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Lan J, Huang Q, Su J, Zhang X, Zhang L. A study on the appropriate dose of rocuronium for intraoperative neuromonitoring in Da Vinci robot thyroid surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1216546. [PMID: 37745708 PMCID: PMC10517056 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1216546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was to explore the effect of different doses of rocuronium bromide on neuromonitoring during Da Vinci robot thyroid surgery. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial that included 189 patients who underwent Da Vinci robot thyroidectomy with intraoperative neuromonitoring(IONM). Patients were randomly divided into three groups and given three different doses of rocuronium (0.3mg/kg, 0.6mg/kg, 0.9mg/kg). Outcome measurements included IONM evoked potential, postoperative Voice Handicap Index-30(VHI-30), intraoperative body movement incidence rate, Cooper score, and hemodynamic changes during anesthesia induction.Results: The difference in IONM evoked potentials at various time points between the three groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The difference in Cooper scores and intraoperative body movement incidence rate between 0.6 and 0.9mg/kg groups was statistically significant compared with the 0.3mg/kg group (both P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in VHI-30 score and hemodynamic changes during anesthesia induction among the three groups (both P>0.05). Conclusions For patients undergoing Da Vinci robot thyroidectomy, a single dose of rocuronium at 0.6 and 0.9mg/kg during anesthesia induction can provide stable IONM evoked potential. Additionally, compared to 0.3 mg/kg, it can offer better tracheal intubation conditions and lower incidence of body movements during surgery. It is worth noting that the use of higher doses of rocuronium should be adjusted based on the duration of IONM and local practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qijian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuru Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangcheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Pai SL, Grech D, Gayer S, Rodriguez L, Joshi GP, Rajan N. Should rocuronium and sugammadex replace succinylcholine for airway emergencies in class B ambulatory anesthesia settings? Minerva Anestesiol 2023; 89:197-205. [PMID: 36326774 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.22.16852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In class B surgical facilities, where only oral or intravenous (IV) sedation is employed without the administration of volatile anesthetics, laryngospasm is among the most common airway complications. However, these facilities generally do not stock succinylcholine to avoid the cost of storing dantrolene for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia (MH). High dose IV rocuronium with sugammadex reversal has been suggested as an alternative to succinylcholine for airway emergencies. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the clinical utility, patient safety, and financial implications of replacing succinylcholine with rocuronium and sugammadex in lieu of stocking dantrolene in class B facilities. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review of the literature concerning neuromuscular blockade for airway emergencies in class B settings in adult patients was conducted. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for published studies from January 1, 1990, to October 1, 2021. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to assess the certainty of evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The search strategy yielded 1124 articles. After review, 107 articles were included, with 49 graded as "strong" evidence to provide recommendations for the posed questions. CONCLUSIONS The use of succinylcholine in isolation without volatile agents has a low incidence of triggering MH. Laryngospasm is a common airway emergency that requires immediate treatment to avoid morbidity and mortality. Both succinylcholine and rocuronium-sugammadex provide adequate treatment of airway emergencies and rapid return of spontaneous ventilation, but succinylcholine has a superior economic and clinical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher-Lu Pai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA -
| | - Dennis Grech
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Gayer
- Miller School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Leopoldo Rodriguez
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Boulder Valley Anesthesiology PLLC, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Girish P Joshi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Niraja Rajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, PA, USA
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Influence of the amount of skeletal muscle mass on rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2022; 41:101086. [PMID: 35490864 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of skeletal muscle mass on the rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. DESIGN A prospective, double-blinded, observational study SETTING: A tertiary care university hospital POPULATION: One hundred one patients aged 18-65 years who were scheduled to undergo major surgery lasting more than 1 h under general anaesthesia. METHODS All participants underwent body composition analysis before anaesthesia and were allocated into two groups; the muscular and non-muscular group, according to skeletal muscle mass. During anaesthesia induction, rocuronium 1.0 mg kg-1 of total body weight was injected followed by neuromuscular monitoring using train-of-four stimulation every 15 s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The onset time of rocuronium included the elapsed time from the rocuronium injection until 95% depression of first twitch (T1) and the time to no response to TOF stimulation. The duration was evaluated as the elapsed time from the rocuronium injection to 25% recovery of the final T1 (TDUR25), and the time to the reappearance of T1 (TTOF1) and T4 (TTOF4). These pharmacologic data were compared between two groups. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the onset time of rocuronium between the two groups. However, TDUR25 (min) was significantly shorter in the muscular group than in the non-muscular group (p = 0.035 and p = 0.014 in males and females, respectively). TTOF1 and TTOF4 were also shorter in the muscular group than in the non-muscular group. CONCLUSIONS Total body weight-based dosing of rocuronium might prolong the neuromuscular relaxation effect in patients with a small amount of skeletal muscle.
