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Hassan Z, Spuling E, Knoll DM, Lahann J, Bräse S. Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes: from synthetic curiosity to applications in asymmetric synthesis and materials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6947-6963. [PMID: 30065985 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00803a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based ligands and employment of such enantiopure representative ligands to facilitate selective transformation of prochiral or racemic substances into enantiopure products are rarely explored compared to the complex chiral scaffolds such as ferrocenes. This tutorial discusses recent findings and inspiring progress in design, synthetic tunability and applications of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane systems as a practical class of catalysts for asymmetric synthesis. Here, we summarize a series of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes that are becoming an important new tool-box in asymmetric synthesis, employed in a variety of synthetic venues such as new chiral ligands and catalysts for stereo-controlled and enantioselective addition of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl zinc reagents to aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, ketones, imines and many more. Besides, planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes are useful synthons, from a material perspective, can be incorporated into conjugated polymeric systems for chiroptical and optoelectronic properties, find broad applications in bio- and materials science, for instance, gold-based cytostatics, surface-mounted chiral MOF thin films for selective adsorption or in functionalized parylene polymer coatings, to name a few. This is an up-to-date tutorial review, written exclusively on planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane chemistry, covering key aspects of synthesis, structures, properties, applications and future directions of chiral polymeric assemblies and novel biomaterials built with [2.2]paracyclophanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Synthesis of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane Schiff bases for the enantioselective Henry reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhuravsky RP, Danilova TI, Antonov DY, Sergeeva EV, Starikova ZA, Godovikov IA, Il'in MM, Rozenberg VI. Aryl[2.2]paracyclophane-Based Chiral Regioisomeric Analogs of Salicyl Aldehyde: Novel Sources for Construction of Phenoxy-Imine Ligands. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ourari A, Derafa W, Bouacida S, Aggoun D. catena-Poly[[[(pyridine-κN)copper(II)]-μ-3-{1-[(2-amino-eth-yl)imino]-eth-yl}-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-4-olato-κN,N,O:O] perchlorate]. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:m1720-1. [PMID: 22199528 PMCID: PMC3238637 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811046411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, {[Cu(C10H13N2O3)(C5H5N)]ClO4}n, the CuII atom has an N3O2 coordination sphere. The complex contains two different ligands, viz. a pyridine molecule and a Schiff base molecule, resulting from the condensation of ethylenodiamine with dehydroacetic acid. The CuII atom exhibits a square-pyramidal geometry: three of the four donors of the pyramid base belong to the Schiff base ligand (an N atom from the amine group, a second N atom from the imine group and the O atom of the pyranone residue) and the fourth donor is the pyridine N atom. The coordination around the metal ion is completed by a longer axial bond to the pyranone O atom of an adjacent Schiff base, so forming a one-dimensional polymer. The complex has a +1 charge that is compensated by a perchlorate ion. The crystal packing, which can be described as alternating chains of cations and tetrahedral perchlorate anions along the a axis, is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯O, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding interactions.
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Synthesis of new planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane Schiff base ligands and their application in the asymmetric Henry reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Qu B, Ma Y, Ma Q, Liu X, He F, Song C. An Efficient Catalyst System for Pd-Catalyzed Amination of [2.2]Paracyclophanyl Bromides. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6867-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Shanda South Road No. 27, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Shanda South Road No. 27, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshuang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Shanda South Road No. 27, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Shanda South Road No. 27, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyan He
- Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Shanda South Road No. 27, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Song
- Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Shanda South Road No. 27, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Ay S, Nieger M, Bräse S. Co-Metal-Free Enantioselective Conjugate Addition Reactions of Zinc Reagents. Chemistry 2008; 14:11539-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vorontsova N, Rozenberg V, Sergeeva E, Vorontsov E, Starikova Z, Lyssenko K, Hopf H. Symmetrically Tetrasubstituted [2.2]Paracyclophanes: Their Systematization and Regioselective Synthesis of Several Types of Bis-Bifunctional Derivatives by Double Electrophilic Substitution. Chemistry 2008; 14:4600-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Duan W, Ma Y, Xia H, Liu X, Ma Q, Sun J. Design and synthesis of planar chiral heterocyclic carbene precursors derived from [2.2]paracyclophane. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4330-3. [PMID: 18442291 DOI: 10.1021/jo800468x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A unique family of planar chiral symmetrical N-heterocyclic carbene precursors with restricted flexibility derived from [2.2]paracyclopane were obtained by a new synthetic route. The resolution of 4-amino-13-bromo[2.2]paracyclophane was achieved with relatively high efficiency. Starting from (4 S p,13 R p)-4-amino-13-bromo[2.2]paracyclophane, the planar chiral pseudogem-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanyl dihydroimidazoliums were prepared in a four-step sequence with good yields. The resulting dihydroimidazolium salts were fully characterized with a series of methods including single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Shanda South Road No. 27, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Zhuravsky R, Starikova Z, Vorontsov E, Rozenberg V. Novel strategy for the synthesis of chiral pseudo-ortho-substituted hydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane-based ligands from the resolved 4-bromo-12-hydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane as a parent compound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Negru M, Schollmeyer D, Kunz H. Enantioselective Strecker Reaction Catalyzed by an Organocatalyst Lacking a Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:9339-41. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Negru M, Schollmeyer D, Kunz H. Enantioselektive Strecker-Reaktion mit einem Organokatalysator ohne Wasserstoffbrückendonor-Funktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dalla Cort A, Pasquini C, Schiaffino L. Nonsymmetrically Substituted Uranyl-Salophen Receptors: New Opportunities for Molecular Recognition and Catalysis. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270600977714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Dalla Cort
