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Sun TF, Ge ZW, Xu HR, Zhang H, Huang SS, Feng MG, Ying SH. Unlocking the Siderophore Biosynthesis Pathway and Its Biological Functions in the Fungal Insect Pathogen Beauveria bassiana. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18455-18464. [PMID: 39109629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are small molecule iron chelators. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana produces a plethora of siderophores under iron-limiting conditions. In this study, a siderophore biosynthesis pathway, akin to the general pathway observed in filamentous fungi, was revealed in B. bassiana. Among the siderophore biosynthesis genes (SID), BbSidA was required for the production of most siderophores, and the SidC and SidD biosynthesis gene clusters were indispensable for the production of ferricrocin and fusarinine C, respectively. Biosynthesis genes play various roles in siderophore production, vegetative growth, stress resistance, development, and virulence, in which BbSidA plays the most important role. Accordingly, B. bassiana employs a cocktail of siderophores for iron metabolism, which is essential for fungal physiology and host interactions. This study provides the initial network for the genetic modification of siderophore biosynthesis, which not only aims to improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents but also ensures the efficient production of siderophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fei Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hang-Rong Xu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850011, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Will V, Frey C, Normant V, Kuhn L, Chicher J, Volck F, Schalk IJ. The role of FoxA, FiuA, and FpvB in iron acquisition via hydroxamate-type siderophores in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18795. [PMID: 39138320 PMCID: PMC11322547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are specialized molecules produced by bacteria and fungi to scavenge iron, a crucial nutrient for growth and metabolism. Catecholate-type siderophores are mainly produced by bacteria, while hydroxamates are mostly from fungi. This study investigates the capacity of nine hydroxamate-type siderophores from fungi and Streptomyces to facilitate iron acquisition by the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Growth assays under iron limitation and 55Fe incorporation tests showed that all nine siderophores promoted bacterial growth and iron transport. The study also aimed to identify the TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) involved in iron import by these siderophores. Using mutant strains lacking specific TBDT genes, it was found that iron is imported into P. aeruginosa cells by FpvB for coprogen, triacetylfusarinine, fusigen, ferrirhodin, and ferrirubin. Iron complexed by desferioxamine G is transported by FpvB and FoxA, ferricrocin-Fe and ferrichrycin-Fe by FpvB and FiuA, and rhodotoluric acid-Fe by FpvB, FiuA, and another unidentified TBDT. These findings highlight the effectiveness of hydroxamate-type siderophores in iron transport into P. aeruginosa and provide insights into the complex molecular mechanisms involved, which are important for understanding microbial interactions and ecological balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Will
- CNRS, UMR7242, UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chloé Frey
- CNRS, UMR7242, UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Normant
- CNRS, UMR7242, UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, CNRS, UAR1589, Plateforme Proteomique Strasbourg - Esplanade, 2 Allée Konrad Roentgen, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Johana Chicher
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, CNRS, UAR1589, Plateforme Proteomique Strasbourg - Esplanade, 2 Allée Konrad Roentgen, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Florian Volck
- CNRS, UMR7242, UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle J Schalk
- CNRS, UMR7242, UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
- UMR7242, ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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Jenner M, Hai Y, Nguyen HH, Passmore M, Skyrud W, Kim J, Garg NK, Zhang W, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Tang Y. Elucidating the molecular programming of a nonlinear non-ribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for fungal siderophore biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2832. [PMID: 37198174 PMCID: PMC10192304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores belonging to the ferrichrome family are essential for the viability of fungal species and play a key role for virulence of numerous pathogenic fungi. Despite their biological significance, our understanding of how these iron-chelating cyclic hexapeptides are assembled by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzymes remains poorly understood, primarily due to the nonlinearity exhibited by the domain architecture. Herein, we report the biochemical characterization of the SidC NRPS, responsible for construction of the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin. In vitro reconstitution of purified SidC reveals its ability to produce ferricrocin and its structural variant, ferrichrome. Application of intact protein mass spectrometry uncovers several non-canonical events during peptidyl siderophore biosynthesis, including inter-modular loading of amino acid substrates and an adenylation domain capable of poly-amide bond formation. This work expands the scope of NRPS programming, allows biosynthetic assignment of ferrichrome NRPSs, and sets the stage for reprogramming towards novel hydroxamate scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jenner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre (WISB), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Yang Hai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Hong H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Transmed Co., Ltd., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Munro Passmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Will Skyrud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Arzeda, 3421 Thorndyke Ave W, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Junyong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters in Fusarium Specific Mycoparasite Sphaerodes mycoparasitica during Biotrophic Mycoparasitism. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent transcriptomic profiling has revealed importance membrane transporters such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in fungal necrotrophic mycoparasites. In this study, RNA-Seq allowed rapid detection of ABC transcripts involved in biotrophic mycoparasitism of Sphaerodes mycoparasitica against the phytopathogenic and mycotoxigenic Fusarium graminearum host, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB). Transcriptomic analyses of highly expressed S. mycoparasitica genes, and their phylogenetic relationships with other eukaryotic fungi, portrayed the ABC transporters’ evolutionary paths towards biotrophic mycoparasitism. Prior to the in silico phylogenetic analyses, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to confirm the formation of appressorium/haustorium infection structures in S. mycoparasitica during early (1.5 d and 3.5 d) stages of mycoparasitism. Transcripts encoding biotrophy-associated secreted proteins did uncover the enrolment of ABC transporter genes in this specific biocontrol mode of action, while tandem ABC and BUB2 (non-ABC) transcripts seemed to be proper for appressorium development. The next-generation HiSeq transcriptomic profiling of the mycoparasitic hypha samples, revealed 81 transcripts annotated to ABC transporters consisting of a variety of ABC-B (14%), ABC-C (22%), and ABC-G (23%), and to ABC-A, ABC-F, aliphatic sulfonates importer (TC 3.A.1.17.2), BtuF, ribose importer (TC 3.A.1.2.1), and unknown families. The most abundant transcripts belonged to the multidrug resistance exporter (TC 3.A.1.201) subfamily of the ABC-B family, the conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily of the ABC-C family, and the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) (TC 3.A.1.205) subfamily of the ABC-G family. These findings highlight the significance of ABC transporter genes that control cellular detoxification against toxic substances (e.g., chemical pesticides and mycotoxins) in sustaining a virulence of S. mycoparasitica for effective biotrophic mycoparasitism on the F. graminearum host. The findings of this study provide clues to better understand the biotrophic mycoparasitism of S. mycoparasitica interacting with the Fusarium host, which implies that the ABC transporter group of key proteins is involved in the mycoparasite’s virulence and multidrug resistance to toxic substances including cellular detoxification.
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Miller MJ, Liu R. Design and Syntheses of New Antibiotics Inspired by Nature's Quest for Iron in an Oxidative Climate. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1646-1661. [PMID: 33684288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Account describes fundamental chemistry that promoted the discovery of new antibiotics. Specifically, the NH acidity of simple hydroxamic acid derivatives facilitated the syntheses of novel β-lactams (oxamazins and monobactams), siderophore mimics that limit bacterial iron uptake and bacterially targeted sideromycins (siderophore-antibiotic conjugates). The development of resistance to our current limited set of antibiotic scaffolds has created a dire medical situation. As recently stated, "if you weren't taking antibiotic resistance seriously before, now would be a good time to start." A project commissioned by the British government (https://amr-review.org/) has released estimates of the near-future global toll of antibiotic resistance that are jaw-dropping in their seriousness and scale: 10 million deaths per year and at least $100 trillion in sacrificed gross national product. The 2020 COVID pandemic confirmed that infectious disease problems are no longer localized but worldwide. Many classical antibiotics, especially β-lactams, previously provided economical cures, but the evolution of antibiotic destructive enzymes (i.e., β-lactamases), efflux pumps, and bacterial cell wall permeability barriers has made many types of bacteria, especially Gram-negative strains, resistant. Still, and in contrast to other therapies, the public expectation is that any new antibiotic must be inexpensive. This creates market limitations that have caused most major pharmaceutical companies to abandon antibiotic research. Much needs to be done to address this significant problem.The critical need for bacteria to sequester essential iron provides an Achilles' heel for new antibiotic development. Although ferric iron is extremely insoluble, bacteria need micromolar intracellular concentrations for growth and virulence. To this end, they biosynthesize siderophores (Gr. iron bearer) and excrete them into their environment, where they bind iron with high affinity. The iron complexes are recognized by specific outer-membrane transporters, and once actively internalized, the iron is released for essential processes. To conserve biosynthetic energy, some bacteria recognize and utilize siderophores made by competing strains. As a counter-revolution in the never-ending fight for survival, bacteria have also evolved sideromycins, which are siderophores conjugated to warheads that are lethal to rogue bacteria. While none are now used therapeutically, natural sideromycins called albomycins have been used clinically, and others have been shown to be well tolerated and active in animal infection models. Herein we describe practical methods to synthesize new antibiotics and artificial sideromycins with the generalized structure shown above (siderophore-linker drug). Utilizing the molecular-recognition-based siderophore/sideromycin bacterial assimilation processes, it is possible to design both broad spectrum and exquisitely narrow spectrum (targeted) sideromycins and even repurpose older or more classical antibiotics. Relevant microbiological assays, in vivo animal infection studies, and the recent FDA approval of cefiderocol demonstrate their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Bhattarai K, Bhattarai K, Kabir ME, Bastola R, Baral B. Fungal natural products galaxy: Biochemistry and molecular genetics toward blockbuster drugs discovery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:193-284. [PMID: 33641747 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have become a precious source of inspiration for the design of novel drugs. Indeed, fungi are prolific producers of fascinating, diverse, structurally complex, and low-molecular-mass natural products with high therapeutic leads, such as novel antimicrobial compounds, anticancer compounds, immunosuppressive agents, among others. Given that these microorganisms possess the extraordinary capacity to secrete diverse chemical scaffolds, they have been highly exploited by the giant pharma companies to generate small molecules. This has been made possible because the isolation of metabolites from fungal natural sources is feasible and surpasses the organic synthesis of compounds, which otherwise remains a significant bottleneck in the drug discovery process. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed recent studies on different fungi (pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal, and endophytic/symbiotic) from different habitats (terrestrial and marines), the specialized metabolites they biosynthesize, and the drugs derived from these specialized metabolites. Moreover, we have unveiled the logic behind the biosynthesis of vital chemical scaffolds, such as NRPS, PKS, PKS-NRPS hybrid, RiPPS, terpenoids, indole alkaloids, and their genetic mechanisms. Besides, we have provided a glimpse of the concept behind mycotoxins, virulence factor, and host immune response based on fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Ehsanul Kabir
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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8
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Osman Y, Gebreil A, Mowafy AM, Anan TI, Hamed SM. Characterization of Aspergillus niger siderophore that mediates bioleaching of rare earth elements from phosphorites. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Narh Mensah DL, Duponnois R, Bourillon J, Gressent F, Prin Y. Biochemical characterization and efficacy of Pleurotus, Lentinus and Ganoderma parent and hybrid mushroom strains as biofertilizers of attapulgite for wheat and tomato growth. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Intracellular Siderophore Detection in an Egyptian, Cobalt-Treated F. solani Isolate Using SEM-EDX with Reference to its Tolerance. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 66:235-243. [PMID: 28735319 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An Egyptian, plant pathogenic Fusarium solani isolate was grown on cobalt concentrations of 0, 50, 200, 500, 800, and 1000 ppm. The isolate survived concentrations up to 800 ppm, however failed to grow at 1000 ppm. Morphology and elemental analysis of the isolate under the investigated Co concentrations were studied using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The isolate reserved its morphology up to a concentration of 200 ppm. Morphological distortions were dramatic at 500 and 800 ppm. EDX detected Co uptake through the hyphae, microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores. Iron, calcium, and potassium were also detected. EDX results showed a linear relationship between Co% and Fe% up to a concentration of 500 ppm reflecting the possible ability of the isolate to synthesize intracellular siderophores storing iron and their release from the vacuoles. The participation of such siderophores in conferring tolerance against cobalt is discussed. At 800 ppm, the % of Fe was greatly reduced with an accompanying increase in morphological distortions and absence of microconidia. Increasing the implicated cobalt concentrations resulted in increasing the percentages of the chelated cobalt reflecting the possible implication of the cell wall as well as extracellular siderophores in the uptake of cobalt. The current results recommend the absence of cobalt in any control regime taken to combat the investigated F. solani isolate and highlights the accomplishment of biochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular studies on such isolate to approve the production of siderophores and the role of cell wall in cobalt uptake.
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Winkelmann G. A search for glomuferrin: a potential siderophore of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the genus Glomus. Biometals 2017; 30:559-564. [PMID: 28616783 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most fungi are known to synthesize siderophores under iron limitation. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) have so far not been reported to produce siderophores, although their metabolism is iron-dependent. In an approach to isolate siderophores from AM fungi, we have grown plants of Tagetes patula nana in the presence of spores from AM fungi of the genus Glomus (G. etunicatum, G. mossae & unidentified Glomus sp.) symbiotically under iron limitation and sterile conditions. A siderophore was isolated from infected roots after 2-3 weeks of growth in pots containing low-iron sand with Hoagland solution. HPLC analysis of the root cell lysate revealed a peak at a retention time of 6.7 min which showed iron-binding properties in a chrome azurol S test. The compound was isolated by preparative HPLC and the structure was determined by high resolution electrospray FTICR-MS and GC/MS analysis of the hydrolysis products. From an observed absolute mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 401.11925 [M+H]+ with a relative mass error of ∆ = 0.47 ppm an elemental composition of C16H21N2O10 [M+H]+ was derived, suggesting a molecular weight of 400 Da for glomuferrin. Corresponnding ion masses of m/z 423.10 and m/z 439.06 were asigned to the Na-adduct and K-adduct respectively. A mass of 455.03836 confirmed an Fe- complex with an elemental composition of C16H19N2O10Fe (∆ = 0.15 ppm). GC/MS analysis of the HCl lysate (6 N HCL, 12 h) revealed 1,4 butanediamine. Thus the proposed structure of the isolated siderophore from Glomus species consisted of 1,4 butanediamine amidically linked to two dehydrated citrate residues, similar to the previously identified bis-amidorhizoferrin. Thus, the isolated siderophore (glomuferrin) is a member of the rhizoferrin family previously isolated from fungi of the Mucorales (Zygomycetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Winkelmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnology, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen, Germany.