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Levin NM, Fix ML, April MD, Arana AA, Brown CA. The association of rocuronium dosing and first-attempt intubation success in adult emergency department patients. CAN J EMERG MED 2021; 23:518-527. [PMID: 33837951 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-021-00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recommended rocuronium dose for rapid sequence intubation is 1.0 mg/kg; however, the optimal dose for emergency airway management is not clear. We assessed the relationship between rocuronium dose and first-attempt success among emergency department (ED) patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of the National Emergency Airway Registry (NEAR), an observational 25-center registry of ED intubations. Ninety percent recording compliance was required from each site for data inclusion. We included all patients > 14 years of age who received rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation from 1 Jan 2016 to 31 Dec 2018. We compared first-attempt success between encounters using alternative rocuronium doses (< 1.0, 1.0-1.1, 1.2-1.3 and ≥1.4 mg/kg). We performed logistic regressions to control for predictors of difficult airways, indication, pre-intubation hemodynamics, operator, body habitus and device. We also performed subgroup analyses stratified by device (direct vs. video laryngoscopy). We calculated univariate descriptive statistics and odds ratios (OR) from multivariable logistic regressions with cluster-adjusted 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS 19,071 encounters were recorded during the 3-year period. Of these, 8,034 utilized rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation. Overall, first attempt success was 88.4% for < 1.0 mg/kg, 88.1% for 1.0-1.1 mg/kg, 89.7% for 1.2-1.3 mg/kg, and 92.2% for ≥1.4 mg/kg. Logistic regression demonstrated that when direct laryngoscopy was used and when compared to the standard dosing range of 1.0-1.1 mg/kg, the adjusted odds of a first attempt success was significantly higher in ≥1.4 mg/kg group at 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.7) relative to the other dosing ranges, OR 0.9 (95% CI 0.7-1.2) for < 1.0 mg/kg and OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.9-1.7) for the 1.2-1.3 mg/kg group. First-attempt success was similar across all rocuronium doses among patients utilizing video laryngoscopy. Patients who were hypotensive (SBP < 100 mmHg) prior to intubation had higher first-attempt success 94.9% versus 88.6% when higher doses of rocuronium were used. The rates of all peri-intubation adverse events and desaturation were similar between dosing groups, laryngoscope type utilized and varying pre-intubation hemodynamics. CONCLUSIONS Rocuronium dosed ≥1.4 mg/kg was associated with higher first attempt success when using direct laryngoscopy and among patients with pre-intubation hypotension with no increase in adverse events. We recommend further prospective evaluation of the dosing of rocuronium prior to offering definitive clinical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Levin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Megan L Fix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael D April
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allyson A Arana
- The United Stated Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Calvin A Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Karamchandani K, Wheelwright J, Yang AL, Westphal ND, Khanna AK, Myatra SN. Emergency Airway Management Outside the Operating Room: Current Evidence and Management Strategies. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:648-662. [PMID: 34153007 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emergency airway management outside the operating room (OR) is often associated with an increased risk of airway related, as well as cardiopulmonary, complications which can impact morbidity and mortality. These emergent airways may take place in the intensive care unit (ICU), where patients are critically ill with minimal physiological reserve, or other areas of the hospital where advanced equipment and personnel are often unavailable. As such, emergency airway management outside the OR requires expertise at manipulation of not only the anatomically difficult airway but also the physiologically and situationally difficult airway. Adequate preparation and appropriate use of airway management techniques are important to prevent complications. Judicious utilization of pre- and apneic oxygenation is important as is the choice of medications to facilitate intubation in this at-risk population. Recent study in critically ill patients has shown that postintubation hemodynamic and respiratory compromise is common, independently associated with poor outcomes and can be impacted by the choice of drugs and techniques used. In addition to adequately preparing for a physiologically difficult airway, enhancing the ability to predict an anatomically difficult airway is essential in reducing complication rates. The use of artificial intelligence in the identification of difficult airways has shown promising results and could be of significant advantage in uncooperative patients as well as those with a questionable airway examination. Incorporating this technology and understanding the physiological, anatomical, and logistical challenges may help providers better prepare for managing such precarious airways and lead to successful outcomes. This review discusses the various challenges associated with airway management outside the OR, provides guidance on appropriate preparation, airway management skills, medication use, and highlights the role of a coordinated multidisciplinary approach to out-of-OR airway management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Karamchandani
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jonathan Wheelwright
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ae Lim Yang
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathaniel D Westphal
- Section on Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ashish K Khanna
- Section on Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sheila N Myatra
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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April MD, Arana A, Pallin DJ, Schauer SG, Fantegrossi A, Fernandez J, Maddry JK, Summers SM, Antonacci MA, Brown CA. Emergency Department Intubation Success With Succinylcholine Versus Rocuronium: A National Emergency Airway Registry Study. Ann Emerg Med 2018; 72:645-653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tran DTT, Newton EK, Mount VAH, Lee JS, Mansour C, Wells GA, Perry JJ. Rocuronium vs. succinylcholine for rapid sequence intubation: a Cochrane systematic review. Anaesthesia 2017; 72:765-777. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. T. T. Tran
