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Pittman TW, Zhang X, Punyadeera C, Henry CS. Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Quantification of Galectin-3 in Saliva. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2024; 400:134811. [PMID: 38046365 PMCID: PMC10688601 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.134811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is an emerging epidemic and remains a major clinical and public health problem. Advances in the healthcare management of HF may lead to lower morbidity and mortality rates but require diagnostics to guide the process. Current diagnostics/prognostics approaches rely on expensive equipment, centralized facilities and trained personnel, marginalizing healthcare access in developing countries and rural communities. These issues have led researchers to focus on developing portable and affordable diagnostics that can be deployed at the point-of-care (POC). Typically, HF biomarkers are measured in blood not saliva. Recently, our team correlated concentrations of salivary Galectin-3 (Gal-3) to outcomes in patients with HF. We have developed an analytical device which consists of an immunoassay based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to quantify Gal-3 levels in saliva samples. Using 10 μL of saliva, the proposed electrochemical immunoassay achieved a concentration dependent signal response in the clinically relevant range with a limit of detection of 9.66 ng/mL. In addition, the storage stability of the modified electrode was investigated, and only a 10.9% loss in current response over a 35-day period. The results of the immunoassay on the modified SPCEs suggest validity as a POC biosensor system for the management of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey W. Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discover, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discover, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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2
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Clark K, Schenkel MS, Pittman TW, Samper IC, Anderson LBR, Khamcharoen W, Elmegerhi S, Perera R, Siangproh W, Kennan AJ, Geiss BJ, Dandy DS, Henry CS. Electrochemical Capillary Driven Immunoassay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:584-594. [PMID: 36570470 PMCID: PMC9469961 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic focused attention on a pressing need for fast, accurate, and low-cost diagnostic tests. This work presents an electrochemical capillary driven immunoassay (eCaDI) developed to detect SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. The low-cost flow device is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and adhesive films. Upon addition of a sample, reagents and washes are sequentially delivered to an integrated screen-printed carbon electrode for detection, thus automating a full sandwich immunoassay with a single end-user step. The modified electrodes are sensitive and selective for SARS-CoV-2 N protein and stable for over 7 weeks. The eCaDI was tested with influenza A and Sindbis virus and proved to be selective. The eCaDI was also successfully applied to detect nine different SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee
M. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Melissa S. Schenkel
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Trey W. Pittman
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Isabelle C. Samper
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Loran B. R. Anderson
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wisarut Khamcharoen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot
University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Suad Elmegerhi
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot
University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Alan J. Kennan
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - David S. Dandy
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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3
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Zong H, Xia X, Liang Y, Dai S, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Kong F, Pan JH. Designing function-oriented artificial nanomaterials and membranes via electrospinning and electrospraying techniques. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:1075-1091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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A sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay for ultrasensitive detection of non-small cell lung cancer biomarker CYFRA21-1. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 120:183-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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A sensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 based on 3D graphene with gold nanopaticle modified electrode. Talanta 2017; 178:122-128. [PMID: 29136801 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1) serves as a powerful biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we report for the first time a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive and selective detection of tumor marker CYFRA21-1. In this work, three-dimensional graphene @ gold nanoparticles (3D-G@Au) nanocomposite was modified on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface to enhance the conductivity of immunosensor. The anti-CYFRA21-1 captured and fixed on the modified GCE through the cross-linking of chitosan (CS), glutaraldehyde (GA) and anti-CYFRA21-1. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) peak current change due to the specific interaction between anti-CYFRA21-1 and CYFRA21-1 on the modified electrode surface was utilized to detect CYFRA21-1. Under optimized conditions, the proposed electrochemical immunosensor was employed to detect CYFRA21-1 and exhibited a wide linear range of 0.25-800ngmL-1 and low detection limit of 100pgmL-1 (S/N = 3). Moreover, the recovery rates of serum samples were in the range from 95.2% to 108.7% and the developed immunosensor also shows a good correlation (less than 6.6%) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of clinical serum samples. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed immunosensor based on a 3D-G@Au has great potential in clinical medical diagnosis of CYFRA21-1.
