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Ma J, Tan J, Zhang W, Bai M, Liu K. Prenatal inflammation exposure accelerates lung cancer tumorigenesis in offspring mouse: possible links to IRE1α/XBP1-mediated M2-like polarization of TAMs and PD-L1 up-expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:88. [PMID: 38554175 PMCID: PMC10981640 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal inflammation exposure (PIE) can increase the disease susceptibility in offspring such as lung cancer. Our purpose was to investigate the mechanisms of PIE on lung cancer. METHODS Prenatal BALB/c mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then, their offspring were intraperitoneally instilled with urethane to establish the two-stage lung cancer carcinogenesis model. At the 48 weeks of age, the offspring mice were killed and lung tissues were collected for HE, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Luminex MAGPIX®-based assays. CD11b + F4/80 + tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were sorted out from lung tumor tissues by cell sorting technique. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the extent of M2-like polarization of TAMs and PD-L1 expression. RESULTS The offspring of PIE mice revealed more lung lesion changes, including atypical hyperplasia and intrapulmonary metastases. The number of lung nodules, lung organ index, and PCNA, MMP-9 and Vimentin positive cells in lung tissue of PIE group were higher than those of Control group. The increases of mRNA encoding M2 macrophage markers and cytokines in offspring of prenatal LPS-treated mice confirmed the induced effect of PIE on macrophage polarization. Additionally, PIE treatment increased the percentage of CD163 + CD206 + cells in the sorted TAMs. Importantly, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-markers like GRP78/BIP and CHOP, p-IRE1α and XBP1s, and PD-L1 were up-regulated in TAMs from PIE group. Besides, we also observed that IRE1α inhibitor (KIRA6) reversed the M2-like TAMs polarization and metastasis induced by PIE. CONCLUSIONS IRE1α/XBP1-mediated M2-like TAMs polarization releases the pro-tumorigenic cytokines and PD-L1 expression, which may be the regulatory mechanism of accelerating lung cancer in offspring of mice undergoing PIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, No. 5, Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, No. 5, Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, No. 5, Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Miaochun Bai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, No. 5, Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Keqiang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, No. 5, Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.
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Saputra HA, Jannath KA, Kim KB, Park DS, Shim YB. Conducting polymer composite-based biosensing materials for the diagnosis of lung cancer: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126149. [PMID: 37582435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of a simple and fast cancer detection method is crucial since early diagnosis is a key factor in increasing survival rates for lung cancer patients. Among several diagnosis methods, the electrochemical sensor is the most promising one due to its outstanding performance, portability, real-time analysis, robustness, amenability, and cost-effectiveness. Conducting polymer (CP) composites have been frequently used to fabricate a robust sensor device, owing to their excellent physical and electrochemical properties as well as biocompatibility with nontoxic effects on the biological system. This review brings up a brief overview of the importance of electrochemical biosensors for the early detection of lung cancer, with a detailed discussion on the design and development of CP composite materials for biosensor applications. The review covers the electrochemical sensing of numerous lung cancer markers employing composite electrodes based on the conducting polyterthiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyaniline, polypyrrole, molecularly imprinted polymers, and others. In addition, a hybrid of the electrochemical biosensors and other techniques was highlighted. The outlook was also briefly discussed for the development of CP composite-based electrochemical biosensors for POC diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heru Agung Saputra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Khatun A Jannath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Bok Kim
- Digital Health Care R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Su Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Pathak AK, Husain N, Kant S, Bala L. Reflection of p53 phenotype in tumor tissue by genotypic variants in glutathione S-transferases: An association with DNA damage in lung adenocarcinoma. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Topical VX-509 attenuates psoriatic inflammation through the STAT3/FABP5 pathway in keratinocytes. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106318. [PMID: 35728766 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease, with lesions mainly manifesting as scaly erythematous plaques. The mild or moderate of psoriasis is the main type of patients in hospital, and topical application remains the preferred treatment option for psoriasis therapy, therefore, the development of novel topical agents has an essential role in psoriasis therapy. OBJECTIVE To identify potential drugs for psoriasis topical treatment. METHODS We performed drug screening by Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic like inflammation in mouse model, followed mouse epidermis by RNA-seq to find the key molecules affecting the drug. The qRT-PCR, WB were performed to test mRNA and protein expression, and Chip assay had been conducted to examine Stat3 bound to promoter of FABP5. RESULTS In this study, we identified VX-509, which topical application significantly attenuated IMQ-induced psoriatic like inflammation in mouse model. And then, we verified Epidermal Fatty acid binding protein (E-FABP/FABP5) was significantly decreased in VX-509 treated mouse epidermis by RNA-seq. FABP5 is a key molecule in lipid metabolism, administration of FABP5 inhibitor or knock down of FABP5 expression remarkably abrogated psoriatic inflammation as well as lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, our finding showed that VX-509 blocked IL-22 induced signaling pathway, particular in activation of Stat3. Furthermore, we identified Stat3 is a transcriptional factor associated with FABP5 promoters and VX-509 treatment remarkably attenuated IL-22-induced FABP5 expression through Stat3 in KCs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated administration of VX-509 is a potential promising topical drug for treatment of psoriasis, FABP5 is a critical targeted molecule in psoriasis therapy.
