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Jung P, Briegel-Williams L, Werner L, Jost E, Schultz M, Nürnberg DJ, Grube M, Lakatos M. A direct PCR approach with low-biomass insert opens new horizons for molecular sciences on cryptogam communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0002424. [PMID: 38349146 PMCID: PMC10952543 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00024-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular sequence data have transformed research on cryptogams (e.g., lichens, microalgae, fungi, and symbionts thereof) but methods are still strongly hampered by the small size and intermingled growth of the target organisms, poor cultivability and detrimental effects of their secondary metabolites. Here, we aim to showcase examples on which a modified direct PCR approach for diverse aspects of molecular work on environmental samples concerning biocrusts, biofilms, and cryptogams gives new options for the research community. Unlike traditional approaches, this methodology only requires biomass equivalent to colonies and fragments of 0.2 mm in diameter, which can be picked directly from the environmental sample, and includes a quick DNA lysis followed by a standardized PCR cycle that allows co-cycling of various organisms/target regions in the same run. We demonstrate that this modified method can (i) amplify the most widely used taxonomic gene regions and those used for applied and environmental sciences from single colonies and filaments of free-living cyanobacteria, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens, including their mycobionts, chlorobionts, and cyanobionts from both isolates and in situ material during co-cycling; (ii) act as a tool to confirm that the dominant lichen photobiont was isolated from the original sample; and (iii) optionally remove inhibitory secondary lichen substances. Our results represent examples which highlight the method's potential for future applications covering mycology, phycology, biocrusts, and lichenology, in particular.IMPORTANCECyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, and other cryptogams play crucial roles in complex microbial systems such as biological soil crusts of arid biomes or biofilms in caves. Molecular investigations on environmental samples or isolates of these microorganisms are often hampered by their dense aggregation, small size, or metabolism products which complicate DNA extraction and subsequent PCRs. Our work presents various examples of how a direct DNA extraction and PCR method relying on low biomass inserts can overcome these common problems and discusses additional applications of the workflow including adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Laura Briegel-Williams
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Lina Werner
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Emily Jost
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Matthias Schultz
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Herbarium Hamburgense, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis J. Nürnberg
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Dahlem Centre for Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Lakatos
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
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Brovko OS, Ivakhnov AD, Zhiltsov DV, Boitsova TA. Isolation of Chitin-Containing Complexes from the Thallus of the Lichen Species Peltigera aphthosa. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122080061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Arakawa S, Kanaseki T, Wagner R, Goodenough U. Ultrastructure of the foliose lichen Myelochroa leucotyliza and its solo fungal and algal (Trebouxia sp.) partners. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Tagirdzhanova G, Saary P, Tingley JP, Díaz-Escandón D, Abbott DW, Finn RD, Spribille T. Predicted Input of Uncultured Fungal Symbionts to a Lichen Symbiosis from Metagenome-Assembled Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6163286. [PMID: 33693712 PMCID: PMC8355462 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycete yeasts have recently been reported as stably associated secondary
fungal symbionts of many lichens, but their role in the symbiosis remains
unknown. Attempts to sequence their genomes have been hampered both by the
inability to culture them and their low abundance in the lichen thallus
alongside two dominant eukaryotes (an ascomycete fungus and chlorophyte alga).
