1
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Investigation of intermolecular interactions in fluoro/trifluoromethyl derivatives of benzoylferrocene. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Use of biocompatible redox-active polymers based on carbon nanotubes and modified organic matrices for development of a highly sensitive BOD biosensor. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109706. [PMID: 33375974 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the use of redox-active polymers based on bovine serum albumin and chitosan, covalently bound to mediators neutral red and ferrocene and containing carbon nanotubes, for immobilization of Paracoccus yeei VKM B-3302 bacteria. The structures of produced polymers were studied by IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy found the electrochemical characteristics of the investigated systems: the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, the constant of the rate of interaction with P. yeei bacteria and the impedance. The systems containing carbon nanotubes and ferrocene-based redox-active polymer proved to be the most promising. Biosensors formed using the hybrid polymers had a high sensitivity with the lower boundary of 0.1 mg/dm3 of the detected BOD5 concentrations and a high correlation (R = 0.9916) with the standard BOD assay of surface water samples.
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3
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Kondzior M, Grabowska I. Antibody-Electroactive Probe Conjugates Based Electrochemical Immunosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2014. [PMID: 32260217 PMCID: PMC7180895 DOI: 10.3390/s20072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suitable immobilization of a biorecognition element, such as an antigen or antibody, on a transducer surface is essential for development of sensitive and analytically reliable immunosensors. In this review, we report on (1) methods of antibody prefunctionalization using electroactive probes, (2) methods for immobilization of such conjugates on the surfaces of electrodes in electrochemical immunosensor construction and (3) the use of antibody-electroactive probe conjugates as bioreceptors and sensor signal generators. We focus on different strategies of antibody functionalization using the redox active probes ferrocene (Fc), anthraquinone (AQ), thionine (Thi), cobalt(III) bipyridine (Co(bpy)33+), Ru(bpy)32+ and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition, new possibilities for antibody functionalization based on bioconjugation techniques are presented. We discuss strategies of specific, quantitative antigen detection based on (i) a sandwich format and (ii) a direct signal generation scheme. Further, the integration of different nanomaterials in the construction of these immunosensors is presented. Lastly, we report the use of a redox probe strategy in multiplexed analyte detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
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4
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Jalal UM, Jin GJ, Eom KS, Kim MH, Shim JS. On-chip signal amplification of magnetic bead-based immunoassay by aviating magnetic bead chains. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 122:221-226. [PMID: 29129601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) platform is used to electromagnetically actuate magnetic bead chains for an enhanced immunoassay. Custom-made electromagnets generate a magnetic field to form, rotate, lift and lower the magnetic bead chains (MBCs). The cost-effective, disposable LOC platform was made with a polymer substrate and an on-chip electrochemical sensor patterned via the screen-printing process. The movement of the MBCs is controlled to improve the electrochemical signal up to 230% when detecting beta-type human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG). Thus, the proposed on-chip MBC-based immunoassay is applicable for rapid, qualitative electrochemical point-of-care (POC) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddin M Jalal
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Jun Jin
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Shik Eom
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Kim
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon S Shim
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Functional fusion proteins and prevention of electrode fouling for a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 967:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Liu X, Li Q, Chen L, Zhou J, Liu M, Shen Y. One-step immobilization antibodies using ferrocene-containing thiol aromatic aldehyde for the fabrication of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24122k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on a facile method for antibody immobilization to fabricate a label-free electrochemical immunosensor using ferrocene-containing thiol aromatic aldehyde (FcSA) synthesized by us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- College of Science
- Science and Technological Innovation Platform
- Hunan Agricultural University
- ChangSha 410128
- PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Science
- Science and Technological Innovation Platform
- Hunan Agricultural University
- ChangSha 410128
- PR China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- College of Science
- Science and Technological Innovation Platform
- Hunan Agricultural University
- ChangSha 410128
- PR China
| | - Jiheng Zhou
- College of Science
- Science and Technological Innovation Platform
- Hunan Agricultural University
- ChangSha 410128