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Comensoli L, Bindschedler S, Junier P, Joseph E. Iron and Fungal Physiology: A Review of Biotechnological Opportunities. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 98:31-60. [PMID: 28189154 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential inorganic micronutrient. Because of its low toxicity only a few studies have dealt with the importance of iron in fungal physiology. Most of the studies published so far focus on iron sequestration by animal fungal pathogens, iron uptake by mycorrhizal fungi, or iron redox activities by fungal wood degraders. However, a general overview on the relationship between fungal physiology and iron is still lacking. In this review we present a summary of the types of physiological activities that participate in iron homeostasis in fungi and how these activities can be used for the development of original biotechnological applications in relationship to iron-containing matrices. Concrete examples of biotechnological applications involving iron and fungi are also discussed. In the last part, a specific research project in biotechnology focusing on the use of fungi for the conservation of archaeological objects in iron is described in detail. This project aims at developing a new conservation-restoration method to preserve archaeological iron artifacts exploiting the ability of fungi to transform and uptake iron. Preliminary results obtained in this project regarding iron-reduction, iron uptake, and biogenic formation of iron minerals are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Comensoli
- University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - P Junier
- University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Joseph
- University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Haute Ecole Arc Conservation-Restauration, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Ghosh P, Rathinasabapathi B, Teplitski M, Ma LQ. Bacterial ability in AsIII oxidation and AsV reduction: Relation to arsenic tolerance, P uptake, and siderophore production. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:995-1000. [PMID: 25576133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between bacterial ability in arsenic transformation, siderophore production, and P uptake was investigated using six arsenic-resistant bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of arsenic-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. Bacterial strains of PG5 and 12 were better arsenite (AsIII) oxidizers (31-46 vs. 6.2-21% of 1 mM AsIII) whereas PG 6, 9, 10 and 16 were better arsenate (AsV) reducers (58-95 vs. 7.5-46% of 1 mM AsV). Increase in AsV concentration from 0 to 1 mM induced 3.0-8.4 times more P uptake by bacteria but increase in P concentration from 0.1 to 1 mM reduced AsV uptake by 17-71%, indicating that P and AsV were taken up by P transporters. Bacteria producing more siderophores (PG5 and 12; >73 μM equiv) showed greater AsIII oxidation and AsIII resistance than those producing less siderophore (PG 6, 9, 10 and 16; <23 μM equiv). This observation was further supported by results obtained from mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens impaired in siderophore production, as they were 23-25% less tolerant to AsIII than the wild-type. Arsenic-resistant bacteria increased their arsenic tolerance by retaining less arsenic in cells via efficient AsIII oxidation and AsV reduction, which were impacted by P uptake and siderophore production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyasa Ghosh
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Bala Rathinasabapathi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Max Teplitski
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Sørensen JL, Knudsen M, Hansen FT, Olesen C, Fuertes PR, Lee TV, Sondergaard TE, Pedersen CNS, Brodersen DE, Giese H. Fungal NRPS-Dependent Siderophores: From Function to Prediction. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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15
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16
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Munawar A, Marshall JW, Cox RJ, Bailey AM, Lazarus CM. Isolation and characterisation of a ferrirhodin synthetase gene from the sugarcane pathogen Fusarium sacchari. Chembiochem 2013; 14:388-94. [PMID: 23307607 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
FSN1, a gene isolated from the sugar-cane pathogen Fusarium sacchari, encodes a 4707-residue nonribosomal peptide synthetase consisting of three complete adenylation, thiolation and condensation modules followed by two additional thiolation and condensation domain repeats. This structure is similar to that of ferricrocin synthetase, which makes a siderophore that is involved in intracellular iron storage in other filamentous fungi. Heterologous expression of FSN1 in Aspergillus oryzae resulted in the accumulation of a secreted metabolite that was identified as ferrirhodin. This siderophore was found to be present in both mycelium and culture filtrates of F. sacchari, whereas ferricrocin is found only in the mycelium, thus suggesting that ferricrocin is an intracellular storage siderophore in F. sacchari, whereas ferrirhodin is used for iron acquisition. To our knowledge, this is the first report to characterise a ferrirhodin synthetase gene functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Munawar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
