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Martyshkina YS, Tereshchenko VP, Bogdanova DA, Rybtsov SA. Reliable Hallmarks and Biomarkers of Senescent Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15653. [PMID: 37958640 PMCID: PMC10647376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of accumulation of senescent adaptive immunity cells in the elderly is attracting attention due to the increasing risk of global epidemics and aging of the global population. Elderly people are predisposed to various infectious and age-related diseases and are at higher risk of vaccination failure. The accumulation of senescent cells increases age-related background inflammation, "Inflammaging", causing lymphocyte exhaustion and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cancer diseases. Here, we present a comprehensive contemporary review of the mechanisms and phenotype of senescence in the adaptive immune system. Although modern research has not yet identified specific markers of aging lymphocytes, several sets of markers facilitate the separation of the aging population based on normal memory and exhausted cells for further genetic and functional analysis. The reasons for the higher predisposition of CD8+ T-lymphocytes to senescence compared to the CD4+ population are also discussed. We point out approaches for senescent-lymphocyte-targeting markers using small molecules (senolytics), antibodies and immunization against senescent cells. The suppression of immune senescence is the most relevant area of research aimed at developing anti-aging and anti-cancer therapy for prolonging the lifespan of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya S. Martyshkina
- Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia; (Y.S.M.)
| | - Valeriy P. Tereshchenko
- Resource Center for Cell Technology and Immunology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia
| | - Daria A. Bogdanova
- Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia; (Y.S.M.)
| | - Stanislav A. Rybtsov
- Resource Center for Cell Technology and Immunology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia
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Fitsiou E, Soto-Gamez A, Demaria M. Biological functions of therapy-induced senescence in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 81:5-13. [PMID: 33775830 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-induced cellular senescence is a state of stable growth arrest induced by common cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation. In an oncogenic context, therapy-induced senescence can have different consequences. By blocking cellular proliferation and by facilitating immune cell infiltration, it functions as tumor suppressive mechanism. By fueling the proliferation of bystander cells and facilitating metastasis, it acts as a tumor promoting factor. This dual role is mainly attributed to the differential expression and secretion of a set of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue remodeling factors, collectively known as the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). Here, we describe cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms that senescent cells activate in response to chemotherapy and radiation leading to tumor suppression and tumor promotion. We present the current state of knowledge on the stimuli that affect the activation of these opposing mechanisms and the effect of senescent cells on their micro-environment eg. by regulating the functions of immune cells in tumor clearance as well as strategies to eliminate senescent tumor cells before exerting their deleterious side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Fitsiou
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abel Soto-Gamez
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Xu XY, Tsang SW, Guan YF, Liu KL, Pan WH, Lam CS, Lee KM, Xia YX, Xie WJ, Wong WY, Lee MML, Tai WCS, Zhang HJ. In Vitro and in Vivo Antitumor Effects of Plant-Derived Miliusanes and Their Induction of Cellular Senescence. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1541-1561. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ya Xu
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siu Wai Tsang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fu Guan
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang-Lun Liu
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Pan
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chu Shing Lam
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwan Ming Lee
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xuan Xia
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jian Xie
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing Yan Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Magnolia Muk Lan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - William Chi Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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Karthi N, Kalaiyarasu T, Kandakumar S, Mariyappan P, Manju V. Pelargonidin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via a mitochondria mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in HT29 cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20984f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelargonidin (PE) is an anticancer anthocyanidin that is abundant in berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Karthi
- Department of Biochemistry
