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Mohsin UR, Simkhada N, Pathak BD, Dhakal B, Subedi B, Thapa D, Shrestha BP, Tandon OP, Shrestha S, Sharma S, Adhikari A. Antibiotics Use among Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Department of Internal Medicine of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2022; 60:541-545. [PMID: 35690973 PMCID: PMC9275463 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a life-threatening condition triggered by infections or non-infectious agents. Antibiotics use in such cases prevents severe deterioration and treatment failure. Past studies have shown inappropriate use of antibiotics in different health care settings. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of antibiotics use in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Department of Internal Medicine of a tertiary care centre. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease admitted to Department of Internal Medicine of a tertiary care centre from 12th February, 2022 to 15th April, 2022 after taking ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 417). Convenience sampling was done. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data along with median and interquartile range for continuous data. Results The prevalence of antibiotics use among study participants was 106 (98.15%) (95.61-100 at a 95% Confidence Interval). Penicillin 82 (75.93%) was the most commonly used antibiotics group. Conclusions The use of antibiotics in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was higher as compared to other similar studies. Keywords anti-bacterial agents; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; guideline adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushab Rana Mohsin
- Department of Pulmonology, Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nabin Simkhada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Bishal Dhakal
- Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal,Correspondence: Dr Bishal Dhakal, Department of Pulmonology, Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal. , Phone: +977-9846491651
| | | | - Dilip Thapa
- Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Vollenweider DJ, Frei A, Steurer‐Stey CA, Garcia‐Aymerich J, Puhan MA. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10:CD010257. [PMID: 30371937 PMCID: PMC6517133 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010257.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are treated with antibiotics. However, the value of antibiotics remains uncertain, as systematic reviews and clinical trials have shown conflicting results. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of antibiotics on treatment failure as observed between seven days and one month after treatment initiation (primary outcome) for management of acute COPD exacerbations, as well as their effects on other patient-important outcomes (mortality, adverse events, length of hospital stay, time to next exacerbation). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, and other electronically available databases up to 26 September 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA We sought to find randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including people with acute COPD exacerbations comparing antibiotic therapy and placebo and providing follow-up of at least seven days. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened references and extracted data from trial reports. We kept the three groups of outpatients, inpatients, and patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) separate for benefit outcomes and mortality because we considered them to be clinically too different to be summarised as a single group. We considered outpatients to have a mild to moderate exacerbation, inpatients to have a severe exacerbation, and ICU patients to have a very severe exacerbation. When authors of primary studies did not report outcomes or study details, we contacted them to request missing data. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RRs) for treatment failure, Peto odds ratios (ORs) for rare events (mortality and adverse events), and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes using random-effects models. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence. The primary outcome was treatment failure as observed between seven days and one month after treatment initiation. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 trials with 2663 participants (11 with outpatients, seven with inpatients, and one with ICU patients).For outpatients (with mild to moderate exacerbations), evidence of low quality suggests that currently available antibiotics statistically significantly reduced the risk for treatment failure between seven days and one month after treatment initiation (RR 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56 to 0.94; I² = 31%; in absolute terms, reduction in treatment failures from 295 to 212 per 1000 treated participants, 95% CI 165 to 277). Studies providing older antibiotics not in use anymore yielded an RR of 0.69 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.90; I² = 31%). Evidence of low quality from one trial in outpatients suggested no effects of antibiotics on mortality (Peto OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.49 to 3.30). One trial reported no effects of antibiotics on re-exacerbations between two and six weeks after treatment initiation. Only one trial (N = 35) reported health-related quality of life but did not show a statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups.Evidence of moderate quality does not show that currently used antibiotics statistically significantly reduced the risk of treatment failure among inpatients with severe exacerbations (i.e. for inpatients excluding ICU patients) (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.12; I² = 50%), but trial results remain uncertain. In turn, the effect was statistically significant when trials included older antibiotics no longer in clinical use (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.00; I² = 39%). Evidence of moderate quality from two trials including inpatients shows no beneficial effects of antibiotics on mortality (Peto OR 2.48, 95% CI 0.94 to 6.55). Length of hospital stay (in days) was similar in antibiotic and placebo groups.The only trial with 93 patients admitted to the ICU showed a large and statistically significant effect on treatment failure (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.45; moderate-quality evidence; in absolute terms, reduction