- PR China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
| | - Youming Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Arts and Science
- ChangDe 415000
- PR China
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7
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A Point-of-Care Immunosensor for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Clinical Urine Samples Using a Cuneated Polysilicon Nanogap Lab-on-Chip. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137891. [PMID: 26368287 PMCID: PMC4569379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone secreted from the placenta, is a key molecule that indicates pregnancy. Here, we have designed a cost-effective, label-free, in situ point-of-care (POC) immunosensor to estimate hCG using a cuneated 25 nm polysilicon nanogap electrode. A tiny chip with the dimensions of 20.5 × 12.5 mm was fabricated using conventional lithography and size expansion techniques. Furthermore, the sensing surface was functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and quantitatively measured the variations in hCG levels from clinically obtained human urine samples. The dielectric properties of the present sensor are shown with a capacitance above 40 nF for samples from pregnant women; it was lower with samples from non-pregnant women. Furthermore, it has been proven that our sensor has a wide linear range of detection, as a sensitivity of 835.88 μA mIU-1 ml-2 cm-2 was attained, and the detection limit was 0.28 mIU/ml (27.78 pg/ml). The dissociation constant Kd of the specific antigen binding to the anti-hCG was calculated as 2.23 ± 0.66 mIU, and the maximum number of binding sites per antigen was Bmax = 22.54 ± 1.46 mIU. The sensing system shown here, with a narrow nanogap, is suitable for high-throughput POC diagnosis, and a single injection can obtain triplicate data or parallel analyses of different targets.
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8
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Teixeira S, Ferreira NS, Conlan RS, Guy OJ, Sales MGF. Chitosan/AuNPs Modified Graphene Electrochemical Sensor for Label-Free Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Detection. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Teixeira S, Conlan RS, Guy OJ, Sales MGF. Label-free human chorionic gonadotropin detection at picogram levels using oriented antibodies bound to graphene screen-printed electrodes. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1852-1865. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ding X, Yang KL. Antibody-free Detection of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin by Use of Liquid Crystals. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10710-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400732n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Ding
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Kun-Lin Yang
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, Singapore 117585
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11
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Signal amplification strategy for sensitive immunoassay of prostate specific antigen (PSA) based on ferrocene incorporated polystyrene spheres. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 793:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Liu JM, Huang XM, Cui ML, Lin LP, Zhang LH, Zheng ZY, Lin SQ. Determination of trace human chorionic gonadotropin by using multiwall carbon nanotubes as phosphorescence labeling reagent. Anal Biochem 2012; 431:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Kengne-Momo RP, Lagarde F, Daniel P, Pilard JF, Durand MJ, Thouand G. Polythiophene synthesis coupled to quartz crystal microbalance and Raman spectroscopy for detecting bacteria. Biointerphases 2012; 7:67. [PMID: 23129343 PMCID: PMC4875234 DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple electrochemical procedure was used for the synthesis of a polythiophene containing para-benzenesulfonyl chloride groups. The obtained polymer was shown to be very reactive and directly able to covalently bind nucleophile biomolecules. Protein A and a specific antibody were then successively immobilized on the conductive polymer through a covalent bonding of Protein A with the as-prepared linker for bacteria trapping purpose. All reactions were controlled in situ by cyclic voltammetry, quartz crystal microbalance and Raman spectroscopy. The results were compared to those previously obtained on gold surface modified with the same chemical linker. The conductive polymer led to a very high rate of antibody recognition compared to the gold surface and to literature, probably due to a large available surface obtained after polymerization. One example of pathogenic bacteria "Salmonella enterica paratyphi" detection was successfully tested on the substrates. The presented results are promising for the future design of simple and inexpensive immunocapture-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. P. Kengne-Momo
- LUNAM Université, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université de Yaoundé I, B.P 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - F. Lagarde
- LUNAM Université, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Ph. Daniel
- LUNAM Université, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - J. F. Pilard
- LUNAM Université, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - M. J. Durand
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, UMR CNRS GEPEA 6144, IUT, 85035 La Roche Sur Yon, France
| | - G. Thouand
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, UMR CNRS GEPEA 6144, IUT, 85035 La Roche Sur Yon, France