- Periyar University
- Salem
- India
| | | | - S. Kandakumar
- Department of Biochemistry
- Periyar University
- Salem
- India
| | - P. Mariyappan
- Department of Biochemistry
- Periyar University
- Salem
- India
| | - V. Manju
- Department of Biochemistry
- Periyar University
- Salem
- India
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Shilkaitis A, Green A, Christov K. Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:35-42. [PMID: 25997921 PMCID: PMC4485653 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies on cellular senescence (CS) have been performed in vitro by employing cytotoxic agents, irradiation, chromatin and telomerase modulators or by activating certain oncogenes. All these approaches usually lead to DNA damage, gene instability and/or chromatin alterations that primarily affect p53-p21 signaling. Little is known on whether retinoids and rexinoids, which are cell differentiation agents, can also induce CS in vitro and in vivo, and which molecular mechanisms are involved in promoting the senescent phenotype. We reviewed the recent publications on CS induced by retinoids and rexinoids in ER+ and ER− breast cancer cell lines and in corresponding animal models of mammary carcinogenesis which simulate those of human breast cancer. The role of retinoic acid receptors β2 and 5 (RARβ2 and RARβ5) and of receptor independent genes involved in mediating the senescence program of retinoids and rexinoids in ER+ and ER− breast cancer cells is discussed. Potential strategists for clinical implication of CS as biomarker of prognosis and of response to treatment with retinoids, rexinoids and with other cell differentiation and antitumor agents are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Shilkaitis
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Albert Green
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Konstantin Christov
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Coward J, Harding A. Size Does Matter: Why Polyploid Tumor Cells are Critical Drug Targets in the War on Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:123. [PMID: 24904834 PMCID: PMC4033620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor evolution presents a formidable obstacle that currently prevents the development of truly curative treatments for cancer. In this perspective, we advocate for the hypothesis that tumor cells with significantly elevated genomic content (polyploid tumor cells) facilitate rapid tumor evolution and the acquisition of therapy resistance in multiple incurable cancers. We appeal to studies conducted in yeast, cancer models, and cancer patients, which all converge on the hypothesis that polyploidy enables large phenotypic leaps, providing access to many different therapy-resistant phenotypes. We develop a flow-cytometry based method for quantifying the prevalence of polyploid tumor cells, and show the frequency of these cells in patient tumors may be higher than is generally appreciated. We then present recent studies identifying promising new therapeutic strategies that could be used to specifically target polyploid tumor cells in cancer patients. We argue that these therapeutic approaches should be incorporated into new treatment strategies aimed at blocking tumor evolution by killing the highly evolvable, therapy-resistant polyploid cell subpopulations, thus helping to maintain patient tumors in a drug sensitive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine Coward
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Angus Harding
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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Dong Y, Yin S, Jiang C, Luo X, Guo X, Zhao C, Fan L, Meng Y, Lu J, Song X, Zhang X, Chen N, Hu H. Involvement of autophagy induction in penta-1,2,3,4,6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose-induced senescence-like growth arrest in human cancer cells. Autophagy 2013; 10:296-310. [PMID: 24389959 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated that autophagy plays important and paradoxical roles in carcinogenesis, while senescence is considered to be a crucial tumor-suppressor mechanism in cancer prevention and treatment. In the present study we demonstrated that both autophagy and senescence were induced in response to penta-1,2,3,4,6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG), a chemopreventive polyphonolic compound, in multiple types of cancer cells. Analysis of these 2 events over the experimental time course indicated that autophagy and senescence occurred in parallel early in the process and dissociated later. The long-term culture study suggested that a subpopulation of senescent cells may have the capacity to reenter the cell cycle. Inhibition of autophagy by either a chemical inhibitor or RNA interference led to a significant reduction of PGG-induced senescence, followed by induction of apoptosis. These results suggested that autophagy promoted senescence induction by PGG and that PGG might exert its anticancer activity through autophagy-mediated senescence. For the first time, these findings uncovered the relationships among autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis induced by PGG. In addition, we identified that unfolded protein response signaling played a pivotal role in the autophagy-mediated senescence phenotype. Furthermore, our data showed that activation of MAPK8/9/10 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/9/10/c-Jun N-terminal kinases) was an essential upstream signal for PGG-induced autophagy. Finally, the key in vitro results were validated in vivo in a xenograft mouse model of human HepG2 liver cancer. Our findings provided novel insights into understanding the mechanisms and functions of PGG-induced autophagy and senescence in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy; Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Shutao Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy; Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital; Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Yubing Meng