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; School of Epidemiology; Public Health and Preventive Medicine; University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa
- School of Epidemiology; Public Health and Preventive Medicine; University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa
| | - E. K. Newton
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; School of Epidemiology; Public Health and Preventive Medicine; University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa
| | - V. A. H. Mount
- Department of Family Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston
| | - J. S. Lee
- Emergency Department; Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre; Toronto
| | - C. Mansour
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; School of Epidemiology; Public Health and Preventive Medicine; University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa
| | - G. A. Wells
- School of Epidemiology; Public Health and Preventive Medicine; University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa
| | - J. J. Perry
- School of Epidemiology; Public Health and Preventive Medicine; University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa
- Clinical Epidemiology Programme; Department of Emergency Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital; Ottawa Canada
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Tran DTT, Newton EK, Mount VAH, Lee JS, Wells GA, Perry JJ. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD002788. [PMID: 26512948 PMCID: PMC7104695 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002788.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients often require a rapid sequence induction (RSI) endotracheal intubation technique during emergencies or electively to protect against aspiration, increased intracranial pressure, or to facilitate intubation. Traditionally succinylcholine has been the most commonly used muscle relaxant for this purpose because of its fast onset and short duration; unfortunately, it can have serious side effects. Rocuronium has been suggested as an alternative to succinylcholine for intubation. This is an update of our Cochrane review published first in 2003 and then updated in 2008 and now in 2015. OBJECTIVES To determine whether rocuronium creates intubating conditions comparable to those of succinylcholine during RSI intubation. SEARCH METHODS In our initial review we searched all databases until March 2000, followed by an update to June 2007. This latest update included searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to February Week 2 2015), and EMBASE (1988 to February 14 2015 ) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) relating to the use of rocuronium and succinylcholine. We included foreign language journals and handsearched the references of identified studies for additional citations. SELECTION CRITERIA We included any RCT or CCT that reported intubating conditions in comparing the use of rocuronium and succinylcholine for RSI or modified RSI in any age group or clinical setting. The dose of rocuronium was at least 0.6 mg/kg and succinylcholine was at least 1 mg/kg. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors (EN and DT) independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality for the 'Risk of bias' tables. We combined the outcomes in Review Manager 5 using a risk ratio (RR) with a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS The previous update (2008) had identified 53 potential studies and included 37 combined for meta-analysis. In this latest update we identified a further 13 studies and included 11, summarizing the results of 50 trials including 4151 participants. Overall, succinylcholine was superior to rocuronium for achieving excellent intubating conditions: RR 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 0.92; n = 4151) and clinically acceptable intubation conditions (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.99; n = 3992, 48 trials). A high incidence of detection bias amongst the trials coupled with significant heterogeneity provides moderate-quality evidence for these conclusions, which are unchanged from the previous update. Succinylcholine was more likely to produce excellent intubating conditions when using thiopental as the induction agent: RR 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73 to 0.88; n = 2302, 28 trials). In the previous update, we had concluded that propofol was the superior induction agent with succinylcholine. There were no reported incidences of severe adverse outcomes. We found no statistical difference in intubation conditions when succinylcholine was compared to 1.2 mg/kg rocuronium; however, succinylcholine was clinically superior as it has a shorter duration of action. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Succinylcholine created superior intubation conditions to rocuronium in achieving excellent and clinically acceptable intubating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem TT Tran
- The University of Ottawa Heart InstituteDivision of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia40 Ruskin StOttawaONCanadaK1Y 4W7
| | - Ethan K Newton
- The University of Ottawa Heart InstituteDivision of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia40 Ruskin StOttawaONCanadaK1Y 4W7
| | | | - Jacques S Lee
- Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences CentreEmergency DepartmentTorontoONCanada
| | - George A Wells
- University of OttawaDepartment of Epidemiology and Community MedicineRoom H128140 Ruskin StreetOttawaONCanadaK1Y 4W7
| | - Jeffrey J Perry
- The Ottawa HospitalClinical Epidemiology Programme1053 Carling AvenueF6 Clinical Epidemiology ProgrammeOttawaONCanadaK1Y 4E9
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Park SJ, Cho YJ, Oh JH, Hwang JW, Do SH, Na HS. Pretreatment of magnesium sulphate improves intubating conditions of rapid sequence tracheal intubation using alfentanil, propofol, and rocuronium - a randomized trial. Korean J Anesthesiol 2013; 65:221-7. [PMID: 24101956 PMCID: PMC3790033 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2013.65.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the effects of a magnesium sulfate pretreatment on intubating conditions and cardiovascular responses during rapid sequence tracheal intubation (RSI) in this double-blind randomized study. Methods Adult patients (n = 154) were randomly allocated to a rocuronium-0.6, rocuronium-0.9, or magnesium group. The magnesium group was pretreated with 50 mg/kg MgSO4, and the other two groups received the same volume of isotonic saline. Anesthesia was induced with alfentanil, propofol, and either 0.6 mg/kg (rocuronium-0.6 and magnesium groups) or 0.9 mg/kg (rocuronium-0.9 group) rocuronium. An anesthesiologist, blinded to the group assignments, performed RSI and assessed the intubating conditions. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before the magnesium sulfate or normal saline was administered, before anesthesia induction, before intubation, and every minute after intubation for 5 min. Results Airway features were similar among the three groups. The intubating conditions were improved significantly in the magnesium group (P < 0.001) compared with the other two groups. Significant increases in SAP at 1 min after intubation were observed in the rocuronium-0.6 and -0.9 groups when compared with the magnesium group (P < 0.05). HR was comparable among the three groups (P > 0.05). No hypertensive episode occurred during the immediate post-intubation period in the magnesium group (P = 0.001), and tachycardia occurred most frequently in the rocuronium-0.6 group (P < 0.05). Conclusions MgSO4 administered prior to RSI using alfentanil, propofol, and rocuronium may improve intubating conditions and prevent post-intubation hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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[Modified rapid sequence induction for Caesarian sections : case series on the use of rocuronium and sugammadex]. Anaesthesist 2013; 61:691-5. [PMID: 22875060 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-012-2065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspiration is a feared complication of anesthesia and is accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality. Rapid sequence induction (RSI) describes the preferred procedure to perform endotracheal placement of the tubus in emergency cases of patients with an increased risk of aspiration of gastric contents. For more than 50 years RSI has consisted of the application of suxamethonium for neuromuscular blockade because of its fast onset and ultra short duration. Due to the serious side effects of suxamethonium attempts were made to find better alternative neuromuscular blocking drugs, e.g. rocuronium, to perform RSI. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this small clinical series RSI was performed for general anesthesia of ten pregnant women for Caesarean sections using 1.0 mg/kgBW rocuronium for induction and maintaining deep relaxation until the end of surgery. For rapid reversal of the neuromuscular blockade to a train-of-four (TOF) ratio of 0.9, the µ-cyclodextrin sugammadex was administered at the end of surgery. Major and minor side effects, such as cardiac dysrhythmia, anaphylactic reactions, hoarseness and postoperative nausea and vomiting were documented. CONCLUSIONS The combination of rocuronium and sugammadex for RSI combines rapid onset and rapid reversal of neuromuscular blockades with avoidance of serious side effects and very comfortable conditions for intubation in all cases. Minor side effects such as hoarseness, throat discomfort (in up to 30%) and myalgia (10%) for up to 48 h were documented.
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Abstract
The emergency airway management of children and adolescents with critical illnesses may necessitate rapid sequence intubation with a sedating and a neuromuscular blocking agent. Etomidate and rocuronium have become increasingly popular for the sedation and paralysis, respectively, of pediatric patients in rapid sequence intubation, and there are many advantages to the use of both agents. Both etomidate and rocuronium have a rapid onset of action, and both agents are relatively free of hemodynamic adverse effects. Etomidate does, however, suppress adrenal function, and consequently, its use in patients with septic shock is controversial. Rocuronium can produce optimal intubating conditions without the serious complications that can accompany succinylcholine. The available evidence supports the safety of etomidate and rocuronium in rapid sequence intubation but also suggests that more prospective studies are needed in pediatric patients.
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Jeung HJ, Kwak SH, Ri M, Jeong CW, Kim SJ, Bae HB. Effect of mixed administration of propofol and rocuronium on intubating conditions. Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 56:140-145. [PMID: 30625712 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2009.56.2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether the intubating condition change acoording to the methods of administration of propofol and rocuronium. METHODS Ninety adult patients (ASA physical status I or II) undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups; Group I (n = 30) received rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) after administration of propofol (2 mg/kg), Group II (n = 30) received propofol and rocuronium simultaneously via different intravenous routes, and Group III (n = 30) received a mixture of propofol and rocuronium via same intravenous route. Intubation was attempted at 60 seconds after administration of rocuronium. Hemodynamic parameters (mean blood pressure, heart rate) were measured before and after propofol administration with 20 seconds interval. Intubating conditions (jaw relaxation, vocal cord movement, and response to tracheal intubation) were evaluated as excellent, good, fair and poor. Train of four counts were recorded at 60 seconds after administration of rocuronium. RESULTS Excellent intubating conditions were obtained in 13% in group I, 60% in group II, 77% in group III. Mean train of four counts were 3.7 in group I, 3.4 in group II, and 3.5 in group III. Mean blood pressures were decreased gradually after propofol administration in all groups. However, heart rates were not changed in all groups. CONCLUSIONS At induction of anesthesia, simultaneous or mixed administration of propofol and rocuronium provides excellent or good intubating conditions 60 seconds after rocuronium administration. It could be an effective alternative to succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jeung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Sang Hyun Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Mai Ri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Cheol Won Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Seok Jai Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Hong Beom Bae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
