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Li T, Liu B, Mao W, Gao R, Wu J, Deng Y, Shen Y, Liu K, Cao J. Prostaglandin E 2 promotes nitric oxide synthase 2, platelet-activating factor receptor, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in Escherichia coli-challenged ex vivo endometrial explants via the prostaglandin E 2 receptor 4/protein kinase a signaling pathway. Theriogenology 2019; 134:65-73. [PMID: 31136957 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an inflammatory mediator involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory conditions, including endometritis. Previous studies have shown that PGE2 accumulates in Escherichia coli-challenged ex vivo endometrial explants, increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and aggravating tissue damage; these alterations are linked to key enzymes involved in the synthesis of PGE2, including cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGES-1 (mPGES-1). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether administration of PGE2 modulated the activities of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in E. coli-challenged ex vivo bovine endometrial explants. Our findings showed that COX-2 and mPGES-1 inhibitors significantly reduced NOS2, PAFR, and MMP-2 expression in the E. coli-challenged ex vivo endometrial explants. In addition, NOS2, PAFR, and MMP-2 expression levels were strongly increased in response to treatment with 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors in the E. coli-challenged ex vivo endometrial explants. However, these stimulatory effects could be blocked by PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4) and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Overall, these findings show that pathogenic PGE2 upregulated NOS2, PAFR, and MMP-2 expression, which may enhance inflammatory damage via the EP4/PKA signaling pathway in E. coli-challenged ex vivo endometrial explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Ruifeng Gao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jindi Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China.
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Seyffarth G, Nelson PN, Dunmore SJ, Rodrigo N, Murphy DJ, Carson RJ. Lipopolysaccharide induces nitric oxide synthase expression and platelet-activating factor increases nitric oxide production in human fetal membranes in culture. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:29. [PMID: 15191613 PMCID: PMC434531 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-activating factor and nitric oxide may be involved in the initiation of human labour as inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to test whether platelet-activating factor and lipopolysaccharide were able to induce nitric oxide synthase expression and stimulate the production of nitric oxide in human fetal membrane explants in culture. METHODS Fetal membranes were collected from Caesarean sections at term. RNA was extracted from membranes and subjected to a qualitative RT-PCR to assess the baseline expression of iNOS. Discs of fetal membranes were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of platelet-activating factor at a dose range of 0.1 nanomolar--1 micomolar or 1 microgram/ml lipopolysaccharide. Nitric oxide production was measured via nitrite ions in the culture medium and mRNA for iNOS was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS Culturing the membrane discs in medium containing serum induced nitric oxide synthase expression and platelet-activating factor significantly stimulated the production of nitric oxide under these conditions. When cultured without serum inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was induced by lipopolysaccharide, but not by platelet-activating factor. CONCLUSION Platelet-activating factor may have a role in the initiation of labour, at term or preterm, via the increased local production of nitric oxide as an inflammatory mediator. In this model of intrauterine infection, lipopolysaccharide was found to induce iNOS expression by fetal membranes, and this mechanism could be involved in preterm labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Seyffarth
- Perinatal and Maternal Studies Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Paul N Nelson
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Simon J Dunmore
- Diabetes Group, School of Applied Science, University of Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | | | - Ray J Carson
- Physiology Section, School of Science and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
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Abstract
Prostaglandins have long been thought to play important roles in the mechanism of parturition. Here we review the involvement of prostaglandins in myometrial and cervical functions with emphasis on human labor and birth. In addition, the cellular sources of prostaglandins as well as their interactions with various other endocrine, paracrine and physical factors, such as oxytocin, corticotropin releasing hormone, nitric oxide, platelet activating factor, cytokines, endothelin and stretch are also addressed together with their potential role in the molecular reorganization of cervical structure associated with labor and delivery. Finally, the premier role of progesterone in pregnancy maintenance and parturition is juxtaposed with the proposed "fine-tuning", modulatory role of prostaglandins and the above listed factors in the regulation of parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hertelendy
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, St. Mary's Health Center, St. Louis University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63117, USA.