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6
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Generation of digitized microfluidic filling flow by vent control. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:465-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Verma S, Verma V. Lithographic patterning of antibodies by direct lift-off and improved surface adhesion. Biofabrication 2017; 9:015012. [PMID: 28092639 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/9/1/015012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The inherent property of antibodies binding to their antigen with high specificity makes them a strong candidate for sensing and detection applications. Microscale patterning of antibodies is desired for the miniaturization of sensors and fundamental cell biology studies. However, existing methodologies to pattern antibodies at the microscale are multi-step. In this work, we demonstrate microscale patterning of antibodies on a glass coverslip in a single step photolithography process. The microscale features of the photoresist were generated on the coverslip using photolithography, and the antibody solution was incubated. Acetone lift-off of the antibody incubated photoresist, and subsequent washing by isopropanol (IPA), produced a micro-array of antibodies. The functionality of patterned primary antibody was confirmed using the corresponding antigen and strict controls. One of the striking features of this method of patterning is that the process steps and chemicals inherently improve the adhesion between the antibodies and glass without the need to functionalize the glass surface. We performed an ultrasonication test, detergent washing test, and Scotch tape test to show improved adhesion. Using appropriate controls, we show that the interaction taking place between the antibodies and the glass surface, after our process, is stronger than the simple physisorption taking place between the antibodies and the glass surface, without any treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp Verma
- Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
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8
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Trimukhe AM, Pandiyaraj KN, Tripathi A, Melo JS, Deshmukh RR. Plasma Surface Modification of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3328-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Cacao E, Sherlock T, Nasrullah A, Kemper S, Knoop J, Kourentzi K, Ruchhoeft P, Stein GE, Atmar RL, Willson RC. Helium beam shadowing for high spatial resolution patterning of antibodies on microstructured diagnostic surfaces. Biointerphases 2014; 8:9. [PMID: 24706125 PMCID: PMC4000555 DOI: 10.1186/1559-4106-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a technique for the high-resolution, self-aligning, and high-throughput patterning of antibody binding functionality on surfaces by selectively changing the reactivity of protein-coated surfaces in specific regions of a workpiece with a beam of energetic helium particles. The exposed areas are passivated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and no longer bind the antigen. We demonstrate that patterns can be formed (1) by using a stencil mask with etched openings that forms a patterned exposure, or (2) by using angled exposure to cast shadows of existing raised microstructures on the surface to form self-aligned patterns. We demonstrate the efficacy of this process through the patterning of anti-lysozyme, anti-Norwalk virus, and anti-Escherichia coli antibodies and the subsequent detection of each of their targets by the enzyme-mediated formation of colored or silver deposits, and also by binding of gold nanoparticles. The process allows for the patterning of three-dimensional structures by inclining the sample relative to the beam so that the shadowed regions remain unaltered. We demonstrate that the resolution of the patterning process is of the order of hundreds of nanometers, and that the approach is well-suited for high throughput patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliedonna Cacao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
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10
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Dean SL, Morrow TJ, Patrick S, Li M, Clawson G, Mayer TS, Keating CD. Biorecognition by DNA oligonucleotides after exposure to photoresists and resist removers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11535-11545. [PMID: 23952639 PMCID: PMC3832179 DOI: 10.1021/la402362u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Combining biological molecules with integrated circuit technology is of considerable interest for next generation sensors and biomedical devices. Current lithographic microfabrication methods, however, were developed for compatibility with silicon technology rather than bioorganic molecules, and consequently it cannot be assumed that biomolecules will remain attached and intact during on-chip processing. Here, we evaluate the effects of three common photoresists (Microposit S1800 series, PMGI SF6, and Megaposit SPR 3012) and two photoresist removers (acetone and 1165 remover) on the ability of surface-immobilized DNA oligonucleotides to selectively recognize their reverse-complementary sequence. Two common DNA immobilization methods were compared: adsorption of 5'-thiolated sequences directly to gold nanowires and covalent attachment of 5'-thiolated sequences to surface amines on silica coated nanowires. We found that acetone had deleterious effects on selective hybridization as compared to 1165 remover, presumably due to incomplete resist removal. Use of the PMGI photoresist, which involves a high temperature bake step, was detrimental to the later performance of nanowire-bound DNA in hybridization assays, especially for DNA attached via thiol adsorption. The other three photoresists did not substantially degrade DNA binding capacity or selectivity for complementary DNA sequences. To determine whether the lithographic steps caused more subtle damage, we also tested oligonucleotides containing a single base mismatch. Finally, a two-step photolithographic process was developed and used in combination with dielectrophoretic nanowire assembly to produce an array of doubly contacted, electrically isolated individual nanowire components on a chip. Postfabrication fluorescence imaging indicated that nanowire-bound DNA was present and able to selectively bind complementary strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Dean
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sue Patrick
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingwei Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gary Clawson
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theresa S. Mayer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine D. Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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11
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Chantasirichot S, Ishihara K. Electrospun phospholipid polymer substrate for enhanced performance in immunoassay system. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Micropatterning of biomolecules on a glass substrate in fused silica microchannels by using photolabile linker-based surface activation. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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13