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Perry JJ, Lee JS, Sillberg VAH, Wells GA. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD002788. [PMID: 18425883 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002788.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients requiring emergency endotracheal intubation often require a rapid sequence induction (RSI) intubation technique to protect against aspiration or increased intracranial pressure, or to facilitate intubation. Succinylcholine is the most commonly used muscle relaxant because of its fast onset and short duration; unfortunately, it can have serious side effects. Rocuronium has been suggested as an alternative to succinylcholine for intubation. This meta-analysis is an update since our initial Cochrane systematic review in 2003. OBJECTIVES To determine if rocuronium creates comparable intubating conditions to succinylcholine during RSI intubation. Comparisons were made based on dose of rocuronium, narcotic use, emergency versus elective intubation, age and induction agent. The primary outcome was excellent intubation conditions. The secondary outcome was acceptable conditions. SEARCH STRATEGY In our initial systematic review we searched all databases until March 2000. We have updated that search and searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, 2007 issue 3), MEDLINE (1966 to June Week 3 2007), EMBASE (1988 to 2007 Week 26) for randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials relating to the use of rocuronium and succinylcholine. We included foreign language journals and handsearched the references of identified studies for additional citations. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all trials meeting the inclusion criteria (comparison of rocuronium and succinylcholine, main outcomes of intubation conditions). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors (JP, JL or VS) independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality for allocation concealment. We combined the outcomes in RevMan using relative risk (RR) with a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS In our initial systematic review we identified 40 studies and included 26. In this update we identified a further 18 studies and included 11. In total, we identified 58 potential studies; 37 were combined for meta-analysis. Overall, succinylcholine was superior to rocuronium, RR 0.86 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.80 to 0.92) (n = 2690). In the group that used propofol for induction, the intubation conditions were superior with succinylcholine (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.97) (n = 1183). This is contrary to our previous meta-analysis results where we reported that intubation conditions were superior in the rocuronium group when propofol was used. We found no statistical difference in intubation conditions when succinylcholine was compared to 1.2mg/kg rocuronium; however, succinylcholine was clinically superior as it has a shorter duration of action. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Succinylcholine created superior intubation conditions to rocuronium when comparing both excellent and clinically acceptable intubating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Perry
- Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa Hospital, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Y 4E9
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Lysakowski C, Suppan L, Czarnetzki C, Tassonyi E, Tramèr MR. Impact of the intubation model on the efficacy of rocuronium during rapid sequence intubation: systematic review of randomized trials. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51:848-57. [PMID: 17635392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol-rocuronium is thought to be superior to thiopental-rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation (RSI). The role of the intubation model per se has never been investigated. METHODS Randomized comparisons of rocuronium with succinylcholine for true RSI (administration of muscle relaxant immediately after the hypnotic, intubation within 60 s) or modified RSI (delay between administration of the hypnotic and the muscle relaxant, intubation within 60 s) were sought. Good or excellent intubation conditions were expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Twelve trials (1,471 patients) used a true RSI. With propofol for induction, RR for good or excellent intubation conditions with conventional rocuronium doses (0.6-0.7 mg/kg) was 0.95 (95%CI, 0.90-1.00), with high doses (0.9-1.2 mg/kg) was 0.96 (0.92-1.01) compared with succinylcholine. With thiopental for induction, RR with conventional rocuronium doses was 0.69 (0.61-0.78) and with high doses was 0.99 (0.95-1.03). Nine trials (340 patients) used a modified RSI. With propofol for induction, RR with conventional rocuronium doses was 0.98 (0.91-1.06); data on high rocuronium doses were lacking. With thiopental for induction, RR with conventional rocuronium doses was 0.97 (0.92-1.02) and with high doses was 1.0. There was no evidence that concomitantly used opioids or the dose of the induction agent had an impact on intubation conditions, independent of the intubation model. CONCLUSION The efficacy of rocuronium for RSI is influenced by both, the induction agent and the intubation model. To test the clinical usefulness of alternatives to succinylcholine for RSI, a true RSI model should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lysakowski
- Division of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kim SH, Lee SH, Park CH, Choi SH, Shin YS. Analyses of the Frequency and the Indications of Succinylcholine in General Inhalation Anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol 2007. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2007.52.4.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hwan Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chol Hee Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sik Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Karcioglu O, Arnold J, Topacoglu H, Ozucelik DN, Kiran S, Sonmez N. Succinylcholine or rocuronium? A meta-analysis of the effects on intubation conditions. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60:1638-46. [PMID: 17109670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was undertaken to compare the effects of succinylcholine (SCH) and rocuronium (RCR) on endotracheal intubation (ETI) conditions. Eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified via medline and a manual search of references. The frequencies of excellent and unacceptable ETI conditions in subjects receiving SCH 1.0-1.5 mg/kg and RCR 0.6-1.2 mg/kg were determined using standard statistical methods. Inclusion criteria were met by 16 RCTs, representing 1362 subjects. SCH was associated with a 17.7% increase (95% CI = 13-22) in the frequency of excellent ETI conditions and a 5.1% decrease (95% CI = -7.3 to -2.9) in the frequency of unacceptable ETI conditions, when compared with RCR. In the subgroup undergoing true rapid sequence intubation, SCH was associated with a 19.1% increase (95% CI = 13.7-24.5) in the frequency of excellent ETI conditions. SCH appears to be superior to RCR in creating excellent ETI conditions and avoiding unacceptable ETI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Karcioglu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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KARCIOGLU O, ARNOLD J, TOPACOGLU H, OZUCELIK DN, KIRAN S, SONMEZ N. Succinylcholine or rocuronium? A meta-analysis of the effects on intubation conditions. Int J Clin Pract 2006. [PMID: 17109670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Sluga M, Ummenhofer W, Studer W, Siegemund M, Marsch S. Rocuronium Versus Succinylcholine for Rapid Tracheal Intubation. Anesth Analg 2006. [DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000215150.02773.