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Gómez Hernández MT, Novoa Valentín NM, Fuentes Gago MG, Embún Flor R, Gómez de Antonio D, Jiménez López MF. Predictive factors of pathological complete response after induction (ypT0N0M0) in non-small cell lung cancer and short-term outcomes: Results of the Spanish Group of Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery (GE-VATS). Cir Esp 2022; 100:345-351. [PMID: 35643356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cireng.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To analyze the predictors of pCR in NSCLC patients who underwent anatomical lung resection after induction therapy and to evaluate the postoperative results of these patients. METHODS All patients prospectively registered in the database of the GE-VATS working group undergone anatomic lung resection by NSCLC after induction treatment and recruited between 12/20/2016 and 3/20/2018 were included in the study. The population was divided into two groups: patients who obtained a complete pathological response after induction (pCR) and patients who did not obtain a complete pathological response after induction (non-pCR). A multivariate analysis was performed using a binary logistic regression to determine the predictors of pCR and the postoperative results of patients were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 241 patients analyzed, 36 patients (14.9%) achieved pCR. Predictive factors for pCR are male sex (OR: 2.814, 95% CI: 1.015-7.806), histology of squamous carcinoma (OR: 3.065, 95% CI: 1.233-7.619) or other than adenocarcinoma (OR: 5.788, 95% CI: 1.878-17.733) and induction therapy that includes radiation therapy (OR: 4.096, 95% CI: 1.785-9.401) and targeted therapies (OR: 7.625, 95% CI: 2.147-27.077). Prevalence of postoperative pulmonary complications was higher in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Male sex, histology of squamous carcinoma or other than ADC, and induction therapy that includes radiotherapy or targeted therapy are positive predictors for obtaining pCR. Induction chemo-radiotherapy is associated with a higher risk of postoperative pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta G Fuentes Gago
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Embún Flor
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet and Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Gómez de Antonio
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
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Baseline Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Assessment May Help Predict Survival in Lung Cancer Patients-A Prospective Cardio-Oncology Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082010. [PMID: 35454916 PMCID: PMC9032028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and cancer coexist and lead to exertional dyspnea. The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic significance of cardiac comorbidities, ECG and baseline echocardiography in lung cancer patients with varying degrees of reduced performance status. This prospective study included 104 patients with histopathologically confirmed lung cancer, pre-qualified for systemic treatment due to metastatic or locally advanced malignancy but not eligible for thoracic surgery. The patients underwent a comprehensive cardio-oncological evaluation. Overall survival negative predictors included low ECOG 2 (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) performance status, stage IV (bone or liver/adrenal metastases in particular), pleural effusion, the use of analgesics and among cardiac factors, two ECG parameters: atrial fibrillation (HR = 2.39) and heart rate >90/min (HR = 1.67). Among echocardiographic parameters, RVSP > 39 mmHg was a negative predictor (HR = 2.01), while RVSP < 21 mmHg and RV free wall strain < −30% were positive predictors (HR = 0.36 and HR = 0.56, respectively), whereas RV GLS < −25.5% had a borderline significance (HR = 0.59; p = 0.05). Logistical regression analysis showed ECOG = 2 significantly correlated with the following echocardiographic parameters: increasing RVSP, RV GLS, RV free wall strain and decreasing ACT, FAC (p < 0.05). Selected echocardiographic parameters may be helpful in predicting poor performance in lung cancer patients and, supplemented with ECG evaluation, broaden the possibilities of prognostic evaluation.
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Zhang D, Dai J, Pan Y, Wang X, Qiao J, Sasano H, Zhao B, McNamara KM, Guan X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Chan MSM, Cao S, Liu M, Song S, Wang L. Overexpression of PELP1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Promoted E 2 Induced Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of the Tumor Cells and Predicted a Worse Outcome of the Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:582443. [PMID: 34257530 PMCID: PMC8262236 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.582443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) has been reported to be dysregulated in non-small cell lung carcinoma, especially in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the functional and prognostic roles of PELP1 in LUAD in this study. We first immunolocalized PELP1 in 76 cases of LUAD and 17 non-pathological or tumorous lung (NTL) tissue specimens and correlated the findings with the clinicopathological parameters of the patients. We then performed in vitro analysis including MTT, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays in order to further explore the biological roles of PELP1 in 17-β-estradiol (E2) induced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells. We subsequently evaluated the prognostic significance of PELP1 in LUAD patients using the online survival analysis tool Kaplan-Meier Plotter. The status of PELP1 immunoreactivity in LUAD was significantly higher than that in the NTL tissues and significantly positively correlated with less differentiated features of carcinoma cells, positive lymph node metastasis, higher clinical stage as well as the status of ERα, ERβ, and PCNA. In vitro study did reveal that E2 promoted cell proliferation and migration and elevated PELP1 protein level in PELP1-high A549 and H1975 cells but not in PELP1-low H-1299 cells. Knock down of PELP1 significantly attenuated E2 induced cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progress as well as migration and invasion of A549 and H1975 cells. Kaplan-Meier Plotter revealed that LUAD cases harboring higher PELP1 expression had significantly shorter overall survival. In summary, PELP1 played a pivotal role in the estrogen-induced aggressive transformation of LUAD and could represent adverse clinical outcome of the LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Jiali Dai
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China.,Traditional Psychological Unit, The Third Hospital of Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Qiao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Baoshan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Keely M McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xue Guan
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Yanzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Monica S M Chan
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shuwen Cao
- Department of Pathology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China.,Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Sihang Song
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