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Barbee KD, Chandrangsu M, Huang X. Fabrication of DNA polymer brush arrays by destructive micropatterning and rolling-circle amplification. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:607-17. [PMID: 21305694 PMCID: PMC3092525 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A method for fabricating DNA polymer brush arrays using photolithography and plasma etching followed by solid-phase enzymatic DNA amplification is reported. After attaching oligonucleotide primers to the surface of a glass coverslip, a thin layer of photoresist is spin-coated on the glass and patterned via photolithography to generate an array of posts in the resist. An oxygen-based plasma is then used to destroy the exposed oligonucleotide primers. The glass coverslip with the primer array is assembled into a microfluidic chip and DNA polymer brushes are synthesized on the oligonucleotide array by rolling-circle DNA amplification. We have demonstrated that the linear polymers can be rapidly synthesized in situ with a high degree of control over their density and length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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14
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Jeong HH, Lee JH, Lee CS, Jang H, Yang YH, Kim YH, Huh KM. Fabrication of selective anti-biofouling surface for micro/nanopatterning of proteins. Macromol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-010-0903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Shi J, Ni XF, Chen Y. Patterning biomolecules with a water-soluble release and protection interlayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11377-80. [PMID: 17935367 DOI: 10.1021/la702076u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on a general lithography method for high-resolution biomolecule patterning with a bilayer resist system. Biomolecules are first immobilized on the surface of a substrate and covered by a release-and-protection interlayer of water-soluble polymer. Patterns can then be obtained by lithography with a spin-coated resist layer in a conventional way and transferred onto the substrate by reactive ion etching. Afterward, the resist layer is removed by dissolution in water. To demonstrate a high-resolution patterning, soft UV nanoimprint lithography has been used to produce high-density dot arrays of poly-(L-lysine) molecules on a glass substrate. Both fluorescence images and cell proliferation behaviors on such a patterned substrate have shown evidence of improved stability of biomolecule immobilization comparing to that obtained by microcontact printing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shi
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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16
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Kim J, Williams JC. Rapid prototyping of patterned poly-L-lysine microstructures. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2006:2110-3. [PMID: 17946090 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.259700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For applications in cell biology, the ability to produce patterns of adhesion proteins for directing cell patterning is of particular interest. Often though, these patterns require extensive clean room facilities and intricate chrome masks to achieve very small feature sizes. We have developed a modified lift-off method for rapid prototyping of simple PLL structures that have features on a micron scale. The lift-off method is simple and easily adaptable to a variety of biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Kim
- Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Hui EE, Bhatia SN. Microscale control of cell contact and spacing via three-component surface patterning. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:4103-7. [PMID: 17243746 PMCID: PMC3145459 DOI: 10.1021/la0630559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of micropatterned cell constructs has been limited by difficulties in patterning more than two surface components on a culture substrate. Photolithography using multiple aligned masks is well established for generalized multicomponent patterning, but is often too harsh for biomolecules. We report a two-mask photolithographic process that is tuned to preserve bioactivity in patterns composed of covalently coupled poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), adsorbed extracellular matrix protein (e.g., collagen I), and adsorbed serum proteins (e.g., vitronectin). Thereby, we pattern two cell types-primary hepatocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts-demonstrating control over contact and spacing (20-200 microm) between the two cell types for over one week. This method is applicable to the study of intercellular communication in cell biology and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot E. Hui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego
- Harvard-M.I.T Division of Health Sciences and Technology / Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego
- Harvard-M.I.T Division of Health Sciences and Technology / Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: Sangeeta N. Bhatia, MD, PhD, Director, Laboratory for Multiscale Regenerative Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E19-502D, Cambridge, MA 02139, Phone: (617) 324-0221, Fax: (617) 324-0740, , Website: lmrt.mit.edu
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18
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Lee LM, Heimark RL, Guzman R, Baygents JC, Zohar Y. Low melting point agarose as a protection layer in photolithographic patterning of aligned binary proteins. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:1080-5. [PMID: 16874382 DOI: 10.1039/b603095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel photolithography method to build aligned patterns of two different proteins is presented. Chessboard patterns of 125 microm x 125 microm squares are constructed on a silicon dioxide substrate, using standard photoresist chemistries in combination with low-temperature oxygen plasma etching. Low-melting-point agarose (LMPA) is used to protect underlying protein layers and, at the appropriate stage, the digestive enzyme GELase (EPICENTRE) is used to selectively remove the prophylactic LMPA layers. Two antibodies, mouse-IgG and human-IgG, were immobilized and patterned by this procedure. The patterned antibodies maintained the specificity of their antigen-antibody binding, as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, normalized fluorescence intensity profiles illustrate that the patterned proteins layers are uniform (standard deviations below 0.05). Finally, a trypsin activity test was conducted to probe the effect of the patterning protocol on immobilized enzymes; the results imply that this photolithographic process using LMPA as a protection layer preserves 70% of immobilized enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- Dept of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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19