- Nanyang Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanyang, Henan China
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy; Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
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Shilkaitis A, Bratescu L, Green A, Yamada T, Christov K. Bexarotene induces cellular senescence in MMTV-Neu mouse model of mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:299-308. [PMID: 23430755 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that retinoids and rexinoids can prevent breast cancer in animal models and in women with increased risk of developing the disease. The cellular effects of these vitamin A analogues have been primarily associated with induction of differentiation and inhibition of proliferation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that bexarotene (LGD1069, Targretin), a rexinoid, can not only inhibit cell proliferation but also induce cellular senescence in mammary epithelial cells, premalignant lesions, and tumors of the MMTV-Neu model of mammary carcinogenesis, which develops estrogen receptor-negative tumors. Mice with palpable mammary tumors were treated for 4 weeks with bexarotene at 80 or 40 mg/kg body weight, and senescent cells were determined by SA-β-Gal assay. Bexarotene decreased in a dose-dependent manner the multiplicity of premalignant lesions and tumors, and this was associated with inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cellular senescence and apoptosis. By double labeling of senescent cells, first by SA-β-Gal and then by antibodies against genes related to cellular senescence, we found that p21, p16, and RARβ, but not p53, were upregulated by bexarotene in mammary tumors and in breast cancer cell lines, suggesting involvement of multiple signaling pathways in mediating the senescence program of rexinoids. These findings indicate that, in addition to cell proliferation and apoptosis, cellular senescence could be used as a potential biomarker of response in breast cancer prevention and therapy studies with rexinoids and possibly with other antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Shilkaitis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Wang Q, Wu PC, Dong DZ, Ivanova I, Chu E, Zeliadt S, Vesselle H, Wu DY. Polyploidy road to therapy-induced cellular senescence and escape. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1505-15. [PMID: 22945332 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapy-induced cellular senescence (TCS), characterized by prolonged cell cycle arrest, is an in vivo response of human cancers to chemotherapy and radiation. Unfortunately, TCS is reversible for a subset of senescent cells, leading to cellular reproliferation and ultimately tumor progression. This invariable consequence of TCS recapitulates the clinical treatment experience of patients with advanced cancer. We report the findings of a clinicopathological study in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer demonstrating that marker of in vivo TCS following neoadjuvant therapy prognosticate adverse clinical outcome. In our efforts to elucidate key molecular pathways underlying TCS and cell cycle escape, we have previously shown that the deregulation of mitotic kinase Cdk1 and its downstream effectors are important mediators of survival and cell cycle reentry. We now report that aberrant expression of Cdk1 interferes with apoptosis and promotes the formation of polyploid senescent cells during TCS. These polyploid senescent cells represent important transition states through which escape preferentially occurs. The Cdk1 pathway is in part modulated differentially by p21 and p27 two members of the KIP cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor family during TCS. Altogether, these studies underscore the importance of TCS in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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Albini A, Tosetti F, Li VW, Noonan DM, Li WW. Cancer prevention by targeting angiogenesis. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2012; 9:498-509. [PMID: 22850752 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Healthy individuals can harbour microscopic tumours and dysplastic foci in different organs in an undetectable and asymptomatic state for many years. These lesions do not progress in the absence of angiogenesis or inflammation. Targeting both processes before clinical manifestation can prevent tumour growth and progression. Angioprevention is a chemoprevention approach that interrupts the formation of new blood vessels when tumour cell foci are in an indolent state. Many efficacious chemopreventive drugs function by preventing angiogenesis in the tumour microenvironment. Blocking the vascularization of incipient tumours should maintain a dormancy state such that neoplasia or cancer exist without disease. The current limitations of antiangiogenic cancer therapy may well be related to the use of antiangiogenic agents too late in the disease course. In this Review, we suggest mechanisms and strategies for using antiangiogenesis agents in a safe, preventive clinical angioprevention setting, proposing different levels of clinical angioprevention according to risk, and indicate potential drugs to be employed at these levels. Finally, angioprevention may go well beyond cancer in the prevention of a range of chronic disorders where angiogenesis is crucial, including different forms of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, ocular disorders, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Science and Technology Pole, Via Fantoli 16/15, Milan 20138, Italy. adriana.albini@ multimedica.it
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Yin S, Dong Y, Li J, Lü J, Hu H. Penta-1,2,3,4,6-O
-galloyl-beta-D
-glucose induces senescence-like terminal S-phase arrest in human hepatoma and breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:592-600. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Cimica V, Smith ME, Zhang Z, Mathur D, Mani S, Kalpana GV. Potent inhibition of rhabdoid tumor cells by combination of flavopiridol and 4OH-tamoxifen. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:634. [PMID: 21092078 PMCID: PMC2998513 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdoid Tumors (RTs) are highly aggressive pediatric malignancies with poor prognosis. There are currently no standard or effective treatments for RTs in part because treatments are not designed to specifically target these tumors. Our previous studies indicated that targeting the cyclin/cdk pathway is a novel therapeutic strategy for RTs and that a pan-cdk inhibitor, flavopiridol, inhibits RT growth. Since the toxicities and narrow window of activity associated with flavopiridol may limit its clinical use, we tested the effect of combining flavopiridol with 4-hydroxy-Tamoxifen (4OH-Tam) in order to reduce the concentration of flavopiridol needed for inhibition of RTs. METHODS The effects of flavopiridol, 4OH-Tam, and their combination on RT cell cycle regulation and apoptosis were assessed by: i) cell survival assays, ii) FACS analysis, iii) caspase activity assays, and iv) immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, the role of p53 in flavopiridol- and 4OH-Tam-mediated induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was characterized using RNA interference (siRNA) analysis. The effect of p53 on flavopiridol-mediated induction of caspases 2, 3, 8 and 9 was also determined. RESULTS We found that the combination of flavopiridol and 4OH-Tam potently inhibited the growth of RT cells. Low nanomolar concentrations of flavopiridol induced G₂ arrest, which was correlated to down-modulation of cyclin B1 and up-regulation of p53. Addition of 4OH-Tam did not affect flavopiridol-mediated G₂ arrest, but enhanced caspase 3,7-mediated apoptosis induced by the drug. Abrogation of p53 by siRNA abolished flavopiridol-induced G₂ arrest, but enhanced flavopiridol- (but not 4OH-Tam-) mediated apoptosis, by enhancing caspase 2 and 3 activities. CONCLUSIONS Combining flavopiridol with 4OH-Tam potently inhibited the growth of RT cells by increasing the ability of either drug alone to induce caspases 2 and 3 thereby causing apoptosis. The potency of flavopiridol was enhanced by abrogation of p53. Our results warrant further studies investigating the combinatorial effects of flavopiridol and 4OH-Tam as a novel therapeutic strategy for RTs and other tumors that have been shown to respond to flavopiridol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velasco Cimica
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Expression of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor distinguishes transitional cancer states in therapy-induced cellular senescence. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e70. [PMID: 21364674 PMCID: PMC3032339 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapy-induced cellular senescence describes the phenomenon of cell cycle arrest that can be invoked in cancer cells in response to chemotherapy. Sustained proliferative arrest is often overcome as a contingent of senescent tumor cells can bypass this cell cycle restriction. The mechanism regulating cell cycle re-entry of senescent cancer cells remains poorly understood. This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of two distinct transitional states in chemotherapy-induced senescent cells that share indistinguishable morphological senescence phenotypes and are functionally classified by their ability to escape cell cycle arrest. It has been observed that cell surface expression of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is downregulated in cancer cells treated with chemotherapy. We show the novel use of surface CAR expression and adenoviral transduction to differentiate senescent states and also show in vivo evidence of CAR downregulation in colorectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation. This study suggests that CAR is a candidate biomarker for senescence response to antitumor therapy, and CAR expression can be used to distinguish transitional states in early senescence to study fundamental regulatory events in therapy-induced senescence.