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Gómez Hernández MT, Novoa Valentín NM, Fuentes Gago MG, Embún Flor R, Gómez de Antonio D, Jiménez López MF. Predictive factors of pathological complete response after induction (ypT0N0M0) in non-small cell lung cancer and short-term outcomes: results of the Spanish Group of Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery (GE-VATS). Cir Esp 2021; 100:S0009-739X(21)00039-7. [PMID: 33640140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To analyze the predictors of pathological complete response (pCR) in not small cells lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients who underwent anatomical lung resection after induction therapy and to evaluate the postoperative results of these patients. METHODS All patients prospectively registered in the database of the GE-VATS working group undergone anatomic lung resection by NSCLC after induction treatment and recruited between December 20th 2016, and March 20th 2018, were included in the study. The population was divided into two groups: patients who obtained a complete pathological response after induction (pCR) and patients who did not obtain a complete pathological response after induction (non-pCR). A multivariate analysis was performed using a binary logistic regression to determine the predictors of pCR and the postoperative results of patients were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 241 patients analyzed, 36 patients (14.9%) achieved pCR. Predictive factors for pCR are male sex (OR 2.814, 95% CI 1.015-7.806), histology of squamous carcinoma (OR 3.065, 95% CI 1.233-7.619) or other than adenocarcinoma (ADC) (OR 5.788, 95% CI 1.878-17.733) and induction therapy that includes radiation therapy (OR 4.096, 95% CI 1.785-9.401) and targeted therapies (OR 7.625, 95% CI 2.147-27.077). Prevalence of postoperative pulmonary complications was higher in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Male sex, histology of squamous carcinoma or other than ADC, and induction therapy that includes radiotherapy or targeted therapy are positive predictors for obtaining pCR. Induction chemo-radiotherapy is associated with a higher risk of postoperative pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta G Fuentes Gago
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica. Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | - Raúl Embún Flor
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet y Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - David Gómez de Antonio
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, España
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Chang HR, Jung E, Cho S, Jeon YJ, Kim Y. Targeting Non-Oncogene Addiction for Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:129. [PMID: 33498235 PMCID: PMC7909239 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and technological advances have been useful in identifying genetic profiles of tumorigenesis, novel target proteins and various clinical biomarkers, cancer continues to be a major global health threat. DNA replication, DNA damage response (DDR) and repair, and cell cycle regulation continue to be essential systems in targeted cancer therapies. Although many genes involved in DDR are known to be tumor suppressor genes, cancer cells are often dependent and addicted to these genes, making them excellent therapeutic targets. In this review, genes implicated in DNA replication, DDR, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation are discussed with reference to peptide or small molecule inhibitors which may prove therapeutic in cancer patients. Additionally, the potential of utilizing novel synthetic lethal genes in these pathways is examined, providing possible new targets for future therapeutics. Specifically, we evaluate the potential of TONSL as a novel gene for targeted therapy. Although it is a scaffold protein with no known enzymatic activity, the strategy used for developing PCNA inhibitors can also be utilized to target TONSL. This review summarizes current knowledge on non-oncogene addiction, and the utilization of synthetic lethality for developing novel inhibitors targeting non-oncogenic addiction for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ryung Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Eunyoung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Soobin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Young-Jun Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
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Synthetic and antitumor comparison of 9-O-alkylated and carbohydrate-modified berberine derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang L, Yang X, Li X, Stoika R, Wang X, Lin H, Ma Y, Wang R, Liu K. Synthesis of hydrophobically modified berberine derivatives with high anticancer activity through modulation of the MAPK pathway. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid-modified berberine derivative induces apoptosis of A549 cells and affects the expression of proteins associated with the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250353
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
| | - Xueliang Yang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250353
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250353
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
| | - Rostyslav Stoika
- Department of Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis
- Institute of Cell Biology
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Lviv
- Ukraine
| | - Xue Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250353
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
| | - Houwen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yukui Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Drugs
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- 250101 Jinan
- China
| | - Rongchun Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250353
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250353
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
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Li M, Zhang L, Tang W, Duan JC, Jin YJ, Qi LL, Wu N. Dual-energy spectral CT characteristics in surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma: comparison between Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene mutations and epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Cancer Imaging 2019; 19:77. [PMID: 31783917 PMCID: PMC6884869 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-019-0261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are the two most frequent and well-known oncogene of lung adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics measured with dual-energy spectral computed tomography (DESCT) in lung adenocarcinoma patients who have KRAS and EGFR gene mutations. METHODS Patients with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma (n = 72) were enrolled, including 12 patients with KRAS mutations and 60 patients with EGFR mutations. DESCT quantitative parameters, including the CT number at 70 keV, the slopes of the spectral attenuation curves (slope λ HU), normalized iodine concentration (NIC), normalized water concentration (NWC), and effective atomic number (effective Z), were analyzed. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to discriminate clinical and DESCT characteristics between the types of mutations. RESULTS The KRAS mutation was more common in people who smoked than the EGFR mutation. Nodule type differed significantly between the KRAS and EGFR groups (P = 0.035), and all KRAS mutation adenocarcinomas were solid nodules. Most DESCT quantitative parameters differed significantly between solid nodules and subsolid nodules. CT number at 70 keV, slope λ HU, NIC, and effective Z differed significantly between the KRAS and EGFR groups (P = 0.006, 0.017, 0.013 and 0.010) with solid lung adenocarcinoma. Multivariate logistic analysis of DESCT and clinical features indicated that besides smoking history, the CT value at 70 keV (OR = 0.938, P = 0.009) was significant independent factor that could be used to differentiate KRAS and EGFR mutations in solid lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS DESCT would be a potential tool to differentiate lung adenocarcinoma patients with a KRAS mutation from those with an EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian-Chun Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yu-Jing Jin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin-Lin Qi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,PET-CT Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Zhou H, Huang T, Xiong Y, Peng L, Wang R, Zhang GJ. The prognostic value of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13752. [PMID: 30558098 PMCID: PMC6319909 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have attempted to determine the prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), but the reports are controversial and inconsistent. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the value of PCNA in CRC prognosis. METHODS A systematic search of relevant studies was performed in 4 electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science until February 2018. Hazard ratios (HRs) combined with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to evaluate the relationship of PCNA expression with overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS A total of 1372 CRC patients in 14 studies were identified eventually in our meta-analysis. The pooled HRs demonstrated that CRC patients with high PCNA expression was significantly correlated with poor OS (HR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.51-2.17; P = .000), CSS (HR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.04-3.79; P = .037); but not significantly with DFS (HR = 2.48; 95% CI: 0.98-6.26; P = .055). Sensitivity analysis showed the pooled HRs for OS, CSS, and DFS were stable when the included studies were removed one by one. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggested that high PCNA expression was associated with poor prognosis, and it could serve as a reliable and prognostic biomarker in CRC patients. More large-scale studies are needed to further support the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhou
- The Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province
| | - Yongfu Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Linglong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province
| | - Guang jun Zhang
- The Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
- Institute of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Intestinal Disease, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Cappuzzo F, Toschi L, Finocchiaro G, Ligorio C, Santoro A. Surrogate Predictive Biomarkers for Response to Anti-EGFR Agents: State of the Art and Challenges. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 22:10-23. [DOI: 10.1177/17246008070221s403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in cancer development and progression in several human malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several strategies aimed at inhibiting the EGFR have been investigated in the last years, including the use of small tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) directed against the intracellular domain of the receptor and monoclonal antibodies targeting its extracellular portion. Subgroups of patients who are more likely to respond to TKIs have been identified based on both clincal and biological features. Never-smoking history has emerged as the most relevant clinical characteristic predictive of response to TKIs in NSCLC, while presence of drug-sensitive EGFR mutations and EGFR gene gain represent critical biological variables associated with an improved outcome for patients exposed to these agents. Recent studies have highlighted the existence of biological factors involved in intrinsic and acquired resistance to TKIs, including k-ras, HER-2 and EGFR exon 20 mutations. Increasing knowledge of EGFR biology and drug-receptor interactions will allow to identify individuals who are likely to derive a clinical benefit from the proposed targeted therapy, sparing refractory patients expensive and potentially toxic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cappuzzo
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan - Italy
| | - L. Toschi
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan - Italy
| | - G. Finocchiaro
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan - Italy
| | - C. Ligorio
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan - Italy
| | - A. Santoro
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan - Italy
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Li H, Sandhu M, Malkas LH, Hickey RJ, Vaidehi N. How Does the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Modulate Binding Specificity to Multiple Partner Proteins? J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:3011-3021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Li
- Department
of Molecular Immunology and ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Manbir Sandhu
- Department
of Molecular Immunology and ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Linda H. Malkas
- Department
of Molecular Immunology and ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Department
of Molecular Immunology and ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Department
of Molecular Immunology and ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, United States
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KRAS Mutation Is a Significant Prognostic Factor in Early-stage Lung Adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 40:1579-1590. [PMID: 27740967 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential clinical impact of KRAS and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations has been investigated in lung adenocarcinomas; however, their prognostic value remains controversial. In our study, we sought to investigate the prognostic significance of driver mutations using a large cohort of early-stage lung adenocarcinomas. We reviewed patients with pathologic early-stage, lymph node-negative, solitary lung adenocarcinoma who had undergone surgical resection (1995 to 2005; stage I/II=463/19). Tumors were classified according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification and genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY system and polymerase chain reaction-based assays. In stage I disease, the Kaplan-Meier method and cumulative incidence of recurrence analyses were used to estimate the probability of overall survival (OS) and recurrence, respectively. Of all, 129 (27%) patients had mutations in KRAS, 86 (18%) in EGFR, 8 (2%) in BRAF, 8 (2%) in PIK3CA, 4 (1%) in NRAS, and 1 (0.2%) in AKT1. EGFR L858R mutation correlated with lepidic predominant histology (P=0.006), whereas exon 19 deletion correlated with acinar predominant histology (P<0.001). EGFR mutations were not detected in invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas (P=0.033). The 5-year OS of patients with KRAS-mutant tumors was significantly worse (n=124; 5-year OS, 63%) than those with KRAS wild-type (n=339; 77%; P<0.001). In solid predominant tumors, KRAS mutations correlated with worse OS (P=0.008) and increased risk of recurrence (P=0.005). On multivariate analysis, KRAS mutation was an independent prognosticator of OS in all patients (hazard ratio, 1.87; P<0.001) and recurrence in solid predominant tumors (hazard ratio, 4.73; P=0.012). In patients with resected stage I lung adenocarcinomas, KRAS mutation was an independent prognostic factor for OS and recurrence, especially in solid predominant tumors.