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Coleman JJ, Ghosh S, Okoli I, Mylonakis E. Antifungal activity of microbial secondary metabolites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25321. [PMID: 21966496 PMCID: PMC3178648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are well known for their ability to impede other microorganisms. Reanalysis of a screen of natural products using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Candida albicans infection model identified twelve microbial secondary metabolites capable of conferring an increase in survival to infected nematodes. In this screen, the two compound treatments conferring the highest survival rates were members of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) family of fungal secondary metabolites, acetylgliotoxin and a derivative of hyalodendrin. The abundance of fungal secondary metabolites indentified in this screen prompted further studies investigating the interaction between opportunistic pathogenic fungi and Aspergillus fumigatus, because of the ability of the fungus to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites, including the well studied ETP gliotoxin. We found that cell-free supernatant of A. fumigatus was able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans through the production of a secreted product. Comparative studies between a wild-type and an A. fumigatus ΔgliP strain unable to synthesize gliotoxin demonstrate that this secondary metabolite is the major factor responsible for the inhibition. Although toxic to organisms, gliotoxin conferred an increase in survival to C. albicans-infected C. elegans in a dose dependent manner. As A. fumigatus produces gliotoxin in vivo, we propose that in addition to being a virulence factor, gliotoxin may also provide an advantage to A. fumigatus when infecting a host that harbors other opportunistic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Coleman
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Suman Ghosh
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ikechukwu Okoli
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Validandi V, Rupula K, Beedu SR, Deshpande V. Purification and characterization of mycoferritin from Fusarium verticillioides MRC 826. Biometals 2009; 22:1063-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Essén SA, Johnsson A, Bylund D, Pedersen K, Lundström US. Siderophore production by Pseudomonas stutzeri under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5857-64. [PMID: 17675442 PMCID: PMC2074896 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00072-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The siderophore production of the facultative anaerobe Pseudomonas stutzeri, strain CCUG 36651, grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, was investigated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The bacterial strain has been isolated at a 626-m depth at the Aspö Hard Rock Laboratory, where experiments concerning the geological disposal of nuclear waste are performed. In bacterial culture extracts, the iron in the siderophore complexes was replaced by gallium to facilitate siderophore identification by mass spectrometry. P. stutzeri was shown to produce ferrioxamine E (nocardamine) as the main siderophore together with ferrioxamine G and two cyclic ferrioxamines having molecular masses 14 and 28 atomic mass units lower than that of ferrioxamine E, suggested to be ferrioxamine D(2) and ferrioxamine X(1), respectively. In contrast, no siderophores were observed from anaerobically grown P. stutzeri. None of the siderophores produced by aerobically grown P. stutzeri were found in anaerobic natural water samples from the Aspö Hard Rock Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Essén
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
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Oide S, Krasnoff SB, Gibson DM, Turgeon BG. Intracellular siderophores are essential for ascomycete sexual development in heterothallic Cochliobolus heterostrophus and homothallic Gibberella zeae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1339-53. [PMID: 17601875 PMCID: PMC1951124 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00111-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Connections between fungal development and secondary metabolism have been reported previously, but as yet, no comprehensive analysis of a family of secondary metabolites and their possible role in fungal development has been reported. In the present study, mutant strains of the heterothallic ascomycete Cochliobolus heterostrophus, each lacking one of 12 genes (NPS1 to NPS12) encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), were examined for a role in sexual development. One type of strain (Delta nps2) was defective in ascus/ascospore development in homozygous Delta nps2 crosses. Homozygous crosses of the remaining 11 Delta nps strains showed wild-type (WT) fertility. Phylogenetic, expression, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the NRPS encoded by NPS2 is responsible for the biosynthesis of ferricrocin, the intracellular siderophore of C. heterostrophus. Functional conservation of NPS2 in both heterothallic C. heterostrophus and the unrelated homothallic ascomycete Gibberella zeae was demonstrated. G. zeae Delta nps2 strains are concomitantly defective in intracellular siderophore (ferricrocin) biosynthesis and sexual development. Exogenous application of iron partially restored fertility to C. heterostrophus and G. zeae Delta nps2 strains, demonstrating that abnormal sexual development of Delta nps2 strains is at least partly due to their iron deficiency. Exogenous application of the natural siderophore ferricrocin to C. heterostrophus and G. zeae Delta nps2 strains restored WT fertility. NPS1, a G. zeae NPS gene that groups phylogenetically with NPS2, does not play a role in sexual development. Overall, these data demonstrate that iron and intracellular siderophores are essential for successful sexual development of the heterothallic ascomycete C. heterostrophus and the homothallic ascomycete G. zeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Oide
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Carrasco N, Kretzschmar R, Pesch ML, Kraemer SM. Low concentrations of surfactants enhance siderophore-promoted dissolution of goethite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:3633-8. [PMID: 17547189 DOI: 10.1021/es062897r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface-active agents (surfactants) are released by many soil bacteria and plant roots and are also important as environmental contaminants. Their presence at interfaces could influence important biogeochemical processes in soils such as ligand-controlled dissolution, an important process in biological iron acquisition. To investigate their potential influence on ligand-controlled dissolution of iron oxides, we studied the dissolution kinetics of goethite (alpha FeOOH) at pH 6 in the presence of the bacterial siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The adsorption isotherm of SDS on goethite showed an increase in the slope at concentrations ranging between 300 and 400 microM SDS in