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Liu Q, Li X, Liu B, Kong J, Wang Q, Gao Z. Using Polymers as Crystal Inhibitors to Prevent the Crystallization of the Rotigotine Patch. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:630. [PMID: 38794291 PMCID: PMC11125195 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to enhance the stability of the Rotigotine (ROT) patch using polymers as crystal inhibitors. Three polymers (Poloxamer 188, Soluplus, TPGS) were selected as crystal inhibitors to formulate ROT patches with varying drug loadings (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, w/w). SEM and XRD analysis revealed that the Soluplus and Soluplus-TPGS groups with a high concentration (80%, w/w) of ROT could be stored at room temperature for at least 90 days without crystallization. Moreover, the crystallization nucleation time and growth rate were utilized to assess the ability of Poloxamer 188, Soluplus, and TPGS to hinder the formation of ROT crystals and slow down its crystallization rate. Molecular docking results elucidated the intermolecular forces between ROT and different polymers, revealing their mechanisms for crystal inhibition. The ROT-Soluplus-TPGS combination exhibited the lowest binding free energy (-5.3 kcal/mol), indicating the highest binding stability, thereby effectively reducing crystal precipitation. In vitro skin permeation studies demonstrated that ROT patches containing crystal inhibitors exhibited promising transdermal effects. With increasing ROT concentration, the cumulative drug permeation substantially increased, while the lag time was notably reduced. This study offers novel insights for the development of ROT patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jiahao Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Zhigang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
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Ding D, Liu C, Zhang Y, Xu W, Cai Y, Zhong T, Fang L. Mechanistic insights of different release behaviors dominated by drug physicochemical properties in polyisobutylene pressure sensitive adhesive. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122416. [PMID: 36450335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the physicochemical parameters of drugs on their own release behaviors in polyisobutylene pressure sensitive adhesive (PIB PSA), which provided a theoretical guidance for the application of PIB in transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS). Seven drugs with different physicochemical parameters including clonidine (CLO), flurbiprofen (FLU), diclofenac (DIC), ibuprofen (IBU), zolmitriptan (ZOL), lidocaine (LID), tulobuterol (TUL) and the mixed adhesive (7:3, w/w) of Oppanol® B 15 N (M.W. = 108,000 Da) and Oppanol® N 50 (M.W. = 565,000 Da) were selected for in vitro drug release and skin permeation studies. Regression analysis was used to study the relationship between physicochemical parameters and release behaviors. The release behaviors of drugs were a negative correlation with polarizability and dipole moment per molecular volume (μ/V), which represented van der Waals and dipole-dipole interaction, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and molecular dynamics simulation were used to provide molecular details of the interaction between the drug and PIB. The free volume and molecular mobility of PIB were characterized using mechanical property tests, rheology study, MDSC and molecular dynamics simulation. Based on the above results, drugs with high polarizability and μ/V had stronger van der Waals and dipole-dipole interaction with PIB, reducing the free volume and molecular mobility of PIB, so that the drug struggled to release from PIB. In addition, the diffusion activation energy of the drug was calculated by using the variable temperature release study to characterize the ease of drug release from the kinetic aspect. And the trends of in vitro drug release and skin penetration profiles were basically similar. Thus, it was thought that the physicochemical parameters of the drug played a vital role in the drug release behavior of PIB PSAs and would affect the skin penetration process, which provided a reference for the design and application of patches based on PIB PSAs in TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Yang D, Liu C, Piao H, Quan P, Fang L. Enhanced Drug Loading in the Drug-in-Adhesive Transdermal Patch Utilizing a Drug-Ionic Liquid Strategy: Insight into the Role of Ionic Hydrogen Bonding. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1157-1166. [PMID: 33504154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Though pharmaceutical polymers were widely used in inhibiting drug recrystallization via strong intermolecular hydrogen and ionic bonds, the improved drug stability was achieved at the cost of the drug release rate or amount in the drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch. To overcame the difficulty, this study aimed to increase drug loading utilizing a novel drug-ionic liquid (drug-IL) strategy and illustrate the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, naproxen (NPX) and triamylamine (TAA) were chosen as the model drug and corresponding counterion, respectively. In addiiton, carboxylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) was chosen as the model polymer. The drug-IL (NPX-TAA) was synthesized and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The miscibility between NPX-TAA and PSA was assessed using microscopy study, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectroscopy, and solubility parameter calculation. In addition, molecular mechanisms of crystallization inhibition were revealed by FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and molecular docking. Finally, the release pattern of the high load patch of NPX-TAA was evaluated using in vitro drug release and verified by a skin permeation experiment. The results showed that drug loading in PSA was increased by 5.0 times, which was caused by the synergistic effect of strong ionic