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Larsen PB, Hansen EG, Jacobsen LS, Wiis J, Holst P, Rottensten H, Siddiqui R, Wittrup H, Sørensen AM, Persson S, Engbaek J. Intubation conditions after rocuronium or succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction with alfentanil and propofol in the emergency patient. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; 22:748-53. [PMID: 16211732 DOI: 10.1017/s0265021505001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous studies mainly conducted on elective patients recommend doses of 0.9-1.2 mg kg[-1] rocuronium to obtain comparable intubation conditions with succinylcholine 1.0 mg kg[-1] after 60 s during a rapid-sequence induction. We decided to compare the overall intubating conditions of standard doses of rocuronium 0.6 mg kg[-1] and succinylcholine 1.0 mg kg[-1] during a strict rapid-sequence induction regimen including propofol and alfentanil. METHODS Male and female patients (ASA I-III) older than 17 yr scheduled for emergency abdominal or gynaecological surgery and with increased risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric content were randomized to a rapid-sequence induction with succinylcholine 1.0 mg kg[-1] or rocuronium 0.6 mg kg[-1]. Patients with a predicted difficult airway were excluded. A senior anaesthesiologist 'blinded' for the randomization performed the intubation 60 s after injection of the neuromuscular blocker. Intubating conditions were evaluated according to an established guideline. Tracheal intubation not completed within 30 s was recorded as failed. RESULTS 222 patients were randomized. Three patients had their operation cancelled and 10 did not fulfil the inclusion criteria. Clinically acceptable intubation conditions were present in 93.5% and 96.1% of patients in the succinylcholine group (n=107) and the rocuronium group (n=102), respectively (P=0.59). CONCLUSIONS During a rapid-sequence induction with alfentanil and propofol, both rocuronium 0.6 mg kg[-1] and succinylcholine 1.0 mg kg[-1] provide clinically acceptable intubation conditions in 60 s in patients scheduled for emergency surgery. Under the conditions of this rapid-sequence induction regimen rocuronium may be a substitute for succinylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Larsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Anaesthesiology, Herlev Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients requiring emergent endotracheal intubation often require a rapid sequence induction intubation (RSI) technique to protect against gastric aspiration, to facilitate intubation, or to protect against increased intracranial pressure. Succinylcholine is the most common muscle relaxant used because it has a fast onset and a short duration. Unfortunately it can have serious side effects as a result of it's membrane depolarizing effect and release of potassium. Rocuronium has been suggested to create intubating conditions similar to succinylcholine. Previous studies have been underpowered to determine equivalence and there has been no previous meta-analysis performed. OBJECTIVES To determine if rocuronium creates comparable intubating conditions to succinylcholine during RSI intubation. Comparisons were made with succinylcholine based on the dose of rocuronium, use of a narcotic, emergent versus elective intubation, age group and the induction agent used. The primary outcome was excellent intubation conditions. A secondary outcome of clinically acceptable conditions was also performed. These were all dichotomous outcomes using cutpoints from a four point scale by Goldberg to evaluate intubation conditions. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched MEDLINE (1966-March 2000), EMBASE (1988-March 2000) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENRAL) (March 2000) for randomized controlled trials (RCT) or controlled clinical trials (CCT) relating to the use of rocuronium and succinylcholine. Foreign language journals were included. References of identified studies were hand-searched for citations missed by the electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA All trials meeting the inclusion criteria (comparison of rocuronium and succinylcholine, one of study's main outcomes was scoring of intubation conditions) were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed independently by two reviewers for allocation concealment. The outcomes were combined using MetaView 4.1 with risk differences for all categories and RR for the excellent outcomes with a random effects model. MAIN RESULTS 40 studies were identified; 26 were combined for analysis. Overall, rocuronium was inferior to succinylcholine, with a RR=0.87 (95%CI = 0.81 to 0.94) (N=1606). In the group that used propofol for induction of anaesthesia, the intubation conditions were similar, with a RR=0.96 (95%CI = 0.87 to 1.06) (N=640). No major adverse events were reported. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Succinylcholine created superior intubation conditions to rocuronium when comparing excellent intubation conditions. Using the less stringent outcome, clinically acceptable intubation conditions, the two agents were not statistically different. Intubation conditions were not statistically different between succinylcholine and rocuronium when propofol was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perry
- Clinical Epidemiology Programme, The Ottawa Hospital, 1053 Carling Avenue, F6 Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Y 4E9.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of our study was to determine whether a smaller dose of rocuronium than previously reported could provide similar intubating conditions to suxamethonium during rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia in children. METHODS One hundred and twenty ASA I, unpremedicated children, aged 1-10 years, who were undergoing elective surgery, were randomized into three groups to receive rocuronium 0.6 mg.kg-1, rocuronium 0.9 mg.kg-1 or suxamethonium 1.5 mg.kg-1. The study was double-blinded, anaesthesia and timing of injection was standardized to alfentanil 10 microg.kg-1, thiopentone 5 mg.kg-1 and the study drug. Intubation was attempted at 30 s after injection of neuromuscular relaxant and intubating conditions graded as excellent, good, poor or impossible. RESULTS All 120 children were successfully intubated within 60 s without need for a second attempt after administration of neuromuscular relaxant. Differences between suxamethonium and rocuronium 0.6 mg.kg-1 and between the two doses of rocuronium were statistically significant (P=0.016 and 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Rocuronium 0.9 mg.kg-1 provides similar intubating conditions to suxamethonium 1.5 mg.kg-1 during modified rapid-sequence induction using alfentanil and thiopentone in children (P=0.671). Rocuronium 0.6 mg.kg-1 was inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Y Cheng