Using the lichen Alectoria sarmentosa, we selectively dissolved
the cortex layer in which secondary fungal symbionts are embedded to enrich
yeast cell abundance and sequenced DNA from the resulting slurries as well as
bulk lichen thallus. In addition to yielding a near-complete genome of the
filamentous ascomycete using both methods, metagenomes from cortex slurries
yielded a 36- to 84-fold increase in coverage and near-complete genomes for two
basidiomycete species, members of the classes Cystobasidiomycetes and
Tremellomycetes. The ascomycete possesses the largest gene repertoire of the
three. It is enriched in proteases often associated with pathogenicity and
harbors the majority of predicted secondary metabolite clusters. The
basidiomycete genomes possess ∼35% fewer predicted genes than the
ascomycete and have reduced secretomes even compared with close relatives, while
exhibiting signs of nutrient limitation and scavenging. Furthermore, both
basidiomycetes are enriched in genes coding for enzymes producing secreted
acidic polysaccharides, representing a potential contribution to the shared
extracellular matrix. All three fungi retain genes involved in dimorphic
switching, despite the ascomycete not being known to possess a yeast stage. The
basidiomycete genomes are an important new resource for exploration of lifestyle
and function in fungal–fungal interactions in lichen symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Tagirdzhanova
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Saary
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey P Tingley
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Díaz-Escandón
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert D Finn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Fortuna L, González AG, Tretiach M, Pokrovsky OS. Influence of secondary metabolites on surface chemistry and metal adsorption of a devitalized lichen biomonitor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116500. [PMID: 33493767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the broad use of lichens as biomonitors of airborne trace elements, the surface chemistry and metal adsorption parameters of these organisms are still poorly known. The current investigation is aimed at (i) quantifying the acid-base surface properties and the first-order physical-chemical parameters of Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption of devitalized Pseudevernia furfuracea, a lichen commonly used in biomonitoring of airborne trace elements, and (ii) comparing the results with those available for moss biomonitors. Equilibrium constants and metal-binding site concentrations were calculated with a thermodynamic model by taking into account the presence/absence of ancillary extracellular cell wall compounds, namely melanin and acetone-soluble lichen substances. An acid-base titration experiment performed in the pH range of 3-10 showed that melanised and non-melanised P. furfuracea samples have lower pHPZC (3.53-3.99) and higher metal-binding site concentrations (0.96-1.20 mmol g-1) compared to that of the mosses investigated so far at the same experimental conditions. Melanin biosynthesis increased the content of carboxyl and phosphoryl groups and reduces that of amine/polyphenols. Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption was unaffected by the degree of melanisation while the removal of extracellular lichen substances slightly decreased Zn2+ adsorption. Although Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption parameters related to P. furfuracea surfaces were 3 times lower than in the mosses, lichen samples adsorbed the same amount of Cu2+ and 30% more Zn2+. The present study contributes in understanding the role of ancillary cell wall compounds in Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption in a model lichen. It also provides a first comparison between the surface physico-chemical characteristics of lichens and mosses frequently used as biomonitors of trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Fortuna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 1, I-34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Aridane G González
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte S/n, E-35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 10, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Oleg S Pokrovsky
- Geosciences Environment Toulouse (GET), CNRS, UMR 5563, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France; N. Laverov Federal Center for Arctic Research, URoRAS, 23 Naberezhnaja Sev. Dviny, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia; BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina Prs 36, Tomsk, Russia
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Spribille T, Tagirdzhanova G, Goyette S, Tuovinen V, Case R, Zandberg WF. 3D biofilms: in search of the polysaccharides holding together lichen symbioses. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:fnaa023. [PMID: 32037451 PMCID: PMC7164778 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable, long-term interactions between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, collectively known as lichens, have repeatedly evolved complex architectures with little resemblance to their component parts. Lacking any central scaffold, the shapes they assume are casts of secreted polymers that cement cells into place, determine the angle of phototropic exposure and regulate water relations. A growing body of evidence suggests that many lichen extracellular polymer matrices harbor unicellular, non-photosynthesizing organisms (UNPOs) not traditionally recognized as lichen symbionts. Understanding organismal input and uptake in this layer is key to interpreting the role UNPOs play in lichen biology. Here, we review both polysaccharide composition determined from whole, pulverized lichens and UNPOs reported from lichens to date. Most reported polysaccharides are thought to be structural cell wall components. The composition of the extracellular matrix is not definitively known. Several lines of evidence suggest some acidic polysaccharides have evaded detection in routine analysis of neutral sugars and may be involved in the extracellular matrix. UNPOs reported from lichens include diverse bacteria and yeasts for which secreted polysaccharides play important biological roles. We conclude by proposing testable hypotheses on the role that symbiont give-and-take in this layer could play in determining or modifying lichen symbiotic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Gulnara Tagirdzhanova