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14
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Choi YB, Kim HH. Electrochemical Method for Detecting Hippuric Acid Using Osmium-antigen Conjugate on the Gold Nanoparticles Modified Screen-printed Carbon Electrodes. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2011. [DOI: 10.5229/jecst.2011.2.1.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Choi YB, Tae GS. Simple Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of Hippuric Acid on the Screen-printed Carbon Electrode Modified Gold Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.5229/jkes.2011.14.1.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Martić S, Labib M, Shipman PO, Kraatz HB. Ferrocene-peptido conjugates: From synthesis to sensory applications. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:7264-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Development and molecular recognition of Calixcrownchip as an electrochemical ALT immunosensor. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Prabhulkar S, Alwarappan S, Liu G, Li CZ. Amperometric micro-immunosensor for the detection of tumor biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3524-30. [PMID: 19520564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a highly sensitive, reagentless, electrochemical strategy is reported for the detection of a cancer biomarker-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Disc shaped carbon fiber microelectrodes were used as the immunosensor platform. Ferrocene monocarboxylic acid labeled anti-VEGF was covalently immobilized on the microelectrode surface using a Jeffamine cross-linker. The formation of immunocomplexes leads to a decrease in the electrochemical signal of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid owing to increased spatial blocking of microelectrode surface. These signal changes enable quantitative detection of VEGF in solution. Voltammetric measurements were conducted to evaluate the interfacial immunoreactions and to quantitatively detect VEGF biomarker. The proposed immunosensing strategy allows a rapid and sensitive means of VEGF analysis with a limit of detection of about 38 pg/mL. This opens up the possibility of employing these electrodes for various single cell analysis and clinical applications. Further, experimental conditions such as concentration of the immobilized antibodies and incubation period were optimized. Following this, the stability and specificity of the immunosensors were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Prabhulkar
- Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W. Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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19
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Tanaka T, Izawa K, Okochi M, Lim TK, Watanabe S, Harada M, Matsunaga T. On-chip type cation-exchange chromatography with ferrocene-labeled anti-hemoglobin antibody and electrochemical detector for determination of hemoglobin A1c level. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 638:186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Abstract
At present, most biomarker testing is taking place at centralised dedicated laboratories using large, automated analysers, increasing waiting time and costs. Smaller, faster and cheaper devices are highly desired for replacing these time-consuming laboratory analyses and for making analytical results available at the patient's bedside (point-of-care diagnostics). Innovative biosensor-based strategies could allow biomarkers to be tested reliably in a decentralised setting, although several challenges and limitations remain, which need to be improved, in the design and application of biosensors for the appropriate interpretation of the identified and quantified biomarkers. The development of biosensors is probably one of the most promising ways to solve some of the problems concerning the increasing need to develop highly sensitive, fast and economic methods of analysis in medical diagnostics. In this review, some consideration will be given to biosensors and their application in medical diagnostics, taking into account several crucial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mascini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Florence, Italy.
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21
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Yoo SJ, Choi YB, Ju JI, Tae GS, Kim HH, Lee SH. Microfluidic chip-based electrochemical immunoassay for hippuric acid. Analyst 2009; 134:2462-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b915356j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Peoples MC, Karnes HT. Microfluidic immunoaffinity separations for bioanalysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 866:14-25. [PMID: 17869593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices often rely on antibody-antigen interactions as a means of separating analytes of interest from sample matrices. Immunoassays and immunoaffinity separations performed in miniaturized formats offer selective target isolation with minimal reagent consumption and reduced analysis times. The introduction of biological fluids and other complicated matrices often requires sample pretreatment or system modifications for compatibility with small-scale devices. Miniaturization of external equipment facilitates the potential for portable use such as in patient point-of-care settings. Microfluidic immunoaffinity systems including capillary and chip platforms have been assembled from basic instrument components for fluid control, sample introduction, and detection. The current review focuses on the use of immunoaffinity separations in microfluidic devices with an emphasis on pump-based flow and biological sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Peoples