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Lee LM, Heimark RL, Baygents JC, Zohar Y. Self-aligned immobilization of proteins utilizing PEG patterns. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 17:S29-S33. [PMID: 21727351 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/4/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel self-aligned method to selectively immobilize proteins on a silicon dioxide surface is developed in conjunction with a standard lift-off patterning technique of a PEG layer. The approach is designed to photolithographically pattern regions that specifically bind target proteins and particles, surrounded by regions that suppress non-specific attachment of bio-species. The physical and biological properties of the derivatized surfaces at the end of the fabrication process are characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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20
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Falconnet D, Csucs G, Grandin HM, Textor M. Surface engineering approaches to micropattern surfaces for cell-based assays. Biomaterials 2006; 27:3044-63. [PMID: 16458351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to produce patterns of single or multiple cells through precise surface engineering of cell culture substrates has promoted the development of cellular bioassays that provide entirely new insights into the factors that control cell adhesion to material surfaces, cell proliferation, differentiation and molecular signaling pathways. The ability to control shape and spreading of attached cells and cell-cell contacts through the form and dimension of the cell-adhesive patches with high precision is important. Commitment of stem cells to different specific lineages depends strongly on cell shape, implying that controlled microenvironments through engineered surfaces may not only be a valuable approach towards fundamental cell-biological studies, but also of great importance for the design of cell culture substrates for tissue engineering. Furthermore, cell patterning is an important tool for organizing cells on transducers for cell-based sensing and cell-based drug discovery concepts. From a material engineering standpoint, patterning approaches have greatly profited by combining microfabrication technologies, such as photolithography, with biochemical functionalization to present to the cells biological cues in spatially controlled regions where the background is rendered non-adhesive ("non-fouling") by suitable chemical modification. The focus of this review is on the surface engineering aspects of biologically motivated micropatterning of two-dimensional (flat) surfaces with the aim to provide an introductory overview and critical assessment of the many techniques described in the literature. In particular, the importance of non-fouling surface chemistries, the combination of hard and soft lithography with molecular assembly techniques as well as a number of less well known, but useful patterning approaches, including direct cell writing, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Falconnet
- BioInterfaceGroup, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Trau D, Jiang J, Sucher NJ. Preservation of the biofunctionality of DNA and protein during microfabrication. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:877-81. [PMID: 16430241 DOI: 10.1021/la052182m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication processes, especially in silicon, are not compatible with biomolecules. Silicon and metal-based materials having crystalline structures are manipulated under harsh conditions with acids, bases, and organic solvents at high temperature. In comparison, organic biomolecules such as DNA and proteins have complex, three-dimensional structures and are sensitive to denaturation, oxidation, hydrolysis, and thermal destruction. Here, we report on the integration of DNA and the biotin-binding protein NeutrAvidin into microfabrication processes by using a novel approach based on a gold passivation mask. Our data show that this passivation method preserves approximately 84% of the biofunctionality of DNA and approximately 30% of that of NeutrAvidin under harsh process conditions. This novel technology enables the integration of DNA, proteins, and potentially other biological molecules into mass scalable microfabrication processes for biomedical devices, biochips, biosensors, and microelectromechanical systems with biomolecules (BioMEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Trau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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22
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Turcu F, Hartwich G, Schäfer D, Schuhmann W. Ink-Jet Microdispensing for the Formation of Gradients of Immobilised Enzyme Activity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Doh J, Irvine DJ. Photogenerated Polyelectrolyte Bilayers from an Aqueous-Processible Photoresist for Multicomponent Protein Patterning. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:9170-1. [PMID: 15281792 DOI: 10.1021/ja048261m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel photoresist (PR) that can be processed under mild aqueous conditions was synthesized and used to create photogenerated polyelectrolyte bilayers. Thin films of the PR cast on polycation-coated substrates were exposed to UV irradiation to generate carboxylate groups in the photoresist. The bulk of the UV-exposed PR film was dissolved by rinsing with pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline, but a polyelectrolyte bilayer formed in situ at the PR/polycation interface on exposure remained bound to the substrate. The UV-exposed photoresist also exhibited pH-dependent solubility; it was soluble in water above pH 6.6, but insoluble at lower pHs. Using these unique properties, two-component protein patterning was achieved using biotinylated PR films under conditions that avoid exposing the proteins to conditions outside the narrow range of physiological pH, ionic strength, and temperature where their stability is greatest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Doh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Abstract
Technological advances in miniaturization have found a niche in biology and signal the beginning of a new revolution. Most of the attention and advances have been made with DNA chips yet a lot of progress is being made in the use of other biomolecules and cells. A variety of reviews have covered only different aspects and technologies but leading to the shared terminology of "biochips." This review provides a basic introduction and an in-depth survey of the different technologies and applications involving the use of non-DNA molecules such as proteins and cells. The review focuses on microarrays and microfluidics, but also describes some cellular systems (studies involving patterning and sensor chips) and nanotechnology. The principles of each technology including parameters involved in biochip design and operation are outlined. A discussion of the different biological and biomedical applications illustrates the significance of biochips in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn H Ng
- IMI Consulting GmbH, Auf dem Amtshof 3, 30938 Burgwedel, Germany.
