplotes aediculatus

Heavy metal pollutants in the environment are increasing exponentially due to various anthropogenic factors including mining, industrial and agricultural wastes. Living organisms exposed to heavy metals above a certain threshold level induces deleterious effects in these organisms. To live in such severe environments, microbes have developed a range of tolerance mechanisms which include upregulation of stress-responsive genes and/or antioxidant enzymes to detoxify the metal stress. Single cell eukaryotic microorganisms, i.e., ciliates, are highly sensitive to environmental pollutants mainly due to the absence of cell wall, which make them suitable candidates for conducting ecotoxicological studies. Therefore, the present investigation describes the effects of heavy metals (cadmium and copper) on freshwater ciliate, Euplotes aediculatus. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase and glutathione peroxidase in E. aediculatus were determined under heavy metal exposure. Besides, the expression of stress-responsive genes, namely, heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) and catalase (cat), has also been determined in this freshwater ciliate species under metal stress. The present study showed that the enzyme activity and the expression of these genes increased with an increase in the heavy metal concentration and with the duration of metal exposure. Also, these stress-responsive genes were sequenced and characterized to comprehend their role in cell rescue.