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From Proteomic Analysis to Potential Therapeutic Targets: Functional Profile of Two Lung Cancer Cell Lines, A549 and SW900, Widely Studied in Pre-Clinical Research. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165973. [PMID: 27814385 PMCID: PMC5096714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a serious health problem and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The standard use of cell lines as in vitro pre-clinical models to study the molecular mechanisms that drive tumorigenesis and access drug sensitivity/effectiveness is of undisputable importance. Label-free mass spectrometry and bioinformatics were employed to study the proteomic profiles of two representative lung cancer cell lines and to unravel the specific biological processes. Adenocarcinoma A549 cells were enriched in proteins related to cellular respiration, ubiquitination, apoptosis and response to drug/hypoxia/oxidative stress. In turn, squamous carcinoma SW900 cells were enriched in proteins related to translation, apoptosis, response to inorganic/organic substances and cytoskeleton organization. Several proteins with differential expression were related to cancer transformation, tumor resistance, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. Combined analysis of proteome and interactome data highlighted key proteins and suggested that adenocarcinoma might be more prone to PI3K/Akt/mTOR and topoisomerase IIα inhibitors, and squamous carcinoma to Ck2 inhibitors. Moreover, ILF3 overexpression in adenocarcinoma, and PCNA and NEDD8 in squamous carcinoma shows them as promising candidates for therapeutic purposes. This study highlights the functional proteomic differences of two main subtypes of lung cancer models and hints several targeted therapies that might assist in this type of cancer.
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18
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KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancers in the Era of Targeted Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 893:155-178. [PMID: 26667343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
KRAS-mutant lung cancers account for approximately 25% of non-small cell lung carcinomas, thus representing an enormous burden of cancer worldwide. KRAS mutations are clear drivers of tumor growth and are characterized by a complex biology involving the interaction between mutant KRAS, various growth factor pathways, and tumor suppressor genes. While KRAS mutations are classically associated with a significant smoking history, they are also identified in a substantial proportion of never-smokers. These mutations are found largely in lung adenocarcinomas with solid growth patterns and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. A variety of tools are available for diagnosis including Sanger sequencing, multiplex mutational hotspot profiling, and next-generation sequencing. The prognostic and predictive roles of KRAS status remain controversial. It has become increasingly clear, however, that KRAS mutations drive primary resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition. Until recently, mutant KRAS was not thought of as a clinically-targetable driver in lung cancers. With the expansion of our knowledge regarding the biology of KRAS-mutant lung cancers and the role of MEK and PI3K/mTOR inhibition, the face of targeted therapeutics for this genomic subset of patients is slowly beginning to change.
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Abstract
The seventh edition of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) TNM staging system was developed by the International Association for the Staging of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Lung Cancer Staging Project by a coordinated international effort to develop data-derived TNM classifications with significant survival differences. Based on these TNM groupings, current 5-year survival estimates in NSLCC range from 73 % in stage IA disease to 13 % in stage IV disease. TNM stage remains the most important prognostic factor in predicting recurrence rates and survival times, followed by tumor histologic grade, and patient sex, age, and performance status. Molecular prognostication in lung cancer is an exploding area of research where interest has moved beyond TNM stage and into individualized genetic tumor analysis with immunohistochemistry, microarray, and mutation profiles. However, despite intense research efforts and countless publications, no molecular prognostic marker has been adopted into clinical use since most fail in subsequent cross-validation with few exceptions. The recent interest in immunotherapy for NSCLC has identified new biomarkers with early evidence that suggests that PD-L1 is a predictive marker of a good response to new immunotherapy drugs but a poor prognostic indicator of overall survival. Future prognostication of outcomes in NSCLC will likely be based on a combination of TNM stage and molecular tumor profiling and yield more precise, individualized survival estimates and treatment algorithms.