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25
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Goessl A, Garrison MD, Lhoest JB, Hoffman AS. Plasma lithography--thin-film patterning of polymeric biomaterials by RF plasma polymerization I: Surface preparation and analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2002; 12:721-38. [PMID: 11587037 DOI: 10.1163/156856201750411620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasma lithography, combining plasma deposition with photolithography, is described as a versatile method to manufacture all-polymeric substrates with thin-film patterns for applications in biomedical engineering. Patterns of a hydrophobic fluorocarbon plasma polymer with feature sizes between 5 and 100 microm were deposited on a base substrate in a lift-off process: an intermediate tetraglyme plasma polymer layer provides non-fouling properties to the base substrate. Careful analysis of critical process parameters identified the narrow window of process conditions that led to the formation of functional surface patterns. High pattern fidelity, aspect ratios, and resolution of the patterns are demonstrated by atomic force microscopy. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) were used to characterize the surfaces, showing good retention of the original chemical structure of the pattern components throughout the process. SIMS imaging was used for specific chemical imaging of the components. Potential applications for the patterned polymer films, e.g., for studying cell behavior in vitro in dependence of shape and size of adhering cells, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goessl
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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26
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Sorribas H, Padeste C, Tiefenauer L. Photolithographic generation of protein micropatterns for neuron culture applications. Biomaterials 2002; 23:893-900. [PMID: 11771708 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Standard positive photoresist techniques were adapted to generate micropatterns of proteins on glass and oxide surfaces. Both lift-off and plasma-etching techniques were used to transfer the photoresist pattern into a layer of covalently immobilised protein. The surface properties of the areas adjacent to the patterns were altered by chemical surface modification. Using a combination of the lift-off and the etching process complementary patterns of two different proteins were generated. The biochemical and biological functionality of the protein patterns were assessed by immunostaining and by investigating the outgrowth of neurites from neurons plated on the patterned substrates. The investigated patterning processes are compatible with microstructuring and thin film processes, and may be used to generate functional surfaces for sensor and neuron culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Sorribas
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
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27
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28
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Turyan I, Matsue T, Mandler D. Patterning and characterization of surfaces with organic and biological molecules by the scanning electrochemical microscope. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3431-5. [PMID: 10952523 DOI: 10.1021/ac000046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for micropatterning of surfaces with organic and biological microstructures using the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) is described. The approach is based on the introduction of the spatial resolution by local deposition of gold particles followed by monolayer formation and functionalization. Specifically, gold patterns were deposited locally on silicon wafers with the SECM as a result of the controlled anodic dissolution of a gold microelectrode. The gold patterns were further used as microsubstrates for assembling cystamine monolayers to which either fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FIT) or glucose oxidase (GOD) were covalently attached. Characterization of the organic monolayers, as well as the biological activity of the enzyme patterns, was carried out by fluorescence microscopy and the SECM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Turyan
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Lowe CR. Nanobiotechnology: the fabrication and applications of chemical and biological nanostructures. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2000; 10:428-34. [PMID: 10981630 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(00)00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Biology can teach the physical world of electronics, computing, materials science and manufacturing how to assemble complex functional devices and systems that operate at the molecular level. Our present capability to fabricate simple molecular tools, devices, materials and machines is primitive compared with the sophistication of nature. Nevertheless, the nanomanufacturing of 'biomimetic' devices is moving ahead strongly. Recent developments have been made in the use of biological systems in molecular self-assembly, spatial positioning, microconstruction, biocomposite fabrication, nanomachines and biocomputing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Lowe
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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30