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Wang Q, Wu PC, Roberson RS, Luk BV, Ivanova I, Chu E, Wu DY. Survivin and escaping in therapy-induced cellular senescence. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:1546-58. [PMID: 20503268 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-induced accelerated cellular senescence (ACS) is a reversible tumor response to chemotherapy that is likely detrimental to the overall therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment. To further understand the mechanism by which cancer cells can escape the sustained cell cycle arrest in ACS, we established a tissue culture model, in which the p53-null NCI-H1299 cells can be induced into senescence by an abbreviated exposure to a chemotherapeutic agent. Previously, we have reported that senescent cells overexpress Cdc2/Cdk1 when they bypassed the prolonged arrest and their viability is dependent on Cdc2/Cdk1 kinase activity. In our study, we show that human survivin is the immediate downstream effector of the Cdc2/Cdk1 mediated survival signal. Survivin cooperates with Cdc2/Cdk1 to inhibit apoptosis following chemotherapy and promote senescence escape. Using HIV-1 TAT peptides to disrupt survivin phosphorylation by Cdc2/Cdk1, we also found that phosphorylated survivin is necessary both for the escape of senescent cells and for maintenance of subsequent viability after bypassing senescence. These results further propose survivin as an important determinant of senescence reversibility and as a putative molecular target to enforce cell death in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington.
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Haynes MK, Strouse JJ, Waller A, Leitao A, Curpan RF, Bologa C, Oprea TI, Prossnitz ER, Edwards BS, Sklar LA, Thompson TA. Detection of intracellular granularity induction in prostate cancer cell lines by small molecules using the HyperCyt high-throughput flow cytometry system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:596-609. [PMID: 19470718 DOI: 10.1177/1087057109335671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men due to the limited number of treatment strategies available for advanced disease. Discovery of effective chemotherapeutics involves the identification of agents that inhibit cancer cell growth. Increases in intracellular granularity have been observed during physiological processes that include senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy, making this phenotypic change a useful marker for identifying small molecules that induce cellular growth arrest or death. In this regard, epithelial-derived cancer cell lines appear uniquely susceptible to increased intracellular granularity following exposure to chemotherapeutics. We have established a novel flow cytometry approach that detects increases in side light scatter in response to morphological changes associated with intracellular granularity in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC3 human prostate cancer cell lines. A cell-based assay was developed to screen for small molecule inducers of intracellular granularity using the HyperCyt high-throughput flow cytometry platform. Validation was performed using the Prestwick Chemical Library, where known modulators of LNCaP intracellular granularity, such as testosterone, were identified. Nonandrogenic inducers of granularity were also detected. A further screen of approximately 25,000 small molecules led to the identification of a class of aryl-oxazoles that increased intracellular granularity in both cell lines, often leading to cell death. The most potent agents exhibited submicromolar efficacy in LNCaP and PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Haynes
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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16
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Christov K, Grubbs CJ, Shilkaitis A, Juliana MM, Lubet RA. Short-term Modulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis and Preventive/Therapeutic Efficacy of Various Agents in a Mammary Cancer Model. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5488-96. [PMID: 17875779 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary cancer model in rats is similar to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in women. In prevention studies using this model, tumor incidence and multiplicity were typically primary end points. The ability of various agents administered for a short period to modulate cell proliferation [proliferation index (PI)] and apoptosis [apoptotic index (AI)] in mammary cancers was compared with their efficacy in long-term prevention and therapy studies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Rats were injected with MNU to induce mammary cancers. For the prevention studies, agents were administered by gavage or in the diet beginning 5 days after MNU. For proliferation (PI) and apoptosis (AI) experiments, animals with a palpable mammary cancer were treated with the agents for only 4 to 7 days. PI was determined following 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling whereas AI was determined using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by measuring cancer size over a 6-week period. RESULTS Treatments with differing chemopreventive efficacy and mechanism(s) of action were examined: (a) hormonal treatments [tamoxifen, vorozole (an aromatase inhibitor), and ovariectomy]; (b) retinoid X receptor agonists (targretin, 9-cis retinoic acid, and UAB30); (c) inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes (indole-3-carbinol, 5,6 benzoflavone, and diindoylmethane); (d) agents that alter signal transduction (R115777, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor); Iressa (an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor); sulindac and celecoxib (cyclooxygenase 1/2 and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors); and (e) diverse agents including meclizine, vitamin C, and sodium phenylbutyrate. Correlations between inhibition of PI, increase of AI, and chemopreventive efficacy were observed. Although most agents with moderate or low preventive efficacy suppressed PI, they minimally affected AI. CONCLUSIONS The data confirmed that the short-term effects of various agents on cell proliferation and apoptosis in small mammary cancers can predict their preventive/therapeutic efficacy. Thus, these biomarkers can be used to help determine the efficacy of compounds in phase II clinical prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Christov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Akare S, Jean-Louis S, Chen W, Wood DJ, Powell AA, Martinez JD. Ursodeoxycholic acid modulates histone acetylation and induces differentiation and senescence. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2958-69. [PMID: 17019713 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Agents that can modulate colonic environment and control dysregulated signaling are being evaluated for their chemopreventive potential in colon cancer. Ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) has shown chemopreventive potential in preclinical and animal models of colon cancer, but the mechanism behind it remains unknown. Here biological effects of UDCA were examined to understand mechanism behind its chemoprevention in colon cancer. Our data suggests that UDCA can suppress growth in a wide variety of cancer cell lines and can induce low level of apoptosis in colon cancer cells. We also found that UDCA treatment induces alteration in morphology, increased cell size, upregulation of cytokeratin 8, 18 and 19 and E-cadherin, cytokeratin remodeling and accumulation of lipid droplets, suggesting that UDCA induces differentiation in colon carcinoma cells. Our results also suggest significant differences in UDCA and sodium butyrate induced functional differentiation. We also report for the first time that UDCA can induce senescence in colon cancer cells as assessed by flattened, spread out and vacuolated morphology as well as by senescence marker beta-galactosidase staining. We also found that UDCA inhibits the telomerase activity. Surprisingly, we found that UDCA is not a histone deacytylase inhibitor but instead induces hypoacetylation of histones unlike hyperacetylation induced by sodium butyrate. Our results also suggest that, although UDCA induced senescence is p53, p21 and Rb independent, HDAC6 appears to be important in UDCA induced senescence. In summary, our data shows that UDCA modulates chromatin by inducing histone hypoacetylation and induces differentiation and senescence in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Akare
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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18
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Caramuta S, De Cecco L, Reid JF, Zannini L, Gariboldi M, Kjeldsen L, Pierotti MA, Delia D. Regulation of lipocalin-2 gene by the cancer chemopreventive retinoid 4-HPR. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1599-606. [PMID: 16671099 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) is a nonclassical retinoid with cancer preventive effects in vivo and antiproliferative and apoptotic activities in vitro. Examining the transcriptional profile of human breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and T47D, treated with 4-HPR, we identified the lipocalin member LCN2 (NGAL or 24p3) as a gene, markedly induced by the retinoid. Because of its presumed function in apoptosis, LCN2 was examined more thoroughly in response to 4-HPR. Like mRNA, the expression of LCN2 protein in MCF7 and T47D cells was highly induced in a time-dependent manner by 4-HPR, but not by its inactive metabolite 4-MPR and, to some extent, this event was linked to the free radicals normally generated by 4-HPR. All-trans retinoic acid also induced LCN2 protein, particularly in T47D cells. Ectopic LCN2 compromised cell viability, and the few MCF7 clones that survived LCN2 overexpression were less sensitive than do mock cells to 4HPR, indicating that selective pressure for survival to LCN2 confers cross-resistance to 4-HPR. Significantly, ablation of LCN2 induction by siRNA did not modify the response to 4-HPR, implying that LCN2 is not critical for apoptosis by 4-HPR. Our results indicate that 4-HPR markedly induces LCN2 expression, but this event may not represent an apoptotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caramuta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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19
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Schmitt CA. Cellular senescence and cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1775:5-20. [PMID: 17027159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, an irreversible cell-cycle arrest, reflects a safeguard program that limits the proliferative capacity of the cell exposed to endogenous or exogenous stress signals. A number of recent studies have clarified that an acutely inducible form of cellular senescence may act in response to oncogenic activation as a natural barrier to interrupt tumorigenesis at a premalignant level. Paralleling the increasing insights into premature senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism, a growing line of evidence identifies cellular senescence as a critical effector program in response to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents. This review discusses molecular pathways to stress-induced senescence, the interference of a terminal arrest condition with clinical outcome, and the critical overlap between premature senescence and apoptosis as both tumor suppressive and drug-responsive cellular programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens A Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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Ota H, Tokunaga E, Chang K, Hikasa M, Iijima K, Eto M, Kozaki K, Akishita M, Ouchi Y, Kaneki M. Sirt1 inhibitor, Sirtinol, induces senescence-like growth arrest with attenuated Ras-MAPK signaling in human cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:176-85. [PMID: 16170353 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The induction of senescence-like growth arrest has emerged as a putative contributor to the anticancer effects of chemotherapeutic agents. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate the efficacy of inhibitors for class I and II histone deacetylases to treat malignancies. However, a potential antiproliferative effect of inhibitor for Sirt1, which is an NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase and belongs to class III histone deacetylases, has not yet been explored. Here, we show that Sirt1 inhibitor, Sirtinol, induced senescence-like growth arrest characterized by induction of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and lung cancer H1299 cells. Sirtinol-induced senescence-like growth arrest was accompanied by impaired activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, namely, extracellular-regulated protein kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK, in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Active Ras was reduced in Sirtinol-treated senescent cells compared with untreated cells. However, tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptors for EGF and IGF-I and Akt/PKB activation were unaltered by Sirtinol treatment. These results suggest that inhibitors for Sirt1 may have anticancer potential, and that impaired activation of Ras-MAPK pathway might take part in a senescence-like growth arrest program induced by Sirtinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ota
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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21
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Shilkaitis A, Green A, Punj V, Steele V, Lubet R, Christov K. Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits the progression phase of mammary carcinogenesis by inducing cellular senescence via a p16-dependent but p53-independent mechanism. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R1132-40. [PMID: 16457693 PMCID: PMC1410767 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an adrenal 17-ketosteroid, is a precursor of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol. Studies have shown that DHEA inhibits carcinogenesis in mammary gland and prostate as well as other organs, a process that is not hormone dependent. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of DHEA-mediated inhibition of the neoplastic process. Here we examine whether DHEA and its analog DHEA 8354 can suppress the progression of hyperplastic and premalignant (carcinoma in situ) lesions in mammary gland toward malignant tumors and the cellular mechanisms involved. METHODS Rats were treated with N-nitroso-N-methylurea and allowed to develop mammary hyperplastic and premalignant lesions with a maximum frequency 6 weeks after carcinogen administration. The animals were then given DHEA or DHEA 8354 in the diet at 125 or 1,000 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks. The effect of these agents on induction of apoptosis, senescence, cell proliferation, tumor burden and various effectors of cellular signaling were determined. RESULTS Both agents induced a dose-dependent decrease in tumor multiplicity and in tumor burden. In addition they induced a senescent phenotype in tumor cells, inhibited cell proliferation and increased the number of apoptotic cells. The DHEA-induced cellular effects were associated with increased expression of p16 and p21, but not p53 expression, implicating a p53-independent mechanism in their action. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that DHEA and DHEA 8354 can suppress mammary carcinogenesis by altering various cellular functions, inducing cellular senescence, in tumor cells with the potential involvement of p16 and p21 in mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Shilkaitis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois, 840 S. Wood Str., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Albert Green
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois, 840 S. Wood Str., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois, 840 S. Wood Str., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vernon Steele
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, 6130 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald Lubet
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, 6130 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Konstantin Christov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois, 840 S. Wood Str., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Abstract
Cancer therapeutics are primarily thought to work by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. However, various tumor suppressors and oncogenes have been shown to regulate senescence in normal cells, and senescence bypass appears to be an important step in the development of cancer. Cellular senescence limits the replicative capacity of cells, thus preventing the proliferation of cells that are at different stages of malignancy. A recent body of evidence suggests that induction of senescence can be exploited as a basis for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goberdhan P Dimri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, ENH Research Institute, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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23