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20
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Zhang J, Wang S, Wang L, Wang R, Chen S, Pan B, Sun Y, Chen H. Prognostic value of Bcl-2 expression in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3361-9. [PMID: 26604794 PMCID: PMC4655977 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s89275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective B-cell-lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) is a proto-oncogene that plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis and cell survival. However, there are much conflicting data in the literature concerning the association between Bcl-2 and prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There is little in the way of meta-analysis focused on Bcl-2 and its effect on NSCLC prognosis. This study was performed to provide an assessment of whether expression levels of Bcl-2 are associated with prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Materials and methods We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for all eligible studies. The combined hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in terms of overall survival were evaluated. Results Fifty published studies including 6,863 patients with lung cancer were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, Bcl-2 was expressed in 33% of the NSCLC tumors studied. Our analysis indicates that NSCLC patients with Bcl-2-positive expression have a better prognosis than those with Bcl-2-negative expression in both Asian and non-Asian study populations (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.72–0.87, P<0.00001). However, Bcl-2-positive expression seems to have no significant impact on survival of stage I NSCLC patients. Conclusion Our results indicated that Bcl-2 might be a useful prognostic marker for NSCLC generally. Larger clinical trials are needed to confirm the prognostic value of Bcl-2 in stage I NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufeng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhao XD, He YY, Gao J, Zhao C, Zhang LL, Tian JY, Chen HL. High expression of Bcl-2 protein predicts favorable outcome in non-small cell lung cancer: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:8861-9. [PMID: 25374220 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of Bcl-2 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is under debate. We therefore systematically reviewed the evidence for Bcl-2 protein effects on NSCLC survival to elucidate this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search in Pubmed and Embase complemented by manual searches in article references were conducted to identify eligible studies to evaluate the association between Bcl-2 protein expression and overall survival (OS) as well as disease free survival (DFS) of NSCLC patients. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were pooled using the random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 50 trials (including 52 cohorts) encompassing 7,765 patients were pooled in the meta-analysis regarding Bcl-2 expression and OS of NSCLC patients. High expression of Bcl-2 protein had a favorable impact (HR=0.76, 95%CI=0.67-0.86). In the group of Bcl-2 expression and DFS, 11 studies including 2,634 patients were included. The synthesized result indicated high expression of Bcl-2 protein might predict good DFS (HR=0.85, 95%CI=0.75-0.95). CONCLUSIONS Our present meta-analysis demonstrated favorable prognostic values of Bcl-2 expression in patients with NSCLC. Further prospective trails are welcomed to validate the utility of assessing Bcl-2 in NSCLC patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Da Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China E-mail :
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Xing W, Song W, Xu ZF, Song YH. Effect of lupeol on proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1411-1419. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i9.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of lupeol on the growth and apoptosis of hepatic carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells and explore the mechanism involved.
METHODS: After SMMC-7721 cells were treated by different concentrations of lupeol (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 µg/mL) for different durations (24, 36 or 48 h), cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. The SMMC-7721 cells were also tested by flow cytometry after treatment with different concentrations of lupeol for 48 h. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in SMMC-7721 cells was tested by Western blot. Xenograft tumors of SMMC-7721 grown in nude mice were tested by immunohistochemistry to assess the microvessel density (MVD) and the effect of lupeol on angiogenesis.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells was inhibited by lupeol in a time and concentration dependent manner. The cell cycle of SMMC-7721 cells was blocked at G0/G1 by lupeol. Lupeol also resulted in apoptosis. Lupeol up-regulated the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2, down-regulated the expression of Bax (P < 0.05), and decreased MVD (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Lupeol can inhibit SMMC-7721 cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis.
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Massuti B, Sanchez JM, Hernando-Trancho F, Karachaliou N, Rosell R. Are we ready to use biomarkers for staging, prognosis and treatment selection in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer? Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 2:208-21. [PMID: 25806234 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. At present, platinum-based therapy represents the standard of care in fit stage II and IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients following surgical resection. In advanced disease, personalized chemotherapy and targeted biologic therapy based on histological and molecular tumor profiling have already shown promise in terms of optimizing treatment efficacy. While disease stage is associated with outcome and is commonly used to determine adjuvant treatment eligibility, it is known that a subset of patients with early stage disease experience shorter survival than others with the same clinicopathological characteristics. Improved methods for identifying these individuals, at or near the time of initial diagnosis, may inform the decision to pursue adjuvant therapy options. Among the numerous candidate molecular biomarkers, only few gene-expression profiling signatures provide clinically relevant information, while real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (RT-qPCR) strategy involving relatively small numbers of genes offers a practical alternative with high cross-platform performance. mRNA and/or protein expression levels of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1), ribonucleotide reductase M subunit 1 (RRM1) and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) are among the most promising potential biomarkers for early disease and their clinical utility is currently being evaluated in randomized phase II and III clinical trials. This review describes the most promising clinicopathological and molecular biomarkers with predictive and prognostic significance in lung cancer that have been identified through advanced research and which could influence adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy decisions for operable NSCLC in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niki Karachaliou
- Breakthrough Cancer Research Unit, Pangaea Biotech S.L, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Breakthrough Cancer Research Unit, Pangaea Biotech S.L, Barcelona, Spain ; ; Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Spain