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Spencer Goyette
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Veera Tuovinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3427 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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Torzilli AP, Lawrey JD. Lichen metabolites inhibit cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by the lichen parasite Nectria parmeliae. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1995.12026604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert P. Torzilli
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444
| | - James D. Lawrey
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444
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Puchkova EV, Eremin VV, Bogdanova OG, Gimel’brant DE, Stepanchikova IS. Distribution of 210Ро in lichen thalli. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362217020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cordeiro LMC, Reinhardt VDF, Iacomini M. Glucomannan and branched (1→3)(1→6) β-glucan from the aposymbiotically grown Physcia kalbii mycobiont. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 84:88-93. [PMID: 22981001 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of the mycobiont Physcia kalbii were obtained from germinated ascospores and cultivated on Sabouraud-Sucrose-agar medium. Alkaline extraction of freeze-dried mycelia provided a branched (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucan and a glucomannan, whose chemical structure was determined by monosaccharide composition, methylation, controlled Smith degradation and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The β-glucan had a (1→3)-linked β-glucopyranosyl backbone, partially substituted (approx. 50% of the units) at O-6. The side chains were formed by 6-O- (∼82%) and 2,6-O-linked-β-Glcp units, while the non-reducing ends were formed by β-glucopyranosyl residues. The glucomannan had (1→6)-linked α-Manp units in the main chain, almost all being substituted at O-2 by α-Manp and α-Glcp units. This glucomannan could be a typical polysaccharide of lichens from the family Physciaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Honegger R. Differential gene expression within the cyanobacterial cell population of a lichen thallus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:657-660. [PMID: 23043588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosmarie Honegger
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ruthes AC, Komura DL, Carbonero ER, Cordeiro LMC, Reis RA, Sassaki GL, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M. Polysaccharides present in cultivated Teloschistes flavicans symbiosis: comparison with those of the thallus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:500-505. [PMID: 18191406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structures of polysaccharides present in aposymbiotically cultured myco- and photobionts of the lichen Teloschistes flavicans were determined, in order to compare them with those previously found in the intact thallus. The mycobiont was cultured on a solid Lilly and Barnett medium and the resulting colonies were freeze dried, defatted, and their polysaccharides were extracted successively with 2%, 10% and 30% aq. KOH, each at 100 degrees C. The extracts were neutralized (HOAc) and fractionated, giving rise to three homogeneous fractions, PFSK2 from 2% KOH, which contained a (1-->4),(1-->6)-linked alpha-glucan (1:1 ratio, pullulan), fraction PK10 from 10% KOH extraction, which was a linear (1-->3)-linked linear beta-glucan (laminaran), and fraction PK30 from 30% KOH extraction, being a branched (1-->3),(1-->6)-linked beta-glucan. The photobiont (Trebouxia sp. de Puymaly) was cultured in liquid nutrient medium, and after purification, a linear (1-->5)-linked beta-galactofuranan was characterized. The galactofuranan and the laminaran were not present in the symbiotic thallus, in contrast to the glucans, showing that the mycobiont alone produces them without participation of the photobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ruthes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Favero-Longo SE, Girlanda M, Honegger R, Fubini B, Piervittori R. Interactions of sterile-cultured lichen-forming ascomycetes with asbestos fibres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:473-81. [PMID: 17512715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sterile cultured isolates of lichen-forming ascomycetes have not yet been used to investigate mycobiont-mineral substrate interactions under controlled conditions. In this study Candelariella vitellina, Xanthoparmelia tinctina and Lecanora rupicola mycobionts were isolated and inoculated with chrysotile fibres in the laboratory, in order to verify whether physical and chemical weathering processes, which were already described in the field, may be reproduced in vitro. Tight adhesion of hyphae to chrysotile fibres was observed in all species. The adhering hyphae affected the chemical composition of asbestos fibres, with the selective depletion of magnesium being a prominent feature, as is the case in field conditions. Oxalic acid and pulvinic acid, mycobiont-derived metabolites of X. tinctina and C. vitellina, were involved in the weathering action. Time and environmental factors and the absence of biological synergisms strongly limited the chemical weathering in vitro compared with what was observed in the field. Nevertheless, the results show that in vitro incubation of sterile-cultured lichen-forming fungi with minerals is a practicable experimental system to investigate the weathering effects of different mycobionts and fungal compounds under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Enrico Favero-Longo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Vegetale Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Biosensing, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