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Brooks SA, Dontha N, Davis CB, Stuart JK, O'Neill G, Kuhr WG. Segregation of micrometer-dimension biosensor elements on a variety of substrate surfaces. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3253-9. [PMID: 10939396 DOI: 10.1021/ac991453t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of micro total analysis systems and sensitive biosensing technologies, it is often desirable to immobilize biomolecules to small areas of surfaces other than silicon. To this end, photolithographic techniques were used to derivatize micrometer-sized, spatially segregated biosensing elements on several different substrate surfaces. Both an interference pattern and a dynamic confocal patterning apparatus were used to control the dimensions and positions of immobilized regions. In both of these methods, a UV laser was used to initiate attachment of a photoactive biotin molecule to the substrate surfaces. Once biotin was attached to a substrate, biotin/avidin/biotin chemistry was used to attach fluorescently labeled or nonlabeled avidin and biotinylated sensing elements such as biotinylated antibodies. Dimensions of 2-10 microm were achievable with these methods. A wide variety of materials, including glassy carbon, quartz, acrylic, polystyrene, acetonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polycarbonate, and poly(dimethylsiloxane), were used as substrates. Nitrene- and carbene-generating photolinkers were investigated to achieve the most homogeneous films. These techniques were applied to create a prototype microfluidic sensor device that was used to separate fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Schneider BH, Dickinson EL, Vach MD, Hoijer JV, Howard LV. Highly sensitive optical chip immunoassays in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 15:13-22. [PMID: 10826639 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade the ability of refractometric optical sensors to quantitatively measure a wide range of biomolecules has been demonstrated. These include proteins, nucleic acids, microorganisms, and in competitive formats small molecules such as drugs and pesticides. Furthermore, by using high refractive index nanoparticles to amplify the biomolecular binding signal, sensitivities approaching those of well established diagnostic assays have been achieved. However, to date it has not been possible to show rapid detection of analytes in complex bodily fluids such as serum, in a one-step procedure, due to the interference resulting from non-specific binding (NSB) to the sensor surface. We have carried out preliminary work on the control of interference due to NSB using an optical chip based on the Hartman interferometer. This interferometer configuration employs a reference sensing region that can be functionalized separately from the specific sensing region. Optical chips were stored dry after surface functionalization, and rehydrated in serum. The observed level of background drift in serum was reduced by an order of magnitude when an exposed reference was used, compared to a reference which was blind to the sample. An additional 70% reduction in signal drift in serum was achieved by controlling the surface chemistry of the optical chip using a biotin-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blocking agent. This functionalization procedure was combined with a sandwich assay using gold nanoparticles to develop a one-step assay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in human serum with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml for a 35 min assay.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588-0304, USA
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33
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Dontha N, Nowall WB, Kuhr WG. Development of sub-micron patterned carbon electrodes for immunoassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 19:83-91. [PMID: 10698570 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sub-micron sized domains of a carbon surface are derivatized with antibodies using biotin/avidin technology. These sites are spatially-segregated from, and directly adjacent to, electron transfer sites on the same electrode surface. The distance between these electron transfer sites and enzyme-loaded domains are kept to a minimum (e.g. less than a micron) to maintain the high sensitivity required for the measurement of enzyme-linked cofactors in an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). This is accomplished through the use of photolithographic attachment of photobiotin using an interference pattern from a UV laser generated at the electrode surface. This allows the construction of microscopic arrays of active ELISA sites on a carbon substrate while leaving other sites underivatized to facilitate electron transfer reactions of redox mediators; thus maximizing sensitivity and detection of the enzyme mediator. The carbon electrode surface is characterized with respect to its chemical structure and electron transfer properties following each step of the antibody immobilization process. The characterization of specific modifications of micron regions of the carbon surface requires analytical methodology that has both high spatial resolution and sensitivity. We have used fluorescence microscopy with a cooled CCD imaging system to visualize the spatial distribution of enzyme immobilization sites (indicated by fluorescence from Texas-Red labeled antibody) across the carbon surface. The viability of the enzyme attached to the surface in this manner was demonstrated by imaging the distribution of an insoluble, fluorescent product.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dontha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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