in treatment failures from 565 to 107 per 1000 treated participants, 95% CI 45 to 254). Results of this trial show a statistically significant effect on mortality (Peto OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.72; moderate-quality evidence) and on length of hospital stay (MD -9.60 days, 95% CI -12.84 to -6.36; low-quality evidence).Evidence of moderate quality gathered from trials conducted in all settings shows no statistically significant effect on overall incidence of adverse events (Peto OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.63; moderate-quality evidence) nor on diarrhoea (Peto OR 1.68, 95% CI 0.92 to 3.07; moderate-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Researchers have found that antibiotics have some effect on inpatients and outpatients, but these effects are small, and they are inconsistent for some outcomes (treatment failure) and absent for other outcomes (mortality, length of hospital stay). Analyses show a strong beneficial effect of antibiotics among ICU patients. Few data are available on the effects of antibiotics on health-related quality of life or on other patient-reported symptoms, and data show no statistically significant increase in the risk of adverse events with antibiotics compared to placebo. These inconsistent effects call for research into clinical signs and biomarkers that can help identify patients who would benefit from antibiotics, while sparing antibiotics for patients who are unlikely to experience benefit and for whom downsides of antibiotics (side effects, costs, and multi-resistance) should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Frei
- University of ZurichEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteZurichSwitzerland
| | - Claudia A Steurer‐Stey
- University of ZurichEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteZurichSwitzerland
| | - Judith Garcia‐Aymerich
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain08003
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Milo A Puhan
- University of ZurichEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteZurichSwitzerland
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Hassan WA, Shalan I, Elsobhy M. Impact of antibiotics on acute exacerbations of COPD. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Andreassen SL, Liaaen ED, Stenfors N, Henriksen AH. Impact of pneumonia on hospitalizations due to acute exacerbations of COPD. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2013; 8:93-9. [PMID: 23889911 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pneumonia is often diagnosed among patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). The aims of this study were to find the proportion of patients with pneumonia among admissions due to AECOPD and whether pneumonia has impact on the length of stay (LOS), usage of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or the in-hospital mortality. METHODS Retrospectively, all hospitalizations in 2005 due to AECOPD in the Departments of Internal and Respiratory Medicine in one Swedish and two Norwegian hospitals were analyzed. A total of 1144 admittances (731 patients) were identified from patient administrative systems. Pneumonic AECOPD (pAECOPD) was defined as pneumonic infiltrates on chest X-ray and C-reactive protein (CRP) value of ≥40 mg/L, and non-pneumonic AECOPD (npAECOPD) was defined as no pneumonic infiltrate on X-ray and CRP value of <40 at admittance. RESULTS In admissions with pAECOPD (n = 237), LOS was increased (median 9 days vs 5 days, P < 0.001) and usage of NIV was more frequent (18.1% vs 12.5%, P = 0.04), but no significant increase in the in-hospital mortality (3.8% vs 3.6%) was found compared to admissions with npAECOPD. A higher proportion of those with COPD GOLD stage I-II had pAECOPD compared to those with COPD GOLD stage III-IV (28.2% vs 18.7%, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In-hospital morbidity, but not mortality, was increased among admissions with pAECOPD compared to npAECOPD. This may, in part, be explained by the extensive treatment with antibiotics and NIV in patients with pAECOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siw Lillevik Andreassen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Puhan MA. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12:CD010257. [PMID: 23235687 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are treated with antibiotics. However, the value of antibiotics remains uncertain as systematic reviews and clinical trials have shown conflicting results. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of antibiotics in the management of acute COPD exacerbations on treatment failure as observed between seven days and one month after treatment initiation (primary outcome) and on other patient-important outcomes (mortality, adverse events, length of hospital stay). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and other electronically available databases up to September 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with acute COPD exacerbations comparing antibiotic therapy and placebo with a follow-up of at least seven days. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened references and extracted data from trial reports. We kept the three groups of outpatients, inpatients and patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) separate for benefit outcomes and mortality because we considered them to be clinically too different to be summarised in one group. We considered outpatients to have a mild to moderate exacerbation, inpatients to have a severe exacerbation and ICU patients to have a very severe exacerbation. Where outcomes or study details were not reported we requested missing data from the authors of the primary studies. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RR) for treatment failure, Peto odds ratios (OR) for rare events (mortality and adverse events) and weighted mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes using fixed-effect models. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS Sixteen trials with 2068 participants were included. In outpatients (mild to moderate exacerbations), there was evidence of low quality that antibiotics did statistically significantly reduce the risk for treatment failure between seven days and one month after treatment initiation (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.94; I(2) = 35%) but they did not significantly reduce the risk when the meta-analysis was restricted to currently available drugs (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.01; I(2) = 33%). Evidence of high quality showed that antibiotics statistically significantly reduced the risk of treatment failure in inpatients with severe exacerbations (ICU not included) (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.91; I(2) = 47%) regardless of whether restricted to current drugs. The only trial with 93 patients admitted to the ICU showed a large and statistically significant effect on treatment failure (RR 0.19; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.45; high-quality evidence).Evidence of low-quality from four trials in inpatients showed no effect of antibiotics on mortality (Peto OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.37 to 2.79). High-quality evidence from one trial showed a statistically significant effect on mortality in ICU patients (Peto OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.72). Length of hospital stay (in days) was similar in the antibiotics and placebo groups except for the ICU study where antibiotics statistically significantly reduced length of hospital stay (mean difference -9.60 days; 95% CI -12.84 to -6.36 days). One trial showed no effect of antibiotics on re-exacerbations between two and six weeks after treatment initiation. Only one trial (N = 35) reported health-related quality of life but did not show a statistically significant difference between the treatment and control group.Evidence of moderate quality showed that the overall incidence of adverse events was higher in the antibiotics groups (Peto OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.27). Patients treated with antibiotics experienced statistically significantly more diarrhoea based on three trials (Peto OR 2.62; 95% CI 1.11 to 6.17; high-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics for COPD exacerbations showed large and consistent beneficial effects across outcomes of patients admitted to an ICU. However, for outpatients and inpatients the results were inconsistent. The risk for treatment failure was significantly reduced in both inpatients and outpatients when all trials (1957 to 2012) were included but not when the analysis for outpatients was restricted to currently used antibiotics. Also, antibiotics had no statistically significant effect on mortality and length of hospital stay in inpatients and almost no data on patient-reported outcomes exist. These inconsistent effects call for research into clinical signs and biomarkers that help identify patients who benefit from antibiotics and patients who experience no effect, and in whom downsides of antibiotics (side effects, costs and multi-resistance) could be avoided.
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Ram FSF, Rodriguez‐Roisin R, Granados‐Navarrete A, Garcia‐Aymerich J, Barnes NC. WITHDRAWN: Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 2011:CD004403. [PMID: 21249661 PMCID: PMC10663712 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004403.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are treated with antibiotics. However the value of their use remains uncertain. Some controlled trials of antibiotics have shown benefit (Berry 1960; Pines 1972) while others have not (Elmes 1965b; Nicotra 1982). OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review of the literature estimating the value of antibiotics in the management of acute COPD exacerbations. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2005, issue 4) which contains the Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialized Register; MEDLINE (1966 to December 2005); EMBASE (1974 to December 2005); Web of Science (December 2005), and other electronically available databases. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with acute COPD exacerbations comparing antibiotic (for a minimum of five days) and placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were analysed using Review Manager software. Continuous data were analysed using weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Relative risks (RR) (and 95% CI) were calculated for all dichotomous data. Where appropriate, number needed to treat to benefit (NNT) and 95% CI were calculated. MAIN RESULTS Eleven trials with 917 patients were included. Ten trials used increased cough, sputum volume and purulence diagnostic criteria for COPD exacerbation. Eight-hundred and fifty-seven patients provided data for outcomes including mortality, treatment failure, increased sputum volume, sputum purulence, PaCO(2), PaO(2), peak flow and adverse events. Antibiotic therapy regardless of antibiotic choice significantly reduced mortality (RR 0.23; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.52 with NNT of 8; 95% CI 6 to 17), treatment failure (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.62 with NNT of 3; 95% CI 3 to 5) and sputum purulence (RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.77 with NNT of 8; 95% CI 6 to 17). There was a small increase in risk of diarrhoea with antibiotics (RR 2.86; 95% CI 1.06 to 7.76). Antibiotics did not improve arterial blood gases and peak flow. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review shows that in COPD exacerbations with increased cough and sputum purulence antibiotics, regardless of choice, reduce the risk of short-term mortality by 77%, decrease the risk of treatment failure by 53% and the risk of sputum purulence by 44%; with a small increase in the risk of diarrhoea. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the differences in patient selection, antibiotic choice, small number of included trials and lack of control for interventions that influence outcome, such as use of systemic corticosteroids and ventilatory support. Nevertheless, this review supports antibiotics for patients with COPD exacerbations with increased cough and sputum purulence who are moderately or severely ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix SF Ram
- Massey University ‐ AucklandSchool of Health Sciences24 Portsea PlaceChatswood, North ShoreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Robert Rodriguez‐Roisin
- Universitat de BarcelonaServei de Pneumologia, Hospital ClínicVillarroel, 170BarcelonaSpain08036
| | - Alicia Granados‐Navarrete
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, University of BarcelonaRespiratory and Environmental Health Research Unitc/ Doctor Aiguader, 80BarcelonaSpain08003
| | - Judith Garcia‐Aymerich
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)Doctor Aiguader 88BarcelonaSpain08003
| | - Neil C Barnes
- London Chest HospitalDepartment of Respiratory MedicineBonner RoadLondonUKE2 9JX