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Cordeiro LM, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Gorin PA, Iacomini M. Elucidation of polysaccharide origin in Ramalina peruvianasymbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Cordeiro LM, Iacomini M, Stocker-Wörgötter E. Culture studies and secondary compounds of six Ramalina species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 108:489-97. [PMID: 15230001 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycobiont isolation experiments were performed on six species of Ramalina from Brazil: R. celastri, R. complanata, R. dendriscoides, R. gracilis, R. peruviana and R. sprengelii. This study aimed to optimize the culture conditions and nutrient requirements of the selected mycobionts. The aposymbiotic R. complanta was successfully isolated from ascospores, while aposymbiotic R. peruviana was obtained from thallus fragments. In R. peruviana the production of secondary metabolites was investigated under aposymbiotical growth conditions using HPLC. When cultivated on solid medium, this mycobiont produced the typical chemosyndrome (sekikaic acid and satellite compounds), found in the voucher lichen thallus. When cultivated in liquid medium (immersed in malt yeast medium in the absence of agar), only one, the major lichen substance, sekikaic acid, was synthesized by the fungus. In addition, atranorin was formed, but was not detected in any of the voucher specimens. Red pigments were found in solid and liquid cultures. These were separated into two compounds, but could not be fully identified. R. celastri spores germinated, but did not form mycelia. R. dendriscoides, R. gracilis and R. sprengelii were not successfully cultivated in aposymbiotic conditions, although eight different culture media were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Box 19046, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81.531-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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Cordeiro LMC, Reis RA, Tischer CA, Gorin PAJ, Ferreira JC, Iacomini M. Linear beta-mannose-containing polysaccharide, beta-xylan, and amylose from the cultured photobiont Trebouxia sp. of the ascolichen Ramalina celastri. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 220:89-94. [PMID: 12644232 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultured photobiont Trebouxia sp. of Ramalina celastri was successively extracted at 100 degrees C with hot water, 2% aqueous KOH, and 10% aqueous KOH to give polysaccharide-containing fractions A (2.9%), B (3.9%), and C (0.9% yield) respectively. The intact biont contained 3.8% amylose, which was present in each fraction, and was identified by a blue color formed with iodine solution. In fraction A, and following retrogradation from aqueous solution, it was characterized by (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Fraction B was treated with alpha-amylase to give a water-soluble fraction consisting mainly of beta-mannose-containing polysaccharides (1.5% yield), whose main component had dn/dc 0.162 and M(r) 17 kDa. Fraction C was subjected to freeze-thawing and the precipitate was treated with alpha-amylase to give a resistant, linear, low molecular mass (1-->4)-linked beta-xylan. The beta-D-mannopyranan preparation contained mainly of 3-O- (28%), 4-O- (11%), and 6-O-substituted Manp units (35%), with 3-O-substituted Rhap units (11%). A controlled Smith degradation provided a beta-mannan with nonreducing end- (8%), 3-O- (85%) and 6-O-substituted units, showing (1-->3)- and (1-->6)-linked structures in the original polysaccharide. These could be present as block-type structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531.990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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The degradative activity of a lichenicolous Fusarium sp. compared to related entomogenous species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756202006627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Morphological and molecular analysis of early stages in the resynthesis of the lichen Baeomyces rufus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756202006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sundberg B, Ekblad A, Näsholm T, Palmqvist K. Lichen respiration in relation to active time, temperature, nitrogen and ergosterol concentrations. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mathiesen SD, Haga OE, Kaino T, Tyler NJC. Diet composition, rumen papillation and maintenance of carcass mass in female Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in winter. J Zool (1987) 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dreyfuss MM, Chapela IH. Potential of fungi in the discovery of novel, low-molecular weight pharmaceuticals. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1994; 26:49-80. [PMID: 7749314 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-9003-4.50009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Lichen-forming fungi are a large, taxonomically diverse group of nutritional specialists which acquire fixed carbon from a population of minute green algal or cyanobacterial cells. Mycobionts of foliose or fruticose lichens differ from the rest of the fungi by expressing morphologically and anatomically complex symbiotic phenotypes. The extracellularly located photobiont cell population of these macrolichens is housed and controlled by the quantitatively predominant fungal partner which competes for space above ground, secures adequate illumination and facilitates gas exchange. This review summarizes data on the ontogeny, functional morphology, growth patterns and internal thalline differentiation of macrolichens. Contents Summary 659 I. Introduction 659 II. Establishment of the lichen symbiosis 662 III. Growth and cell turnover 669 IV. Outlook 674 Acknowledgements 674 References 674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmarie Honegger
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Honegger R, Kutasi V, Ruffner HP. Polyol patterns in eleven species of aposymbiotically cultured lichen mycobionts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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