Functional role of V form distribution seen in microvascular cast specimens of the filiform and fungiform papillae on the posterior central dorsal surface of the cat tongue

Functional angioarchitectural comparison of the fungiform papillae of rat, rabbit, cat in scanning electron microscopic specimens

The aim of this study was to compare the functional angioarchitectural fungiform papillae (FuP) of three kinds of mammalia, rat, rabbit and cat, with microvascular cast specimens (MVCS) utilizing the corrosive resin cast method in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FuP distributed geometrically on the dorsal surface of the tongues of the three mammals with different eating habits were of various kinds of form based on their functional and microvascular structure. The basic form of the capillary loop of FuP in the three mammals consisted of the ascending and descending branches of the capillary bed. The basic form of the loop microstructure in rat FuP was a cylindrical or bamboo-basket-like loop structure. In the rabbit, FuPs consisted of a carnation-like structure and in the cat FuP consisted of a half oval fishnet ball-like structure. It can be said conclusively that from this detailed investigation of the intracapillary microvascular architecture of the three mammals, FuP are effective as a sensory organ receiving the taste of foods and liquids by the expansion of the surface area in various functional and microvascular formations in the rat (cylindrical or bamboo-basket-like loop structure), rabbit (carnation-like) and cat (half oval fishnet-ball-like) respectively.

Angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the filiform papillae on the crossbred Japanese cat tongue anterodorsal surface in scanning electron microscopic specimens

The purpose of this study was to undertake a three-dimensional comparative observation of the angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the filiform papillae (FiP) as they appear on the entire dorsal surface of the front of the Japanese cat tongue using microvascular cast specimens (MVCS). By means of the corrosive resin casting technique, the MVSC of the FiP of the cat tongue were prepared and examined in detail under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the frontal half of the anterodorsal surface of the anterior tongue, types I-V of the FiP are arranged in the form of a A with the point in the direction of the apex and in an oblique line running from the antero-central to both postero-peripheral regions. In the rear half of the anterodorsal surface of the anterior part of the tongue, types I-V of the FiP are arranged in the form of a V with the point in the direction of the root and in an oblique line running from both antero-peripheral regions to the postero-median region or towards the pharynx on the anterior centro-dorsal surface of the tongue. The FiP, arranged in an oblique line running fron the central to the apical part of both the periphery and the pharyngeal region of the cat tongue, can be classified into five types (Types I-V) according to the shape and size of the main process (MP), numbers of the accessory processes (AP) and regional position of the lozenge arrangement. FiP Types I-III consisted of an MP which contained a large spoon-shaped and concave network process, and the AP contained a bundle of spin-like processes arranged radially at the anterior basal margin of the MP. FiP Types IV and V consisted only of MP. It was conjectured that the lozenge arrangement of the A and V form FiPs, classified into five types (Types I-V) from the frontal portion of the anterodorsal surface toward the pharynx on the front of the tongue, play a functionally assistant role in the mastication of food and sucking of liquid, including milk.

Angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the fungiform papillae on the crossbred Japanese cat tongue anterodorsal surface in scanning electron microscopic specimens

The purpose of this study was to undertake a three-dimensional comparative observation of the angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern, and to classify the fungiform papillae (FuP) found sporadically and geometrically on the oblique lines of the filiform papillae (FiP) on the entire dorsal surface of the crossbred Japanese cat foretongue in microvascular cast specimens (MVCS). By means of the corrosive resin casting technique, the MVCS of the FuP of the cat tongue were prepared and examined in detail under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). With regard to the arrangement of FiPs and FuPs on the frontal half of the antero-dorsal surface of the cat foretongue, FiP types I-V and FuP types I-IV are arranged a A form with the point in the direction of the apex and in an oblique line running from the antero-central portion to both postero-peripheral portions. In the rear half of the antero-dorsal surface of the foretongue, FiP types I-V and types FuP I-IV are arranged in a V form with the point in the direction of the radix and in an oblique line running from both antero-peripheral portions to the postero-median portion or towards the pharynx on the anterior centro-dorsal surface of the cat foretongue. With the FuP arranged in the medial zone (M) and peripheral zone (P) running from the central to the apical parts, both the peripheral parts and the pharyngeal can be classified into four types (FuP types I-IV) according to the shape and size of the main process (MP), the number of the accessory processes (AP) and the regional position of the lozenge arrangement. FuP Types I-III consisted of a MP containing a large half oval, network-like process, and the AP contained a bundle of spine-like processes arranged radially in a circle at the anterior basal margin of the MP. The FuP Type IV was made up of only one MP. In the central zone (C) of a lozenge part arranged in the A and V forms, there was no FuP as a taste organ. It was assumed that in the lozenge arrangement of the A and V forms, except for the C zone, FuPs could be classified into four types (FuP types I-IV) from the frontal portion of the antero-dorsal surface toward the pharynx on the foretongue, and would play an assistant functional role in receiving the sense of taste of foods and liquids.