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Banning M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical signs and infections. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2006; 15:874-80. [PMID: 17108859 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2006.15.16.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pathological condition that involves excessive production of mucus, chronic cough and inflammatory changes leading to airway limitation. The most common cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. COPD can be categorized into either chronic bronchitis or emphysema; both conditions can be differentiated by age and the production of copious, tenacious sputum. Patients with COPD are susceptible to pulmonary infections of bacterial or viral origin. Nurses should be aware of the subtle differences in conditions and the usefulness of antibiotics in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggi Banning
- Brunel University, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Mary Seacole Building, Uxbridge, Middlesex
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Ram FSF, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Granados-Navarrete A, Garcia-Aymerich J, Barnes NC. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD004403. [PMID: 16625602 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004403.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are treated with antibiotics. However the value of their use remains uncertain. Some controlled trials of antibiotics have shown benefit (Berry 1960; Pines 1972) while others have not (Elmes 1965b; Nicotra 1982). OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review of the literature estimating the value of antibiotics in the management of acute COPD exacerbations. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2005); MEDLINE (1966 to December 2005); EMBASE (1974 to December 2005); Web of Science (December 2005), and other electronically available databases. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with acute COPD exacerbations comparing antibiotic (for a minimum of five days) and placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were analysed using Review Manager software. Continuous data were analysed using weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Relative risks (RR) (and 95% CI) were calculated for all dichotomous data. Where appropriate, number needed to treat to benefit (NNT) and 95% CI were calculated. MAIN RESULTS Eleven trials with 917 patients were included. Ten trials used increased cough, sputum volume and purulence diagnostic criteria for COPD exacerbation. Eight-hundred and fifty-seven patients provided data for outcomes including mortality, treatment failure, increased sputum volume, sputum purulence, PaCO(2), PaO(2), peak flow and adverse events. Antibiotic therapy regardless of antibiotic choice significantly reduced mortality (RR 0.23; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.52 with NNT of 8; 95% CI 6 to 17), treatment failure (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.62 with NNT of 3; 95% CI 3 to 5) and sputum purulence (RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.77 with NNT of 8; 95% CI 6 to 17). There was a small increase in risk of diarrhoea with antibiotics (RR 2.86; 95% CI 1.06 to 7.76). Antibiotics did not improve arterial blood gases and peak flow. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review shows that in COPD exacerbations with increased cough and sputum purulence antibiotics, regardless of choice, reduce the risk of short-term mortality by 77%, decrease the risk of treatment failure by 53% and the risk of sputum purulence by 44%; with a small increase in the risk of diarrhoea. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the differences in patient selection, antibiotic choice, small number of included trials and lack of control for interventions that influence outcome, such as use of systemic corticosteroids and ventilatory support. Nevertheless, this review supports antibiotics for patients with COPD exacerbations with increased cough and sputum purulence who are moderately or severely ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S F Ram
- Massey University - Albany, School of Health Sciences, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Weis N, Almdal T. C-reactive protein--can it be used as a marker of infection in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Eur J Intern Med 2006; 17:88-91. [PMID: 16490683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Far from all patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) benefit from antibiotic treatment. However, as these patients are often colonized with bacteria, even in a stable phase, there is no reliable method for establishing whether the patients have a significant bacterial infection and would benefit from antibiotic treatment. C-reactive protein (CRP) has proven to be useful as a marker of bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to assess to what degree CRP is elevated in patients with exacerbation of COPD. METHODS A total of 166 consecutive patients admitted to a department of internal medicine at a university hospital in Copenhagen due to exacerbation of COPD were prospectively included in the study. Patients were asked whether they had experienced increased sputum purulence and whether they were on steroid treatment or not. Blood was drawn for determination of white blood cell count and CRP, and a chest X-ray was taken. Patients whose X-rays of the thorax showed changes compatible with pneumonia were considered to have pneumonia of bacterial origin. RESULTS Pneumonia was diagnosed in 51 patients. Their median CRP was 97 mg/l (49-145 interquartile range). Among patients without pneumonia, 46% (51/115) had normal CRP values (0-10 mg/l); 64 had no increased sputum purulence and a median CRP of 8 mg/l (2.9-16 mg/l), which is significantly lower than in the 51 patients who reported increased sputum purulence and had a CRP of 45 mg/l (8.5-86 mg/l; p<0.001). CONCLUSION CRP values are normal in nearly 50% of patients admitted due to exacerbation of COPD. In patients who have increased sputum purulence, the pattern of increase in CRP is similar to that seen in patients with pneumonia. This suggests that CRP may be used as a marker of significant bacterial infection. Thus, it may be used when deciding whether or not to start antibiotic treatment. This should be tested in a controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weis
- Department of Endocrinology, The Herlev University Hospital, Denmark.
