Computational study of the syn,anti-selective aldol additions of lithiated bis-lactim ether to 1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxaldehydes

Mechanisms and reactivity differences of proline-mediated catalysis in water and organic solvents

Several key issues regarding the mechanisms of proline catalysis are unravelled by first-principles calculations that can guide future catalyst design.

Enediolate-dilithium amide mixed aggregates in the enantioselective alkylation of arylacetic acids: structural studies and a stereochemical model

A combination of X-ray crystallography, (6)Li, (15)N, and (13)C NMR spectroscopies, and density functional theory computations affords insight into the structures and reactivities of intervening aggregates underlying highly selective asymmetric alkylations of carboxylic acid dianions (enediolates) mediated by the dilithium salt of a C2-symmetric chiral tetraamine. Crystallography shows a trilithiated n-butyllithium-dilithiated amide that has dimerized to a hexalithiated form. Spectroscopic studies implicate the non-dimerized trilithiated mixed aggregate. Reaction of the dilithiated amide with the dilithium enediolate derived from phenylacetic acid affords a tetralithio aggregate comprised of the two dianions in solution and the dimerized octalithio form in the solid state. Computational studies shed light on the details of the solution structures and afford a highly predictive stereochemical model.

Diastereoselectivity in Lewis-acid-catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol reactions: a DFT study

The basis for diastereoselectivity in Lewis-acid-catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol reactions was studied using density functional theory. By exploring the conformations of the transition structures for the diastereodifferentiating step of seven different reactions, simple models were generated. The effects of varying the substituents on the enol carbon and the α-carbon of the silyl enol ether from methyl to tert-butyl groups and the substituent on the aldehyde from methyl to phenyl groups were investigated by comparison of the transition structures for different reactions. Expanding on the previous qualitative models by Heathcock and Denmark, we found that while the pro-anti pathways take place via antiperiplanar transition structures, the pro-syn pathways prefer synclinal transition structures. The relative steric effects of the Lewis acid and trimethyl silyl groups and the influence of E/Z isomerism on the aldol transition state were investigated. By calculating 36 transition structures at the M06/6-311G*//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory and employing the IEFPCM polarizable continuum model for solvation effects, this study expands the mechanistic knowledge and provides a model for understanding the diastereoselectivity in Lewis-acid-catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol reactions.