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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24
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Abstract
We performed a national postal survey exploring anaesthetists' practice in rapid sequence induction. All respondents used pre-oxygenation, although the technique employed, and its reliability, varied. Thiopental and succinylcholine, given after waiting for signs of loss of consciousness, were the most widely used drugs for rapid sequence induction. Propofol and rocuronium were used by more than a third of respondents, and most respondents (75%) also routinely administered an opioid. Cricoid pressure was used universally but the practice of its application varied widely. The commonest aids used if intubation was difficult were the gum elastic bougie, the long laryngoscope blade and the laryngeal mask. After failed intubation, approximately half of respondents would maintain the supine position. Failure to intubate at rapid sequence intubation had been seen by 45% of respondents but harm was uncommon. In contrast, 28% had seen regurgitation, which frequently led to considerable harm and to three deaths. In spite of this, practice of a failed intubation drill was uncommon (15%) and anaesthetic assistants were rarely known to practice application of cricoid pressure. Consultants were less likely than trainees to use rocuronium as a muscle relaxant, and more likely to choose morphine if administering an opioid. They were less likely to practice a failed intubation drill. Other aspects of practice varied little between grades. This survey suggests that many anaesthetists do not follow best practice when performing a rapid sequence induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morris
- Specialist Registrar and Consultant, Department of Anaesthesia, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
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26
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Abstract
The practice of emergency medicine is a constant onslaught of decision making and challenges and the issues of airway management are no exception. Obtaining proper airway control requires thoughtful organization and planning, and necessitates a thorough working knowledge of the drugs or medications employed. Because there are so many agents available, expertise in airway pharmacology has become essential. The emergency physician who is well versed in the uses, and the physiologic effects, contraindications, and alternatives of drugs administered is both providing immediate intervention and positively affecting patient outcome, which is certainly a goal worth achieving.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Wadbrook
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Lam AM, Pavlin EG, Visco E, Taraday J. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine-atracurium for tracheal intubation and maintenance relaxation during propofol anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 2000; 12:449-53. [PMID: 11090730 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-8180(00)00191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To compare the onset and offset time (clinical duration), and intubating conditions obtained with rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1.0 mg/kg after induction with propofol and fentanyl; and to compare rocuronium with atracurium for maintenance during propofol anesthesia. DESIGN Prospective, open-label, parallel group comparative, randomized study. SETTING Operating rooms of a university hospital. PATIENTS 30 ASA physical status I and II adult patients scheduled for elective surgeries with general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS Patients premedicated with midazolam 2 mg were anesthetized with fentanyl 2 microg/kg followed by propofol 2.5 mg/kg and muscle relaxants. Group 1 (n = 15) received succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg and Group 2 (n = 16) received rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg. Intubation was performed 60 seconds after the administration of muscle relaxant. Patients in Group 1 received atracurium and patients in Group 2 received rocuronium for maintenance if required. MEASUREMENTS The ease of intubation was scored using a scale of 1 to 4. Onset and offset time monitored with evoked twitch response of the adductor pollicis were recorded. MAIN RESULTS Intubation was successful in all patients and there was no difference in scores between the two groups. Although onset time was shorter with succinylcholine than with rocuronium, neuromuscular blockade was successfully antagonized in both groups, and the recovery profile was not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Rocuronium bromide at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg, when used with propofol and fentanyl for induction, provides intubating conditions similar to succinylcholine 1.0 mg/kg at 1 minute. The actual onset time and offset time, however, are significantly longer with rocuronium. There was no difference between atracurium and rocuronium as a maintenance drug. Rocuronium is suitable for surgical procedures greater than 30 minutes, eliminating the need for an additional relaxant to succinylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Abstract
The subject of postoperative myalgia associated with the use of succinylcholine is reviewed. We discuss the mechanisms of succinylcholine-induced myalgia and the techniques available to prevent and treat the myalgia. In situations where patients are at risk of developing myalgia and succinylcholine is the neuromuscular blocker of choice, the use of a combination of techniques may prove to be a useful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Wong
- Department of Anaesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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Hughes M, Grant IS, Biccard B, Nimmo G. Suxamethonium and critical illness polyneuropathy. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999; 27:636-8. [PMID: 10631420 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x9902700614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Administration of suxamethonium to patients with critical illness polyneuropathy may produce life-threatening hyperkalaemia. A questionnaire to assess the awareness of this problem was sent to all UK intensive care units. A clinical scenario suggestive of critical illness polyneuropathy was accompanied by a list of possible drugs used to facilitate endotracheal intubation. Most respondents (68.7%) chose suxamethonium while 20.4% avoided any muscle relaxant. This result suggests a worrying lack of appreciation of the dangers of suxamethonium use in critical illness polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hughes