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
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23
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Azzaroni O, Yameen B, Knoll W. Effect of the electrostatic microenvironment on the observed redox potential of electroactive supramolecular bioconjugates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:7031-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b806445h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Jiang ZL, Zou MJ, Liang AH. An immunonanogold resonance scattering spectral probe for rapid assay of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 387:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Seiwert B, Karst U. Ferrocene-based derivatization in analytical chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:181-200. [PMID: 17934723 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocene-based derivatization has raised considerable interest in many fields of analytical chemistry. This is due to the well-established chemistry of ferrocenes, which allows rapid and easy access to a large number of reagents and derivatives. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of ferrocenes are attractive with respect to their detection. This paper summarizes the available reagents, the reaction conditions and the different approaches for detection. While electrochemical detection is still most widely used to detect ferrocene derivatives, e.g., in the field of DNA analysis, the emerging combination of analytical separation methods with electrochemistry, mass spectrometry and atomic spectroscopy allows ferrocenes to be applied more universally and in novel applications where strongly improved selectivity and limits of detection are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seiwert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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26
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Tan F, Yan F, Ju H. Sensitive reagentless electrochemical immunosensor based on an ormosil sol–gel membrane for human chorionic gonadotrophin. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2945-51. [PMID: 17223029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new organically modified silicate (ormosil) material was synthesized as a matrix to encapsulate enzyme labeled antibody for preparation of immunosensors. The ormosil matrix was prepared by hydrolyzing tetraethyoxysilane and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in weak alkali solution. It possessed three-dimensional ordered nanoporous structure with high electrical conductivity and good mechanical stability. Its hydrophilicity provided a microenvironment for retaining the biological activity of the immobilized protein. Particularly, using horseradish peroxidase-labeled human chorionic gonadotrophin antibody (HRP-anti-hCG) as a model, the immobilized HRP showed direct electron transfer at about -35 mV with a rate constant of 15.8+/-3.8s(-1). By a simple one-step immunoreaction between human serum chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in sample solution and the immobilized HRP-anti-hCG, the differential pulse voltammetric peak current of HRP decreased linearly with an increasing hCG concentration from 0.5 to 50 mIU/ml with a relatively low limit of detection of 0.3 mIU/ml at 3sigma. Excellent analytical performance, fabrication reproducibility and operational stability of the proposed biosensor indicated its promising application in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Education Ministry of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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27
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Halámek J, Wollenberger U, Stöcklein WFM, Warsinke, A, Scheller FW. Signal Amplification in Immunoassays Using Labeling via Boronic Acid Binding to the Sugar Moiety of Immunoglobulin G: Proof of Concept for Glycated Hemoglobin. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701327096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Tanaka T, Tsukube S, Izawa K, Okochi M, Lim TK, Watanabe S, Harada M, Matsunaga T. Electrochemical detection of HbA1c, a maker for diabetes, using a flow immunoassay system. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2051-6. [PMID: 17029779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An on-chip electrochemical flow immunoassay system for the detection of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was developed using anti-human hemoglobin (Hb) IgG labeled with ferrocene monocarboxylic acid (Fc-COOH) and boronate-affinity chromatography. An on-chip column packed with boronate-activated agarose beads was used for the separation of HbA1c from both non-glycated Hb and free antibody. Anti-human Hb IgG conjugated to Fc-COOH (Fc-IgG) was used for the electrochemical detection of HbA1c. The assay procedure included immunoreactions with Fc-IgG and HbA1c, separation of immunocomplexes by boronate affinity, and electrochemical detection of Fc-IgG-HbA1c immunocomplexes. The immunoreaction mixtures were injected onto a boronate-affinity column. HbA1c-antibody complexes were then trapped onto the column by the affinity of HbA1c to boronic acid. Subsequently, elution buffer containing sorbitol was applied to elute HbA1c-antibody complexes and a current was detected by applying 600 mV versus Ag/AgCl. The elution signal was an estimation of the HbA1c amount. A linear correlation between the increase of current