solution. This increase in slope suggested the onset of admicelle formation. Adsorption of DFOB onto goethite increased strongly with increasing concentrations of adsorbed SDS. Small concentrations of SDS (5 microM) resulted in a 3-fold acceleration of DFOB-controlled goethite dissolution in the presence of 80 microM DFOB, compared to the suspensions without SDS. The effects of SDS on the goethite dissolution rates were less pronounced at higher SDS concentrations, and became negligible above 600 microM total SDS. The dissolution rates of goethite were not proportional to the adsorbed DFOB concentrations, as would be expected for ligand-controlled dissolution. We speculate that increasing concentrations of adsorbed SDS result in a change in DFOB surface speciation from inner-sphere to outer-sphere complexes and, consequently, the ligand-controlled dissolution rates are not linearly related to the adsorbed DFOB concentration. Our results provide the first evidence for an important role of biosurfactants in biological iron acquisition involving siderophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naraya Carrasco
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zurich, CHN, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Vala AK, Dave BP, Dube HC. Chemical characterization and quantification of siderophores produced by marine and terrestrial aspergilli. Can J Microbiol 2006; 52:603-7. [PMID: 16788730 DOI: 10.1139/w06-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ten aspergilli (five each from marine and terrestrial habitats) were screened for siderophore production. All test isolates produced siderophores as indicated by a positive reaction in the FeCl(3) test, chrome azurol sulphonate assay, and chrome azurol sulphonate agar plate test. Further, the test isolates were compared for their siderophore production potential and chemical characteristics. Examination of the chemical nature of the siderophores revealed that all test isolates produced hydroxamate siderophores that were trihydroxamate hexadentates. Wide-spread occurrence of siderophores in marine isolates indicate their functional role in maintaining overall productivity of coastal waters. Among all test aspergilli, marine Aspergillus versicolor was found to be the largest siderophore producer (182.5 microg/mL desferrioxamine mesylate equivalent), least siderophore production was recorded in a marine strain of Aspergillus niger (3.5 microg/mL desferrioxamine mesylate equivalent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana K Vala
- Department of Life Sciences, Bhavnagar University, Gujarat, India.
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Shashidhar J, Sashidhar RB, Deshpande V. Role of mycoferritin fromAspergillus parasiticus(255) in secondary metabolism (aflatoxin production). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 251:113-7. [PMID: 16143460 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus parasiticus (255), a non-toxigenic isolate showed the presence of secondary metabolites-aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) when grown in yeast extract sucrose media but not in basal media, thus demonstrating its toxigenic potential. Native PAGE of the crude protein isolated at different growth periods of A. parasiticus in yeast extract sucrose media containing iron showed prominent expression of mycoferritin from day four onwards. The production of aflatoxins was also maximal on day four, both in the presence and absence of iron. Indicators of oxidative stress metabolites such as reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced and oxidized glutathione and antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were analyzed both in the presence and absence of iron and the experimental data suggest oxidative stress as a pre-requisite for aflatoxin production. The pro-oxidant role of iron was minimized by induction of mycoferritin and the concomitant alterations in oxidative stress parameters imply an antioxidant role to mycoferritin in secondary metabolism, a finding of significance that has not been reported previously in fungal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shashidhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Drechsel H, Winkelmann G. The configuration of the chiral carbon atoms in staphyloferrin A and analysis of the transport properties in Staphylococcus aureus. Biometals 2005; 18:75-81. [PMID: 15865412 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-004-5774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphyloferrin A, the iron-transporting siderophore of Staphylococci, contains two citric acid residues linked to a D-ornithine backbone, having thus three chiral centers. While the chirality of the backbone can be determined after hydrolysis, the chirality of the two citryl residues can only be determined from the intact staphyloferrin A molecule by circular dichroism spectra. The chirality of the quarternary carbon atoms of citryl residues in fungal rhizoferrin and bacterial enantio-rhizoferrin have been determined previously to be R,R and S,S respectively. The present investigation shows that of the three chiral centers in staphyloferrin A, the citryl residues can be assigned an S,S-configuration by comparison with synthetic analogs, confirming a common chirality among the bacterial enantio-rhizoferrin and staphyloferrin A. This suggests that the bacterial carboxylates originate from a common biosynthetic pathway leading to an S,S-configuration, while the fungal rhizoferrin possessing an R,R-configuration must have a different biosynthetic origin. Growth promotion tests with staphylococci revealed that the S,S-configuration of staphyloferrin A and enantio-rhizoferrin enabled iron uptake, while the fungal rhizoferrin with R,R-configuration was not utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Drechsel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Nyilasi I, Papp T, Takó M, Nagy E, Vágvölgyi C. Iron gathering of opportunistic pathogenic fungi. A mini review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2005; 52:185-97. [PMID: 16003938 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.52.2005.