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Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR. Genetics and evolution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O-specific polysaccharides: a novel pattern of O-antigen diversity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:200-217. [PMID: 28364730 PMCID: PMC5399914 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
O-antigen polysaccharide is a major immunogenic feature of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, and most species produce a large variety of forms that differ substantially from one another. There are 18 known O-antigen forms in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, which are typical in being composed of multiple copies of a short oligosaccharide called an O unit. The O-antigen gene clusters are located between the hemH and gsk genes, and are atypical as 15 of them are closely related, each having one of five downstream gene modules for alternative main-chain synthesis, and one of seven upstream modules for alternative side-branch sugar synthesis. As a result, many of the genes are in more than one gene cluster. The gene order in each module is such that, in general, the earlier a gene product functions in O-unit synthesis, the closer the gene is to the 5΄ end for side-branch modules or the 3΄ end for main-chain modules. We propose a model whereby natural selection could generate the observed pattern in gene order, a pattern that has also been observed in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology. Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Monica M. Cunneen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Kenyon JJ, Duda KA, De Felice A, Cunneen MM, Molinaro A, Laitinen J, Skurnik M, Holst O, Reeves PR, De Castro C. Serotype O:8 isolates in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex have different O-antigen gene clusters and produce various forms of rough LPS. Innate Immun 2016; 22:205-17. [PMID: 26873504 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916631403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, the O-antigen of LPS is used for the serological characterization of strains, and 21 serotypes have been identified to date. The O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster and corresponding O-antigen structure have been described for 18, leaving O:8, O:13 and O:14 unresolved. In this study, two O:8 isolates were examined. The O-antigen gene cluster sequence of strain 151 was near identical to serotype O:4a, though a frame-shift mutation was found in ddhD, while No. 6 was different to 151 and carried the O:1b gene cluster. Structural analysis revealed that No. 6 produced a deeply truncated LPS, suggesting a mutation within the waaF gene. Both ddhD and waaF were cloned and expressed in 151 and No. 6 strains, respectively, and it appeared that expression of ddhD gene in strain 151 restored the O-antigen on LPS, while waaF in No. 6 resulted in an LPS truncated less severely but still without the O-antigen, suggesting that other mutations occurred in this strain. Thus, both O:8 isolates were found to be spontaneous O-antigen-negative mutants derived from other validated serotypes, and we propose to remove this serotype from the O-serotyping scheme, as the O:8 serological specificity is not based on the O-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Antonia De Felice
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Monica M Cunneen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Juha Laitinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Napoli, Portici, Italy
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Bloes DA, Otto M, Peschel A, Kretschmer D. Enterococcus faecium stimulates human neutrophils via the formyl-peptide receptor 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39910. [PMID: 22768166 PMCID: PMC3386911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human formyl-peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) senses phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptide toxins produced by pathogenic staphylococcal species and plays a crucial role in directing neutrophil influx during staphylococcal infection. However, it has remained unclear if FPR2 responds also to molecules from other bacterial pathogens. Here we analyzed a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and found that apart from staphylococci only certain enterococcal strains have the capacity to stimulate FPR2/ALX. Most of the analyzed Enterococcus faecium but only sporadic Enterococcus faecalis strains released FPR2/ALX-stimulating molecules leading to neutrophil calcium ion fluxes, chemotaxis, and complement receptor upregulation. Among ten test strains vancomycin-resistant E. faecium had a significantly higher capacity to stimulate FPR2/ALX than vancomycin-susceptible strains, suggesting an association of strong FPR2/ALX activation with health-care associated strains. The enterococcal FPR2/ALX agonists were found to be peptides or proteins, which appear, however, to be unrelated to staphylococcal PSMs in sequence and physicochemical properties. Enterococci are among the most frequent invasive bacterial pathogens but the basis of enterococcal virulence and immune activation has remained incompletely understood. Our study indicates that previously unrecognized proteinaceous agonists contribute to Enterococcus-host interaction and underscores the importance of FPR2/ALX in host defense against major endogenous bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Alexander Bloes
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Nagano T, Kiyohara T, Suzuki K, Tsubokura M, Otsuki K. Identification of pathogenic strains within serogroups of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and the presence of non-pathogenic strains isolated from animals and the environment. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:153-8. [PMID: 9101473 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of apathogenic strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yp) has not so far been reported. Recently, the authors characterized new serogroups and a new subgroup in Yp, that is, O9, O10, O12, O13 and O14 and O1c, and the pathogenicity of these new strains was of interest. A total of 137 strains of serogroups O1c, O6, O7, O9, O10, O11, O12, O13 and O14 of Yp were investigated for their pathogenicity in vivo and in vitro. Although catalase activity and the inv gene were detected in all strains except those of groups O13 and O14, only a few strains, from serogroups O6 and O10 caused severe infection in mice. The remaining strains caused no mortality or severe infection even when they grew in limited tissues of infected mice. All the strains of Yp not possessing the virulence plasmid p YV caused no severe infection in mice. It is evident that less pathogenic Yp exists and that not only pathogenic but also less pathogenic Yp organisms exist in the same serogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagano
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
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Nagano T, Ichimura K, Haji N, Nagao K, Someya K, Kiyohara T, Suzuki K, Tsubokura M, Otsuki K. Characteristics and pathogenicity of non-melibiose-fermenting strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O3. Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41:175-83. [PMID: 9130228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of non-melibiose-fermenting (NMF) strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O3 were investigated. These strains were clearly distinguished from representative melibiose-fermenting (MF) strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis O3 by their pathogenicity in mice, sensitivity to some phages, production of catalase, restriction endonuclease analysis of virulence plasmid DNA with BamHI, detection of specific yersinia outer-membrane proteins with SDS-PAGE, antigenicity of the outer-membrane proteins and neutrophil resistance to phagocytosis. The pathogenicity of NMF strains was clearly less than that of MF strains. In addition, the resistance of NMF strains to phagocytosis and catalase activity was evidently weaker than that of MF strains. These results suggested that the difference of pathogenicity was due to the ability of catalase production. Although the relationship between the above characteristics and melibiose-fermentation was not analysed, the pathogenicity of Y. pseudotuberculosis O3 strains can probably be predicted by testing melibiose-fermentation and catalase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagano
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
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Zheng XB, Tsubokura M, Wang Y, Xie C, Nagano T, Someya K, Kiyohara T, Suzuki K, Sanekata T. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in China. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:821-4. [PMID: 8577274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thirty strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated from rabbits (17 strains), wild rats (9 strains) and house rats (4 strains) in China between 1990 and 1993. The biochemical properties of these isolates were identical with those of Y. pseudotuberculosis and no special characteristics were found in these strains. Serologically, serogroups 4b and 5b were identical to isolates found in Japan, and a new serogroup 1c and unclassified strains have also been detected. The existence of virulence-associated properties were different among strains. The pYV plasmid was detected from 6 strains of 30 isolates. This report documents the presence of Y. pseudotuberculosis in China, providing important epidemiological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Fukushima H, Gomyoda M, Tsubokura M, Aleksić S. Isolation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from river waters in Japan and Germany using direct KOH and HeLa cell treatments. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 282:40-9. [PMID: 7734828 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was recovered from precipitates directly treated with KOH and/or HeLa cell in 25.7% of 680 river water samples collected in Japan. Recovery was nil in similar samples from Germany. Treatment of precipitates by KOH and infection of HeLa cells, respectively, is an expedient and selective means for isolation of Y. pseudotuberculosis from such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukushima
- Public Health Institute of Shimane Prefecture, Japan
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