and HbA1c concentration was obtained up to an HbA1c concentration of 500 microg/ml. The HbA1c flow immunoassay was successfully achieved using hemolysates. This electrochemical flow immunoassay system enabled us to construct a novel point-of-care testing device for the monitoring of glycated proteins including HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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A designer ormosil gel for preparation of sensitive immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen based on simple direct electron transfer. Electrochem commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Peoples MC, Phillips TM, Karnes HT. A capillary-based microfluidic instrument suitable for immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 848:200-7. [PMID: 17097929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples to produce clinical or research data often requires measurement of analytes from complex biological matrices and limited volumes. Miniaturized analytical systems capable of minimal sample consumption and reduced analysis times have been employed to meet this need. The small footprint of this technology offers the potential for portability and patient point-of-care testing. A prototype microfluidic system has been developed and is presented for potential rapid assessment of clinical samples. The system has been designed for immunoaffinity chromatography as a means of separating analytes of interest from biological matrices. The instrument is capable of sub-microliter sample injection and detection of labeled antigens by long wavelength laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The laboratory-constructed device is assembled from an array of components including two syringe pumps, a nano-gradient mixing chip, a micro-injector, a diode laser, and a separation capillary column made from a polymer/silica (PEEKsil) tube. An in-house program written with LabVIEW software controls the syringe pumps to perform step gradient elution and collects the LIF signal as a chromatogram. Initial columns were packed with silica beads to evaluate the system. Optimization of the device has been achieved by measuring flow accuracy with respect to column length and particle size. Syringe size and pressure effects have also been used to characterize the capability of the pumps. Based on test results, a 200-microm x 25-mm column packed with 1-microm silica beads was chosen for use with a 500-microL syringe. The system was tested for mixer proportioning by pumping different compositions of buffer and fluorescent dye solutions in a stepwise fashion. A linear response was achieved for increasing concentrations of fluorescent dye by online mixing (R2=0.9998). The effectiveness of an acidic gradient was confirmed by monitoring pH post-column and measuring premixed solutions offline. Finally, assessment of detectability was achieved by injecting fluorescent dye solutions and measuring the signal from the LIF detector. The limit of detection for the system with these solutions was 10.0 pM or 10.0 amol on-column. As proof-of-principle, immunoaffinity chromatography was demonstrated with immobilized rabbit anti-goat IgG and a fluorescent dye-goat IgG conjugate as a model antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Peoples
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
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Kandimalla VB, Tripathi VS, Ju H. A conductive ormosil encapsulated with ferrocene conjugate and multiwall carbon nanotubes for biosensing application. Biomaterials 2006; 27:1167-74. [PMID: 16125221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly non-toxic and conductive ormosil composite film was prepared using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimethoxysilane by doping with ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid-bovine serum albumin (FMC-BSA) conjugate and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). With glucose oxidase (GOD) as a model enzyme this film could be used to design an amperometric biosensor for glucose determination. The entrapped FMC-BSA conjugate performed excellent redox electrochemistry and the immobilized GOD was highly stable. Under optimal conditions this biosensor was able to detect glucose with a detection limit of 20 microm (S/N=3) in the linear range of 0.05-20.0 mm in flow system, which was wider than the batch amperometric mode, with an analysis time of 25 s for each sample. The value of K(M)(app) was 6.6 mm. The proximity of these three components FMC-BSA, MWNTs and GOD enhanced the electron transfer between the film and electrode. This film could be used efficiently for the entrapment of other redox bioactive compounds and biosensing/bioelectrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Babu Kandimalla
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Education Ministry of China, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Akram M, Stuart M, Wong D. Signal Generation at an Electrochemical Immunosensor via the Direct Oxidation of an Electroactive Label. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dai Z, Chen J, Yan F, Ju H. Electrochemical sensor for immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen based on thionine monolayer modified gold electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 29:233-40. [PMID: 15936592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensor based on thionine monolayer modified gold electrode for determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human serum is proposed. The sensor is prepared by covalently binding thionine to a cysteamine self-assembled monolayer with p-phthaloyl chloride as a linkage, which gives a surface coverage of 8.97+/-3.28 x 10(-12)mol/cm(2) for thionine. The electrochemistry of the immobilized thionine displays a surface-controlled electrode process with an average electron transfer rate constant of 1.47+/-0.84 s(-1). Based on an electrochemical enzyme-linked immunoassay by using the immobilized thionine as an electron transfer mediator between the electrode and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled anti-CEA antibody, a calibration curve with two linear ranges from 0.6 to 17 and 17 to 200 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL for CEA determination is obtained in pH 4.2 PBS containing 2.0 mmol/L H(2)O(2) and 0.5 mol/L NaCl. The sensor shows a good accuracy. The precision and reproducibility are acceptable with the intra-assay CV of 4.9% and 5.9% at 10 and 100 ng/mL CEA concentrations, respectively, and the inter-assays CV of 7.8% at 100 ng/mL CEA. The response of thionine modified electrode shows only 1.6% decrease after 100 replicate measurements and the storage stability is acceptable in a pH 7.0 PBS at 4 degrees C for 1 week. The method avoids the addition of electron transfer mediator to the solution, thus is much simpler. The proposed method would be valuable for the diagnosis and monitoring of carcinoma and its metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R van Staveren
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Xuan GS, Oh SW, Choi EY. Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for alanine aminotransferase. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 19:365-71. [PMID: 14615095 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) has been regarded as one of the most sensitive indicators of hepatocellular damage. While ALT is widely used in the practice of medicine, few attempts have been made to develop biosensors applicable to the on-site diagnosis of liver diseases. In the hope of developing an immunosensor for measurement of ALT activity, we have generated monoclonal antibodies to human recombinant ALT and fabricated them for use in a sensor. The ALT immunosensor was composed of the followings: (1) anti-ALT antibody-immobilized outer membrane; (2) pyruvate oxidase-absorbed inner membrane; (3) a self assembled monolayer mediator-coated gold working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The chronoamperometric measurement of the immunosensor was performed with 40 microl of PBS containing substrates and ALT without a washing step in less than 5 min. The dynamic range of ALT immunosensor was presented as five orders of magnitude, ranging between 10 pg/ml and 1 microg/ml. The detection limit and the sensitivity were 10 pg/ml and 26.3 nA/(ng/ml), respectively. In the meantime, the enzyme sensor fabricated without anti-ALT antibody showed much poorer analytical values. The dynamic range, the detection limit, and the sensitivity were 10 ng/ml-100 microg/ml, 10 ng/ml and 11.4 nA/(ng/ml), respectively. The presented results indicated that the immunosensor system provided much better technical performance in all of the aspects evaluated than did the enzyme sensor without the immobilized-antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Shan Xuan
- Central Research Institute of BodiTech Inc., Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-160, South Korea
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Gao Q, Ma Y, Cheng Z, Wang W, Yang X. Flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay based on the use of an immunoelectrode strip integrate immunosorbent layer and a screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Salmain M, Jaouen G. Side-chain selective and covalent labelling of proteins with transition organometallic complexes. Perspectives in biology. CR CHIM 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0748(03)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
A new chip-based electrochemical immunoassay protocol, based on the use of a ferrocene redox label, is described. Two reaction formats, based on direct (noncompetitive) and competitive modes of operation, were employed for illustrating the use of redox tracers in chip-based electrochemical immunoassays. The direct assay consisted of mixing the ferrocene-tagged antibody and the antigen analyte, a rapid electrophoretic separation of labeled free antibody and the labeled antigen/antibody complex, and a downstream anodic detection of the ferrocene tracer at gold-plated carbon screen-printed electrode detector. The competitive assay integrates precolumn reactions of the labeled antigen and the target antigen with the antibody with electrophoretic separation of the free and bound labeled antigens, along with amperometric detection of the redox tag. An internal standard has been used to normalize the peak area for the construction of calibration plots. Fundamental operating variables are examined and optimized. The use of a redox tracer offers the advantages of simplified protocol, wider linear range, higher stability, and higher separation efficiency compared to an analogous use of enzyme tags. The direct mouse-immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay and the competitive 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)) one were accomplished within less than 150 and 130 s (with field strengths of 256 and 192 V/cm), and offer minimum detectable concentrations of 2.5 x 10(-12) and 1 x1 0(-6) g/mL, respectively. Such use of redox labels for chip-based amperometric immunoassay protocols offers considerable promise for decentralized clinical or environmental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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