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for most organisms because it serves as a catalytic cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions. Iron is rather unavailable because it occurs in its insoluble ferric form in oxides and hydroxides, while in serum of mammalian hosts is highly bound to carrier proteins such as transferrin, so the free iron concentration is extremely low insufficient for microbial growth. Therefore, many organisms have developed different iron-scavenging systems for solubilizing ferric iron and transporting it into cells across the fungal membrane. There are three major mechanisms by which fungi can obtain iron from the host: (a) utilization of a high affinity iron permease to transport iron intracellularly, (b) production and secretion of low molecular weight iron-specific chelators (siderophores), (c) utilization of a hem oxygenase to acquire iron from hemin. Patients with elevated levels of available serum iron treated with iron chelator, deferoxamine to remedy iron overload conditions have an increased susceptibility of invasive zygomycosis. Presumably deferoxamine predisposes patients to Zygomycetes infections by acting as a siderophore]. The frequency of zygomycosis is increasing in recent years and these infections respond very poorly to currently available antifungal agents, so new approaches to develop strategies to prevent and treat zygomycosis are urgently needed. Siderophores and iron-transport proteins have been suggested to function as virulence factors because the acquisition of iron is a crucial pathogenetic event. Biosynthesis and uptake of siderophores represent possible targets for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Nyilasi
- HAS-USZ Microbiology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Hissen AHT, Chow JMT, Pinto LJ, Moore MM. Survival of Aspergillus fumigatus in serum involves removal of iron from transferrin: the role of siderophores. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1402-8. [PMID: 14977945 PMCID: PMC356059 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1402-1408.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus which can cause invasive disease in immunocompromised individuals. A. fumigatus can grow in medium containing up to 80% human serum, despite very low concentrations of free iron. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which A. fumigatus obtains iron from the serum iron-binding protein transferrin. In iron-depleted minimal essential medium (MEM), A. fumigatus growth was supported by the addition of holotransferrin (holoTf) or FeCl(3) but not by the addition of apotransferrin (apoTf). Proteolytic degradation of transferrin by A. fumigatus occurred in MEM-serum; however, transferrin degradation did not occur until late logarithmic phase. Moreover, transferrin was not degraded by A. fumigatus incubated in MEM-holoTf. Urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that in MEM-holoTf, holoTf was completely converted to apoTf by A. fumigatus. In human serum, all of the monoferric transferrin was converted to apoTf within 8 h. Siderophores were secreted by A. fumigatus after 8 h of growth in MEM-serum and 12 h in MEM-holoTf. The involvement of small molecules in iron acquisition was confirmed by the fact that transferrin was deferrated by A. fumigatus even when physically separated by a 12-kDa-cutoff membrane. Five siderophores were purified from A. fumigatus culture medium, and the two major siderophores were identified as triacetylfusarinine C and ferricrocin. Both triacetylfusarinine C and ferricrocin removed iron from holoTf with an affinity comparable to that of ferrichrome. These data indicate that A. fumigatus survival in human serum in vitro involves siderophore-mediated removal of iron from transferrin. Proteolytic degradation of transferrin may play a secondary role in iron acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H T Hissen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Renshaw JC, Halliday V, Robson GD, Trinci APJ, Wiebe MG, Livens FR, Collison D, Taylor RJ. Development and application of an assay for uranyl complexation by fungal metabolites, including siderophores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:3600-6. [PMID: 12788768 PMCID: PMC161541 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.6.3600-3606.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An assay to detect UO(2)(2+) complexation was developed based on the chrome azurol S (CAS) assay for siderophores (B. Schwyn and J. B. Neilands, Anal. Biochem. 160:47-56, 1987) and was used to investigate the ability of fungal metabolites to complex actinides. In this assay the discoloration of two dyed agars (one containing a CAS-Fe(3+) dye and the other containing a CAS-UO(2)(2+) dye) caused by ligands was quantified. The assay was tested by using the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFO), and the results showed that there was a regular, reproducible relationship between discoloration and the amount of siderophore added. The ratio of the discoloration on the CAS-UO(2)(2+) agar to the discoloration on the CAS-Fe(3+) agar was independent of the amount of siderophore added. A total of 113 fungi and yeasts were isolated from three soil samples taken from the Peak District National Park. The fungi were screened for the production of UO(2)(2+) chelators by using the CAS-based assay and were also tested specifically for hydroxamate siderophore production by using the hydroxamate siderophore auxotroph Aureobacterium flavescens JG-9. This organism is highly sensitive to the presence of hydroxamate siderophores. However, the CAS-based assay was found to be less sensitive than the A. flavescens JG-9 assay. No significant difference between the results for each site for the two tests was found. Three isolates were selected for further study and were identified as two Pencillium species and a Mucor species. Our results show that the new assay can be effectively used to screen fungi for the production of UO(2)(2+) chelating ligands. We suggest that hydroxamate siderophores can be produced by mucoraceous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C Renshaw