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van der Valk P, Monninkhof E, van der Palen J, Zielhuis G, van Herwaarden C, Hendrix R. Clinical Predictors of Bacterial Involvement in Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:980-6. [PMID: 15472849 DOI: 10.1086/423959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wide use of antibiotics for treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lacks evidence. The efficacy is debatable, and bacterial involvement in exacerbation is difficult to verify. The aim of this prospective study was to identify factors that can help to estimate the probability that a microorganism is involved in exacerbation of COPD and, therefore, predict the success of antibiotic treatment. METHODS Clinical data and sputum samples were obtained from 116 patients during exacerbation of COPD. Bacterial infection was defined by the abundant presence of >or=1 potential pathological microorganism in relation to the normal flora in sputum. RESULTS Of 116 exacerbations, 22 (19%) had bacterial involvement. The combination of a negative result of a sputum Gram stain, a relevant nonclinical decrease in lung function (compared with baseline measurements), and occurrence of <2 exacerbations in the previous year were 100% predictive of a nonbacterial origin of the exacerbation. The presence of all 3 of these clinical characteristics yielded a positive predictive value of 67% for a bacterial exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS Patients presenting with an exacerbation who have a negative result of sputum Gram stain, do not have a clinically relevant decrease in lung function, and have experienced <2 exacerbations of COPD in the previous year do not require antibiotic treatment [corrected]. A treatment protocol taking into account these variables might lead to a 5%-24% reduction in unnecessary treatment with antibiotics, depending on actual prescription rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Sumi M, Satoh H, Ishikawa H, Sekizawa K. Pneumonia in elderly patients with preexisting respiratory disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2004; 39:111-6. [PMID: 15249147 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the optimal duration of appropriate antibiotic therapy for pneumonia in elderly patients with preexisting respiratory disease, we studied improvement of infectious parameters in these patients. The medical record database was used to identify patients admitted with the following characteristics: primary diagnosis of benign respiratory disease; aged 65 years or over; no active malignant diseases in any organs; and at least one admission for pneumonia during April 2001 to May 2003. We observed 47 pneumonia episodes in 30 patients. Elevated CRP levels more than 8.0 mg/ml and leukocytosis more than 10.0 x 10(3) mm(-3) was seen in 21 and 29 pneumonia episodes, respectively. With appropriate intravenous antimicrobial therapy, average of CRP levels on day 0 (9.16 +/- 6.81 mg/dl) decreased to 5.18 +/- 4.67 mg/dl on day 3 (P = 0.0073). In more than 70% of pneumonia episodes, serum levels of CRP normalized on day 10. Average of leukocyte counts on day 0 ((12.3 +/- 4.7) x 10(3) mm(-3)) decreased to (8.1 +/- 3.5) x 10(3) mm(-3) on day 3 (P = 0.0001). In more than 80% of pneumonia episodes, leukocyte count normalized on day 7. The clinical response to appropriate antimicrobial therapy for pneumonia occurs within the first 3 days of therapy. Duration of intravenous antimicrobial therapy for pneumonia in these patients of 10 days would be sufficient and could prevent recurrent infection with resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sumi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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