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Starmans MHW, Pintilie M, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Moon NC, Haider S, Nguyen F, Lau SK, Liu N, Kasprzyk A, Wouters BG, Der SD, Shepherd FA, Jurisica I, Penn LZ, Tsao MS, Lambin P, Boutros PC. Integrating RAS status into prognostic signatures for adenocarcinomas of the lung. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1477-86. [PMID: 25609067 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the dysregulation of specific pathways in cancer influences both treatment response and outcome, few current prognostic markers explicitly consider differential pathway activation. Here we explore this concept, focusing on K-Ras mutations in lung adenocarcinoma (present in 25%-35% of patients). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of K-Ras mutation status on prognostic accuracy of existing signatures was evaluated in 404 patients. Genes associated with K-Ras mutation status were identified and used to create a RAS pathway activation classifier to provide a more accurate measure of RAS pathway status. Next, 8 million random signatures were evaluated to assess differences in prognosing patients with or without RAS activation. Finally, a prognostic signature was created to target patients with RAS pathway activation. RESULTS We first show that K-Ras status influences the accuracy of existing prognostic signatures, which are effective in K-Ras-wild-type patients but fail in patients with K-Ras mutations. Next, we show that it is fundamentally more difficult to predict the outcome of patients with RAS activation (RAS(mt)) than that of those without (RAS(wt)). More importantly, we demonstrate that different signatures are prognostic in RAS(wt) and RAS(mt). Finally, to exploit this discovery, we create separate prognostic signatures for RAS(wt) and RAS(mt) patients and show that combining them significantly improves predictions of patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS We present a nested model for integrated genomic and transcriptomic data. This model is general and is not limited to lung adenocarcinomas but can be expanded to other tumor types and oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud H W Starmans
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada. Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Melania Pintilie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathalie C Moon
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Syed Haider
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Nguyen
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suzanne K Lau
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ni Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arek Kasprzyk
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada. Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaelle Hospital, Milan, Italy. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bradly G Wouters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandy D Der
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada. Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Prognostic evaluation of Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, PCNA, Ki67 and E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 32:433. [PMID: 25491144 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate expression and prognostic impact of Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki67 and E-cadherin in patients with gastric cancer (GC) by immunohistochemistry. A total of 69 patients were recruited who underwent gastrectomy between 2008 and 2009. We found that expression levels of Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, PCNA, Ki67 and E-cadherin were 26.1, 53.6, 49.3, 52.2, 60.9 and 60.9 %, respectively. Co-expression of more than any two proteins (defined as high-risk group) was detected in 43 of 69 (62.3 %) patients with GC. Only positive expression of Oct4 had relationship with lymphatic invasion (p = 0.013), and positive expression of Ki67 was correlated with T classification (p = 0.011). Furthermore, positive expression of Oct4 (p = 0.043), PCNA (p = 0.035) and Ki67 (p = 0.023) was significantly associated with poor 3-year disease-free survival (DFS). The same result was detected in patients with E-cadherin reduced expression (p = 0.022). But only PCNA positive expression predicted poor overall survival (p = 0.042) in univariate analysis. In addition, 3-year DFS was 20 % in high-risk group and 71 % in low-risk group. The same tendency was found between OS and co-expression of proteins. There was a remarkable difference between DFS or OS and co-expression of more than two proteins (p = 0.000). Multivariate analysis showed that E-cadherin and co-expression were independent prognostic factors of 3-year diseases-free survival. But only co-expression of more than two markers dramatically affected the survival of GC patients. These findings provide evidence that combined evaluation of Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, PCNA, Ki67 and E-cadherin may be a more powerful prognostic factor to predict relapse and distant metastasis for patients with GC.
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Wang SC. PCNA: a silent housekeeper or a potential therapeutic target? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:178-86. [PMID: 24655521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is known as a molecular marker for proliferation given its role in replication. Three identical molecules of PCNA form a molecular sliding clamp around the DNA double helix. This provides an essential platform on which multiple proteins are dynamically recruited and coordinately regulated. Over the past decade, new research has provided a deeper comprehension of PCNA as a coordinator of essential cellular functions for cell growth, death, and maintenance. Although the biology of PCNA in proliferation has been comprehensively reviewed, research progress in unveiling the potential of targeting PCNA for disease treatment has not been systematically discussed. Here we briefly summarize the basic structural and functional characteristics of PCNA, and then discuss new developments in its protein interactions, trimer formation, and signaling regulation that open the door to possible therapeutic targeting of PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chun Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Cho JY, Sung HJ. Proteomic approaches in lung cancer biomarker development. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 6:27-42. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.6.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
A greater understanding of non-small-cell lung cancer at a molecular level has led to the identification of an increasing number of driver mutations. Extensive research of the KRAS gene as well as specific mutations has established its role in tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the role of KRAS oncogene in non-small-cell lung cancer remains unclear. Recent studies indicated that mutant KRAS could be predictive of lack of response to chemotherapy, but large pooled analysis failed to confirm this result. The predictive value of KRAS mutation and EGFR-TKI treatment is more ambiguous with some recent evidence suggesting that it may be a negative predictive biomarker. This review provides an overview of RAS biology, assesses the utility of KRAS as a prognostic marker, and evaluates its role as a predictive marker for response to chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs. In addition, we review some current studies that are targeting the KRAS pathway.
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Prognostic value of K-RAS mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 2013; 81:1-10. [PMID: 23608713 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
K-RAS gene mutations have been found in 20-30% of non-small cell lung cancer and occur most commonly in adenocarcinoma, however, there was no definitive conclusion about the prognostic role of K-RAS mutations in NSCLC. Herein we performed a systematic review of the literatures with meta-analysis to assess K-RAS mutations' prognostic value in NSCLC. After a methodological assessment, survival data from published studies were aggregated. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in terms of overall survival. 41 trials (6939 patients) were included in the analysis, the overall HR was 1.45 (95% CI: 1.29-1.62), showing that K-RAS mutations have an unfavorable impact on survival of patients with NSCLC. Then a subgroup analysis was performed about ethnicity, the combined HR was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.58-2.44) for Asians, and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.25-1.5) for non-Asians. In subgroup analysis of histology, the HR was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.24-1.55) for adenocarcinoma, suggesting that K-RAS mutations were correlated with shortened survival for adenocarcinoma. When the subgroup analysis was conducted according to disease stage, K-RAS mutations were poor prognostic factors in early stages: stage I (1.81; 95% CI: 1.36-2.39) and stage I-IIIa (1.68; 95% CI: 1.11-2.55), but not in advanced stage (IIIb-IV) (1.3; 95% CI: 0.99-1.71). At last, in subgroup analysis about test methods, all of the four methods: PCR-MSOP (1.73; 95% CI: 1.35-2.2), PCR-DGGE (1.27; 95% CI: 1.01-1.62), PCR-RFLP (1.88; 95% CI: 1.42-2.49) and PCR-seq (1.34; 95% CI: 1.14-1.58) showed statistically significant impact on survival of NSCLC patients. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that K-RAS mutations are associated with a worse overall survival in patients with NSCLC, especially in patients with adenocarcinoma and early stage.