- a Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC-CNR , Università La Sapienza , Box 34—Roma 62, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquini
- a Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC-CNR , Università La Sapienza , Box 34—Roma 62, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Schiaffino
- a Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC-CNR , Università La Sapienza , Box 34—Roma 62, 00185, Roma, Italy
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Lauterwasser F, Gall J, Höfener S, Bräse S. Second-Generation N,O-[2.2]Paracyclophane Ketimine Ligands for the Alkenylzinc Addition to Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes: Scope and Limitations. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200606193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bolm C, Whelligan D. The Synthesis ofPseudo-Geminal,Pseudo-Ortho andOrtho Hydroxy-oxazolinyl[2.2]paracyclophanes for Use as Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Whelligan DK, Bolm C. Synthesis of Pseudo-geminal-, Pseudo-ortho-, and ortho-Phosphinyl-oxazolinyl-[2.2]paracyclophanes for Use as Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis. J Org Chem 2006; 71:4609-18. [PMID: 16749795 DOI: 10.1021/jo060668h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of three regioisomers of aromatic-substituted phosphinyl-oxazolinyl-[2.2]paracyclophanes, pseudo-geminal, pseudo-ortho, and ortho, have been carried out or, in the latter two cases, newly developed. It has, therefore, been demonstrated that all aromatic-substituted isomers relevant for use as chelating ligands for asymmetric catalysis are accessible. These P,N-ligands, along with their diastereoisomers, were shown to exhibit widely differing activity and enantioselectivity (up to 89% ee) in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Whelligan
- Institut für Organische Chemie der RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Sergeeva EV, Rozenberg VI, Antonov DY, Vorontsov EV, Starikova ZA, Fedyanin IV, Hopf H. Novel multichiral diols and diamines by highly stereoselective pinacol coupling of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives. Chemistry 2005; 11:6944-61. [PMID: 16138381 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The TiCl4/Zn-mediated intermolecular pinacol coupling of the planar chiral carbonyl compounds [2.2]paracyclophane-4-carbaldehyde, 4-acetyl[2.2]paracyclophane (ketone) and the four regioisomeric 5-, 7-, 12- and 13-methoxy[2.2]paracyclophane-4-carbaldehydes as well as the pTosOH-Zn/Cu-promoted coupling of their N-substituted imines is described. Coupling of the enantiomerically pure substrates (most of carbonyl compounds and all imines) occurs stereoselectively giving rise to diastereomerically pure 1,2-diols and 1,2-diamines. Racemic aldehydes and ketone react with different degrees of stereoselectivity (depending on the substituents in certain positions) and produce one to three diastereomers. 7-methoxy[2.2]paracyclophane-4-carbaldehyde undergoes a tandem pinacol coupling-pinacol rearrangement to yield bis-(7-methoxy[2.2]paracyclophane-4-yl)acetaldehyde. Coupling of the racemic imines produces a mixture of single racemic D,L-diamine and single meso-diamine in each case. The stereoselective formation of the asymmetric centres is governed by the planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanyl moiety. The techniques elaborated are extended to the intramolecular coupling of [2.2]paracyclophane-4,13-dicarbaldehyde and its bis-N-phenylimine, resulting in stereoselective formation of the chiral triply-bridged diol and exclusive formation of the meso-diamine. X-Ray investigations of several diols and diamines have been carried out and the structural features of these derivatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Sergeeva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Lauterwasser F, Nieger M, Mansikkamäki H, Nättinen K, Bräse S. Structurally Diverse Second-Generation [2.2]Paracyclophane Ketimines with Planar and Central Chirality: Syntheses, Structural Determination, and Evaluation for Asymmetric Catalysis. Chemistry 2005; 11:4509-25. [PMID: 15880686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A set of 20 novel [2.2]paracyclophane ketimines with planar and central chirality has been synthesized from enantiomerically pure and racemic 5-acyl-4-hydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane and alpha-branched chiral amines. Their X-ray structures were determined to elucidate the three-dimensional structures and the absolute configuration. The ketimines were used as catalysts in the asymmetric 1,2-addition reactions of diethylzinc with substituted benzaldehydes to furnish chiral alcohols in up to 95 % ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lauterwasser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe TH, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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([2]Paracyclo[2](5,8)quinolinophan-2-yl)carbinols as catalysts for diethylzinc addition to aldehydes: cooperative effects of planar and central chirality on the asymmetric induction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Starikova ZA, Fedyanin IV, Antipin MY. Conformational rigidity and flexibility of the paracyclophane skeleton in substituted [2.2]paracyclophanes. Russ Chem Bull 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-005-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Planar-chiral salen and hemisalen [2.2]paracyclophane ligands for asymmetric diethylzinc addition to aldehydes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2003.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Novel chiral tridentate Schiff base ligands of the [2.2]paracyclophane series: synthesis and application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(03)00326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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