- Intensive Care Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Sakles JC, Laurin EG, Rantapaa AA, Panacek EA. Rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation of emergency department patients. J Emerg Med 1999; 17:611-6. [PMID: 10431949 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-4679(99)00046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rocuronium is a recently synthesized non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) that has been demonstrated to have a faster onset of action than any other non-depolarizing NMBA. Although widely studied in the operating room, there are no reports regarding its use for emergent tracheal intubation in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in ED patients. An intubation data collection form was completed prospectively for any patient receiving rocuronium for RSI in the ED from July 1-December 31, 1997. Two hundred eighty-eight patients were intubated in the ED over this six-month period, of whom 261 (91%) underwent RSI. Fifty-eight of the patients undergoing RSI received rocuronium for paralysis (22%). The most common reason reported for use of rocuronium was a concern regarding hyperkalemia (53%). The mean dose used was 1.0 +/- 0.2 mg/kg. The mean onset to paralysis was 45 +/- 15 s. Of the complications reported, none appeared to be related to rocuronium. Use of rocuronium in the ED setting appears useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Sakles
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817, USA
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Marik P, Chen K, Varon J, Fromm R, Sternbach GL. Management of increased intracranial pressure: a review for clinicians. J Emerg Med 1999; 17:711-9. [PMID: 10431964 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-4679(99)00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Emergency physicians are frequently confronted with head-injured patients, many of whom have intracranial hypertension. Since direct correlations have been reported between increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and adverse outcome, it is important to rapidly identify and treat these patients. Furthermore, since the actual brain damage that occurs at the time of injury cannot be modified, the maximization of neurological recovery depends upon minimizing secondary insults to the brain, most notably preventing hypotension and hypoxemia. Volume resuscitation to maintain an adequate mean arterial pressure, airway control, and sedation and analgesia to prevent surges in ICP remain the cornerstone of early management. These principles and the emergency department management of the head-injured patient are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marik
- Department of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Vinik HR. Intraocular pressure changes during rapid sequence induction and intubation: a comparison of rocuronium, atracurium, and succinylcholine. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:95-100. [PMID: 10386278 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-8180(99)00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) during rapid sequence induction and intubation following rocuronium, succinylcholine, and atracurium. DESIGN Open-label, prospective, randomized study. SETTING Operating room at the Eye Foundation Hospital (University of Alabama at Birmingham) PATIENTS 45 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients, aged 18 to 65 years, scheduled for elective eye surgery with general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS Anesthesia was rapidly induced in unpremedicated patients with a fixed combination of midazolam 0.025 mg/kg, alfentanil 0.025 mg/kg, and propofol 1.5 mg/kg. Intubation was performed, as clinically indicated, approximately 60 seconds following administration of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg, atracurium 0.5 mg/kg, or succinylcholine 1 to 1.5 mg/kg. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intraocular pressure was measured before induction of anesthesia (baseline), following anesthesia induction and administration of muscle relaxant (before intubation), and after intubation. The percent change in IOP from baseline was significantly decreased in the rocuronium group compared with the succinylcholine group (p = 0.046) before intubation. This trend continued after intubation, but the difference was no longer significant (p = 0.070). Intubation scores for rocuronium and succinylcholine groups were similar, and both scores were superior to that for the atracurium group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Intraocular pressure can be controlled during emergency induction of anesthesia and intubation with adequate depth of anesthesia and muscle relaxation. Rocuronium, succinylcholine, and atracurium all provided sufficient muscle relaxation to achieve successful intubation and no increase in IOP. However, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg provided significantly better intubating conditions compared with atracurium, and it resulted in a significantly greater decrease in IOP compared with baseline than succinylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Vinik
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham 35233, USA.
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Adnet F, Hennequin B, Lapandry C. [Rapid sequence anesthetic induction via prehospital tracheal intubation]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 1998; 17:688-98. [PMID: 9750807 DOI: 10.1016/s0750-7658(98)80106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The choice of sedation for emergency intubation remains controversial. This lack of consensus has led to various sedation protocols used in French prehospital care setting. A review of data from the literature suggests that the association etomidate-suxamethonium is probable the best choice for rapid sequence intubations in the prehospital setting. Its benefits include protection against myocardial and cerebral ischaemia, decreased risk of pulmonary aspiration, and a stable haemodynamic profile. Randomized studies are needed to substantiate the advantages of the association etomidate-suxamethonium for rapid sequences intubation in the prehospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Adnet
- Samu 93 et département d'anesthésie et de réanimation, CHU Avicenne, université Paris XIII, Bobigny, France
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