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Podtcheko A, Namba H, Saenko V, Ohtsuru A, Starenki D, Meirmanov S, Polona I, Rogounovitch T, Yamashita S. Radiation-induced senescence-like terminal growth arrest in thyroid cells. Thyroid 2005; 15:306-13. [PMID: 15876151 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Premature senescence may play an important role as an acute, drug-, or ionizing radiation (IR)-inducible growth arrest program along with interphase apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether IR can induce senescence-like phenotype (SLP) associated with terminal growth arrest in the thyroid cells, and if so, to evaluate impact of terminal growth arrest associated with SLP in intrinsic radiosensitivity of various thyroid carcinomas. The induction of SLP in thyroid cells were identified by: (1) senescence associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) staining method, (2) dual-flow cytometric analysis of cell proliferation and side light scatter using vital staining with PKH-2 fluorescent dye, (3) double labeling for 5-bromodeoxyuridine and SA- beta-Gal, (4) Staining for SA-beta-Gal with consequent antithyroglobulin immunohistochemistry. IR induced SLP associated with terminal growth arrest in four thyroid cancer cells lines and in primary thyrocytes in time- and dose-dependent manner. Analysis of relationship between induction of SLP and radiosensitivity revealed a trend in which more radioresistant cell lines strongly tended to show lower specific SLP yields (r = -0.93, p = 0.068). We find out that SA-beta-Gal staining is detectable in irradiated ARO xenotransplants, but not in control tumors. We, therefore, conclude that induction of SLP with terminal growth arrest contribute to the elimination of clonogenic populations after IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Podtcheko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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24
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Peng X, Wood S, Bratescu L, Shilkaitis A, Christov K. Retinoids suppress premalignant MCF10AT but not malignant MCF10CA1a breast epithelial cells in vivo. Role of retinoic acid receptor beta2 expression. Cancer Lett 2004; 222:153-63. [PMID: 15863264 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently we found that retinoic acid receptors (alpha, beta, gamma) and retinoid X receptors (alpha, beta, gamma) are variably expressed in MCF10A model of breast cancer development and progression. Here we employed this model to assess both in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of cells to retinoids and the role of RARbeta2 in mediating the antitumor potential of retinoids. In vitro, we found that transformation of the benign MCF10A cells into premalignant MCF10AT and malignant MCF10CA1a cells increased their sensitivity to 4-(Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) and all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) but not to 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) and LGD1069 and this was associated with loss of induction of RARbeta2 by retinoids. RARbeta2 expression in premalignant MCF10AT cells decreased their proliferating activity and increased their sensitivity to atRA. In vivo, when transplanted into the mammary fat pads of nude mice, MCF10A cells did not grow, MCF10AT cells formed slow-growing tumor nodules, and MCF10CA1a cells were highly malignant, grew quickly and infiltrated the surrounding tissues. Of the retinoids used, only 4-HPR suppressed the growth of slow-growing hyperplastic and premalignant MCF10AT but not of the malignant MCF10CA1a tumor nodules. These data may have clinical implication in selecting women with hyperplastic and premalignant breast lesions that may benefit the most from clinical trials with retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Peng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street (M/C 820), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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25
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Abstract
Cellular senescence is a signal transduction program leading to irreversible cell cycle arrest. This growth arrest can be triggered by many different mechanisms including recognition by cellular sensors of DNA double-strand breaks leading to the activation of cell cycle checkpoint responses and recruitment of DNA repair foci. Senescence is initiated by the shortening of telomeres (replicative senescence) or by other endogenous and exogenous acute and chronic stress signals (STASIS: stress or aberrant signaling-induced senescence). The process of carcinogenesis involves a series of changes that allow tumor cells to bypass the senescence program. Nevertheless, tumor cells retain the capacity to undergo senescence. Treatment of tumor cells with many conventional anticancer therapies activates DNA damage signaling pathways, which induce apoptosis in some cells and senescence in others. Overexpression of tumor suppressors or inhibition of oncogenes can also induce rapid senescence in tumor cells. Senescent cells, while not dividing, remain metabolically active and produce many secreted factors, some of which stimulate and others inhibit the growth of tumors. The emerging knowledge about the pathways that lead to senescence and determine the pattern of gene expression in senescent cells may lead to more effective treatments for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Shay
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
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