hydrogen bonding (the decreased intensity and blue shift of the O-H peak of COOH in PSA) formed between NPX-TAA and PSA-COO- and normal hydrogen bonding (red shift of the C═O peak in PSA) formed between NPX-TAA and the carbonyl group of PSA. In addition, -NH+ of TAA was confirmed as the molecular basis of ionic hydrogen bonding through new peak appearance (binding energy: 400.0 eV) in XPS spectra. Moreover, high drug release percent (80.8 ± 1.8%) was achieved even at high drug loading compared with the control group (72.4 ± 2.2%). Thus, this study introduced an effective drug-IL method to enhance drug loading capacity and illustrated the brand-new action mechanism, which provided a powerful instrument for the development of a high drug loading-high release patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Huiqing Piao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Xu T, Yilmaz H, Willett DR, Strasinger C, Rodriguez JD, Keire DA, Wokovich AM. Raman mapping of fentanyl transdermal delivery systems with off-label modifications. Analyst 2020; 145:953-962. [PMID: 31825408 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman mapping is a powerful and emerging tool in characterization of pharmaceuticals and provides non-destructive chemical and structural identification with minimal sample preparation. One pharmaceutical form that is suitable but has not been studied in-depth with Raman mapping is transdermal delivery systems (TDS). TDS are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) across a patient's skin. To enhance drug delivery through the skin, the API in the formulation is often close to a saturated or supersaturated state. Thus, improper use or off-label modifications can lead to occurrence of unwanted API changes, specifically, crystallization over time. Here, off-label modifications were mimicked on a set of fentanyl drug-in-adhesive TDS sold on the U.S. market by four different manufacturers via die cutting, and then the die cut TDS were investigated through confocal Raman mapping for structural and chemical changes. Using Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR), not only was morphological and chemical characterization of transdermal systems provided, but also fentanyl crystals in certain products due to off-label modifications were identified. The chemometric model used in analysis of Raman maps allowed precise identification of fentanyl as the crystalline material as confirmed by the hit-quality-index correlation of component spectra from the chemometric model with library spectra of a fentanyl reference standard. The results show that confocal Raman mapping with MCR can be utilized in assessing pharmaceutical quality of TDS. This method has the potential to be widely used in characterization of such systems as an alternative to existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Xu
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)/Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ)/Office of Testing and Research (OTR)/Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis (DPA), St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Preparation and physicochemical characterization of rotigotine drug-in-adhesive patch containing crystal growth inhibitor. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Weng W, Quan P, Liu C, Zhao H, Fang L. Design of a Drug-in-Adhesive Transdermal Patch for Risperidone: Effect of Drug-Additive Interactions on the Crystallization Inhibition and In Vitro / In Vivo Correlation Study. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3153-3161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nikowitz K, Domján A, Pintye-Hódi K, Regdon G. Multivariate calibration of the degree of crystallinity in intact pellets by X-ray powder diffraction. Int J Pharm 2016; 502:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Panchaxari DM, Pampana S, Pal T, Devabhaktuni B, Aravapalli AK. Design and characterization of diclofenac diethylamine transdermal patch using silicone and acrylic adhesives combination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:6. [PMID: 23351568 PMCID: PMC3556087 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study was to develop and characterize Diclofenac Diethylamine (DDEA) transdermal patch using Silicone and acrylic adhesives combination. METHODS Modified solvent evaporation method was employed for casting of film over Fluoropolymer coated polyester release liner. Initial studies included solubilization of drug in the polymers using solubilizers. The formulations with combination of adhesives were attempted to combine the desirable features of both the adhesives. The effect of the permeation enhancers on the drug permeation were studied using pig ear skin. All the optimized patches were subjected to adhesion, dissolution and stability studies. A 7-day skin irritancy test on albino rabbits and an in vivo anti-inflammatory study on wistar rats by carrageenan induced paw edema method were also performed. RESULTS The results indicated the high percent drug permeation (% CDP-23.582) and low solubility nature (1%) of Silicone adhesive and high solubility (20%) and low% CDP (10.72%) of acrylic adhesive. The combination of adhesives showed desirable characteristics for DDEA permeation with adequate % CDP and sufficient solubility. Release profiles were found to be dependent on proportion of polymer and type of permeation enhancer. The anti-inflammatory study revealed the sustaining effect and high percentage inhibition of edema of C4/OLA (99.68%). The acute skin irritancy studies advocated the non-irritant nature of the adhesives used. CONCLUSION It was concluded that an ideal of combination of adhesives would serve as the best choice, for fabrication of DDEA patches, for sustained effect of DDEA with better enhancement in permeation characteristics and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandigi M Panchaxari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLEU's college of Pharmacy, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590010, India.