- Centre for Radiochemistry Research, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Machuca A, Milagres AMF. Use of CAS-agar plate modified to study the effect of different variables on the siderophore production by Aspergillus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 36:177-81. [PMID: 12581379 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the suitability of chrome azurol S (CAS) agar plate assay as a quantitative methodology for siderophore production. METHODS AND RESULTS Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. niger, A. tamarii) were inoculated in the CAS-agar plates and the siderophores production was determined and expressed as CAS-reaction rate (mm per day). All the species showed positive CAS reaction with different rates depending on culture conditions and A. flavus showed the highest CAS-reaction rate. The siderophore production in solid medium expressed as CAS-reaction rate was correlated with siderophore production in liquid medium. CONCLUSIONS The use of CAS-agar plate assay was modified and the evaluation of CAS reaction in mm per day made it possible to study and quantify the effect of several variables on the siderophore production by Aspergillus fungi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We describe the CAS-agar plate assay as a quantitative methodology, which make it possible to select and evaluate the siderophore production by several microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) according to different culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Machuca
- Departmento Forestal, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Los Angeles, Chile
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Fungitoxicity of oxine and copper oxinate: effects of pH, metals and chelating agents on activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756298008247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Meyer M, Telford JR, Cohen SM, White DJ, Xu J, Raymond KN. High-Yield Synthesis of the Enterobactin Trilactone and Evaluation of Derivative Siderophore Analogs1. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja970718n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Leong SA, An Z, Mei B, McEvoy J, Zhao Q, Markley J. Sequences and proteins required for iron-regulated expression ofsid1ofUstilago maydis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/b95-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular biology of the high affinity, siderophore-mediated iron uptake system of the basidiomycete fungus Ustilago maydis is under investigation. Ustilago maydis produces two cyclic peptide siderophores, ferrichrome and ferrichrome A. Biosynthesis of both siderophores is initiated by ornithine-N5-oxygenase, the product of sid1. sid1 mRNA accumulates only during growth under iron starvation conditions in wild-type cells or constitutively in urbs1 mutants, urbs1 encodes a 100-kDa protein with putative Zn finger domains that share sequence identity with those of the GATA family of transcription factors. The promoter region of sid1 was defined by deletion analysis of a 3.0-kb region 5′ to the translational start of sid1 using the Escherichia coli GUS gene as a reporter. Three regions were defined by this analysis to be critical to expression of sid1. These include (i) a 306-bp region containing two GATA sequences and mapping 2.4 kb from the start of translation; (ii) a 439-bp region immediately 5′ to the start of transcription; and (iii) a region encompassing the first intron of sid1. Deletion of the GATA sequences resulted in deregulated expression of sid1, while elimination of the latter two sequences ablated expression of the gene under all circumstances. Current efforts are focused on determining whether Urbsl interacts directly with the sid1 promoter via the GATA sequences and whether this interaction is dependent upon iron. Key words: GATA, transcription factor, siderophore, ferrichrome, iron, Urbs1.
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Thieken A, Winkelmann GÃ. A novel bioassay for the detection of siderophores containing keto-hydroxy bidentate ligands. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Drechsel H, Thieken A, Reissbrodt R, Jung G, Winkelmann G. Alpha-keto acids are novel siderophores in the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella and are produced by amino acid deaminases. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:2727-33. [PMID: 8478334 PMCID: PMC204576 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.9.2727-2733.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth promotion and iron transport studies revealed that certain alpha-keto acids generated by amino acid deaminases, by enterobacteria of the Proteus-Providencia-Morganella group (of the tribe Proteeae), show significant siderophore activity. Their iron-binding properties were confirmed by the chrome azurol S assay and UV spectra. These compounds form ligand-to-metal charge transfer bands in the range of 400 to 500 nm. Additional absorption bands of the enolized ligands at 500 to 700 nm are responsible for color formation. Siderophore activity was most pronounced with alpha-keto acids possessing an aromatic or heteroaromatic side chain, like phenylpyruvic acid and indolylpyruvic acid, resulting from deamination of phenylalanine and tryptophan, respectively. In addition, alpha-keto acids possessing longer nonpolar side chains, like alpha-ketoisocaproic acid or alpha-ketoisovaleric acid and even alpha-ketoadipic acid, also showed siderophore activity which was absent or negligible with smaller alpha-keto acids or those possessing polar functional groups, like pyruvic acid, alpha-ketobutyric acid, or alpha-ketoglutaric acid. The fact that deaminase-negative enterobacteria, like Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., could not utilize alpha-keto acids supports the view that specific iron-carboxylate transport systems have evolved in members of the tribe Proteeae and are designed to recognize ferric complexes of both alpha-hydroxy acids and alpha-keto acids, of which the latter can easily be generated by L-amino acid deaminases in an amino acid-rich medium. Exogenous siderophores, like ferric hydroxamates (ferrichromes) and ferric polycarboxylates (rhizoferrin and citrate), were also utilized by members of the tribe Proteeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Drechsel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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Stereochemical characterization of rhizoferrin and identification of its dehydration products. Biometals 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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