Angioarchitectural structure and functional distributive pattern of the filiform papillae on the meso-dorsal surface of the rabbit tongue

The angioarchitectural classification and distributive patterns were investigated in the filiform papillae (FiP) on the meso-dorsal surface of the rabbit tongue by using microvascular cast specimens (MVCS) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The author examined the microvascular network structures, which consisted of ascending and descending branches entering the FiP. They inclined in a posterior (pharynx) direction, and densely and geometrically covered the meso-dorsal surface, directing the spoon-like concave face in an anterior direction. FiPs could be classified into three types: a small filiform papilla (SfP) covering on the meso-dorsal surface except for the marginal part of the intermolar eminence (MIME) and the intermolar eminence itself (IME): a spoon-like concave structure facing in an anterior (apex) direction with an arrowhead-like top: a middle filiform papilla (MfP) on the MIME, made up of a long triangle-like concave structure with a sharp arrowhead-like top and inclined at right angles to the IME. A large filiform papilla (LfP) on the whole swelling dorsal area of the IME was formed by a long triangle-like concave structure with a sharper arrowhead-like top. LfPs are longer and larger than MfPs and inclined towards the pharynx.

Quantitative and distributive study of the fungiform papillae in the cat tongue in microvascular cast specimens

The number of fungiform papillae (FuP) has been counted, and distribution has been observed on the tongue of 55 adult cats. FuP were sampled from the whole region of the tongue surface, and the number and variation in distribution were determined in microvascular cast specimens (MVCS) of four types of FuP (Ojima et al. 1996) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were approximately 35 (female) and 42 (male) FuP (mean number 38) on the whole tongue dorsal surface. FuP were most numerous in the peripheral region, and the number tended to decrease progressively from the peripheral to the medial region. There were no FuP in the central region of the tongue, in which there were types I and II filiform papillae (FiP) (Ojima and Lowe 1995). Their number differed significantly between the sexes and the regions.

An investigation into the distributive pattern, classification and functional role of the conical papillae on the posterodorsal surface of the cat tongue using SEM

In order to examine the relationship between their distributive patterns, classification and functional roles, three-dimensional structures in the microvascular network of the conical papillae (CoP) on the posterior third of the central dorsal surface of the cat tongue were observed by the corrosion cast method under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). CoP can be classified into two types: small conical papillae (SCoP) and large conical papillae (LCoP), according to their shape, size and distributive pattern. On the posterior third of the central dorsal surface of the tongue, SCoPs are arranged in the form of six-eight straight lines running regularly from the posterior third of the central zone towards the pharynx. LCoPs are also arranged in the form of a V, with the point directed posteriorly, in oblique lines running in an orderly fashion from both the antero-peripheral zones to the central zone. To summarize CoPs play an important role in the drinking of milk and water, after mixing the food with saliva, in the transport of the food mass towards the pharynx and in swallowing it.

Microvascular fin-like structure of the foliate papillae of the rabbit tongue using scanning electron microscopic specimens

Although many morphological studies have been undertaken on the lingual papillae of the rabbit tongue, relatively few have dealt with the microvascular structure and classification of the foliate papillae (FoP) by means of microvascular cast specimens (MVCS) and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the present study, a three dimensional observation and classification was carried out by SEM. The morphological characteristics of the outer frame structure were observed by means of MVCS of FoP which were located on both posteroperipheral parts of the tongue. They showed a bead-like appearance and consisted of 14-18 transverse and slightly bent fin-like structures, running from the dorsal surface to both peripheral sides symmetrically. These are effectively increased on the surface areas and play the functional role of receiving the taste sense. FoPs can be classified into three types: type I (14 fins), type II (16 fins), type III (18 fins) according to the fin numbers.