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Sachdeva V, Bai Y, Kydonieus A, Banga AK. Formulation and optimization of desogestrel transdermal contraceptive patch using crystallization studies. Int J Pharm 2013; 441:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van Hemelrijck C, Müller-Goymann CC. Characterization of a pseudo ternary phase diagram of poloxamer 407 systems for potential application of 5-aminolevulinic acid in photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jain P, Banga AK. Inhibition of crystallization in drug-in-adhesive-type transdermal patches. Int J Pharm 2010; 394:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Rodríguez-Molina B, Pozos A, Cruz R, Romero M, Flores B, Farfán N, Santillan R, Garcia-Garibay MA. Synthesis and solid state characterization of molecular rotors with steroidal stators: ethisterone and norethisterone. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2993-3000. [DOI: 10.1039/c003778h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang C, Zhai S, Liang W, Jiang J, Lou H. Highly Sensitive Analysis of Norethisterone in Human Serum by LC Coupled with Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Anuar NK, Wui WT, Ghodgaonkar DK, Taib MN. Characterization of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose films using microwave non-destructive testing technique. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:549-57. [PMID: 16978823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of microwave non-destructive testing (NDT) technique in characterization of matrix property of pharmaceutical films was investigated. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and loratadine were selected as model matrix polymer and drug, respectively. Both blank and drug loaded hydroxypropylmethylcellulose films were prepared using the solvent-evaporation method and were conditioned at the relative humidity of 25, 50 and 75% prior to physicochemical characterization using microwave NDT technique as well as ultraviolet spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The results indicated that blank hydroxypropylmethylcellulose film exhibited a greater propensity of polymer-polymer interaction at the O-H and C-H domains of the polymer chains upon conditioned at a lower level of relative humidity. In the case of loratadine loaded films, a greater propensity of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction via the O-H moiety was mediated in samples conditioned at the lower level of relative humidity, and via the C-H moiety when 50% relative humidity was selected as the condition for sample storage. Apparently, the absorption and transmission characteristics of both blank and drug loaded films for microwave varied with the state of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction involving the O-H and C-H moieties. The measurement of microwave NDT test at 8GHz was sensitive to the chemical environment involving O-H moiety while it was greatly governed by the C-H moiety in test conducted at a higher frequency band of microwave. Similar observation was obtained with respect to the profiles of microwave NDT measurements against the state of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose films containing chlorpheniramine maleate. The microwave NDT measurement is potentially suitable for use as an apparent indicator of the state of polymer-polymer and drug-polymer interaction of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Khaizan Anuar
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Syntheses, characterization, and structure determination of nine-coordinate Na[YIII(edta)(H2O)3]· 5H2O and eight-coordinate Na[YIII(cydta)(H2O)2]·5H2O complexes. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-006-0216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schubert MA, Schicke BC, Müller-Goymann CC. Thermal analysis of the crystallization and melting behavior of lipid matrices and lipid nanoparticles containing high amounts of lecithin. Int J Pharm 2005; 298:242-54. [PMID: 15905050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) based on triglycerides containing high amounts of the amphiphilic lipid lecithin have been proposed as a promising alternative drug delivery system with regard to drug loading capacity. Aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of lecithin within the lipid matrix (LM) on the crystallization behavior by thermoanalysis and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The crystallinity of LM and LNP is mainly determined by the triglyceride content. However, lecithin influences the crystallization behavior significantly. WAXD shows an accelerated polymorphic transition of the LM to the beta-modification upon storage with increasing lecithin content. Both, the melting point and the crystallization temperature are not affected by the lecithin concentration and are comparable to recrystallized triglyceride bulk. However, the crystallinity indices (CI) of LM show a general decrease by 10% suggesting an incomplete crystallization. For the formation of LNP at least 10% lecithin is necessary and all systems are present in the stable beta-modification. In comparison to the undispersed LM, the crystallization temperature of LNP is significantly decreased by about 20 degrees C whereas the melting point is reduced by about 5 degrees C only. Melting enthalpy is comparable to the untreated triglyceride bulk and elevated in comparison to the undispersed LM. Isothermal heat-conduction microcalorimetry (IMC) enables the determination of crystallization kinetics after fitting of the heat flow volume according to the Avrami equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schubert
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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