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Yang W, Diehl JR, Yerle M, Ford JJ, Christenson RK, Roudebush WE, Plummer WE. Chromosomal location, structure, and temporal expression of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFr) gene in porcine endometrium and embryos relative to estrogen receptor alpha gene expression. Mol Reprod Dev 2003; 64:4-12. [PMID: 12420294 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFr) gene was well characterized in the human, little was known about it in domestic animals. Porcine PAFr gene was mapped using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The structure of this gene was investigated using a 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. Temporal expression of PAFr and estrogen receptor alpha genes (ER), and distribution of the PAFr transcripts in porcine endometrial and embryonic tissues on days 0, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 were analyzed using DNA competitors and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The porcine PAFr gene was mapped to SSC6q26-27. Alternative splicing of primary transcripts of the PAFr gene produced two different transcripts. Transcript 1 was expressed in all tissues and cells, and transcript 2 was detected in all tissues but white blood cells. The temporal expression of the PAFr gene in endometrial (P > 0.05) and embryonic (P < 0.05) tissues of pregnant sows increased from day 10 to 16. The temporal expression of ER genes in endometrial tissues of pregnant sows decreased from day 10 to 18 (P < 0.05). In addition, ER expression was detectable in 20-60% of embryonic tissue samples, which generally decreased. In combination with previously obtained data on PAF and estradiol-17beta (E(2)) concentrations in pregnant uterine luminal fluids (pULF), endometrial and embryonic tissues, the present results indicated that the increasing PAFr transcripts were positively associated with increasing levels of PAF. Both ER transcripts and E(2) found in pULF decreased correspondingly from day 13 to 16. These results indicate that via PAFr, PAF could play a dominant role in peri-implantation development in pigs as compared to E(2).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosome Mapping
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Endometrium/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Female
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Pregnancy
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA, Messenger
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yang
- Poole Agricultural Center, Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Goharkhay N, Wing DA, Pan V, McCausland V, Hanna M, Naidu YM, Felix JC. The expression of EP3-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA are correlated in pregnant and misoprostol-treated but not in nongravid or menopausal myometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186:1202-6. [PMID: 12066099 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2002.123746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to investigate the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in nongravid and gravid human myometrium and assess its relation to the expression of EP3 prostaglandin receptor isoforms. STUDY DESIGN Myometrial tissue from a cohort of gravid, nongravid, and menopausal subjects and from nongravid subjects exposed to misoprostol was obtained and analyzed for iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and compared with previously determined mRNA levels for the EP3-6 prostaglandin receptor from the same samples by means of semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of iNOS mRNA expression were found in the gravid compared with premenopausal nongravid (P <.02) and menopausal (P <.05,) samples. Linear regression analysis of iNOS versus EP3-6 expression showed a positive correlation between all studied samples (n = 47, P <.0001, r = 0.815). Among individual groups, a significant linear correlation was found only in pregnant (n = 10, P <.0001, r = 0.785) and misoprostol-exposed (n = 7, P =.0256, r = 0.815) subjects. No correlation between iNOS and EP3-6 mRNA levels was noted in the nongravid premenopausal groups (n = 10, P =.205, r = 0.350), although a nonsignificant trend was found for the menopausal group (n = 10, P =.0535, r = 0.624). When the data from pregnant patients were stratified, both laboring and nonlaboring women displayed the observed correlation (n = 6, P <.0001, r = 0.993; and n = 13, P =.008, r = 0.697, respectively). CONCLUSION iNOS and EP3-6 expression are strongly correlated in gravid and misoprostol-treated, nongravid myometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Goharkhay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Saxena D, Purohit SB, Kumer GP, Laloraya M. Increased appearance of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the uterus and embryo at implantation. Nitric Oxide 2000; 4:384-91. [PMID: 10944423 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2000.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of iNOS in the murine uterus and embryo at implantation. Western blot analysis showed the presence of a 130-kDa band with strong reactivity to anti-iNOS antibody in the pre- and peri-implantation stage uteri. This band was faint in the postimplantation uteri. Immunocytochemical studies showed a heavy localization of iNOS specifically on the apical cells of the uterine endometrium in the pre- and peri-implantation stages. But the postimplantation uteri showed resorbed endometrium showing weaker expression of iNOS. The iNOS was induced by estrogen and the induction was intensified when progesterone was given along with estrogen. This truly mimics the in vivo situation since implantation in mice occurs when an estrogen surge occurs on a background of progesterone. The embryos too express iNOS at the peri-implantation stage. We suggest that iNOS expressed at peri-implantation would lead to enhanced NO production, which could act as a vasodilator and an angiogenic mediator. These effects could promote the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saxena
- School of Life Sciences, Vigyan Bhawan, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore, M.P, 452017, India
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