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Yu YL, Chou RH, Liang JH, Chang WJ, Su KJ, Tseng YJ, Huang WC, Wang SC, Hung MC. Targeting the EGFR/PCNA signaling suppresses tumor growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells with cell-penetrating PCNA peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61362. [PMID: 23593472 PMCID: PMC3620387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine 211 (Y211) phosphorylation of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) coincides with pronounced cancer cell proliferation and correlates with poor survival of breast cancer patients. In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant cells, both nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) expression and PCNA Y211 phosphorylation are increased. Moreover, the resistance to EGFR TKI is a major clinical problem in treating EGFR-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, effective treatment to combat resistance is urgently needed. Here, we show that treatment of cell-penetrating PCNA peptide (CPPP) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human TNBC cells. The Y211F CPPP specifically targets EGFR and competes directly for PCNA tyrosine Y211 phosphorylation and prevents nEGFR from binding PCNA in vivo; it also suppresses tumor growth by sensitizing EGFR TKI resistant cells, which have enhanced nEGFR function and abrogated classical EGFR membrane signaling. Furthermore, we identify an active motif of CPPP, RFLNFF (RF6 CPPP), which is necessary and sufficient to inhibit TKI-resistant TNBC cell growth of orthotopic implanted tumor in mice. Finally, the activity of its synthetic retro-inverted derivative, D-RF6 CPPP, on an equimolar basis, is more potent than RF6 CPPP. Our study reveals a drug candidate with translational potential for the future development of safe and effective therapeutic for EGFR TKI resistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLY); (MCH)
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Liang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YLY); (MCH)
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Guan JL, Zhong WZ, An SJ, Yang JJ, Su J, Chen ZH, Yan HH, Chen ZY, Huang ZM, Zhang XC, Nie Q, Wu YL. KRAS mutation in patients with lung cancer: a predictor for poor prognosis but not for EGFR-TKIs or chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23208128 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic and predictive value of KRAS mutations in patients with lung cancer is controversial. Biases in disease stage, treatment regimen, small-scale patient studies, and biomarker status have led to inconsistent results in previous reports. METHODS The KRAS and EGFR genes were examined in 1935 consecutive patients with non-small cell lung cancer. All patients were divided into KRAS mutation (KRAS group), EGFR mutation (EGFR group), and KRAS/EGFR wild type (WT group) groups. Randomly selected cases were paired with patients with the KRAS mutation, the EGFR mutation, and KRAS/EGFR wild type patients according to tumor, node, metastasis stage, time of first visit within 1 year, and pathology. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox models. RESULTS The KRAS mutation rate for lung adenocarcinoma was 5.90 %. The overall survival was 14.47, 20.57, and 42.73 months for the KRAS group, WT group, and EGFR group, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that KRAS mutation status was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 2.69, 95 % confidence interval 1.91-3.80, P < 0.001). No difference was found in PFS and tumor responsiveness between patients with a KRAS mutation and those with wild type KRAS/EGFR for chemotherapy and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). PFS did not significantly differ for chemotherapy among the three groups (P = 0.270). CONCLUSIONS KRAS mutation is a poor prognosis factor, but it is not an independent predictor of response to EGFR-TKI or chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-lin Guan
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Zhao H, Lo YH, Ma L, Waltz SE, Gray JK, Hung MC, Wang SC. Targeting tyrosine phosphorylation of PCNA inhibits prostate cancer growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:29-36. [PMID: 21220489 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a critical protein required for DNA replication in proliferating cells including cancer cells. However, direct inhibition of PCNA in cancer cells has been difficult due to the lack of targetable sites. We previously reported that phosphorylation of tyrosine 211 (Y211) on PCNA is important for the proliferative function of PCNA when this protein is associated with the chromatin in cancer cells. Here, we show that the Y211 phosphorylation of PCNA is a frequent event in advanced prostate cancer. To explore the potential of this signaling event in inhibition of cancer cell growth, we used a synthetic peptide, the Y211F peptide, which when present inhibits phosphorylation of Y211 on endogenous PCNA. Treatment with this peptide, but not a scrambled control peptide, resulted in S-phase arrest, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and enhanced cell death in a panel of human prostate cancer cell lines. In addition, treatment with the Y211F peptide led to decreased tumor growth in PC3-derived xenograft tumors in vivo in nude mice. Our study shows for the first time that PCNA phosphorylation at Y211 is a frequent and biologically important signaling event in prostate cancer. This study also shows a proof of concept that Y211 phosphorylation of PCNA may be used as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer cells, including cells of advanced cancers that are refractory to standard hormonal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhao
- Corresponding Author: Shao-Chun Wang, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, 3125 Eden Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Ioannidis G, Georgoulias V, Souglakos J. How close are we to customizing chemotherapy in early non-small cell lung cancer? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2011; 3:185-205. [PMID: 21904580 PMCID: PMC3150068 DOI: 10.1177/1758834011409973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 5-year survival rates range from 77% for stage IA tumors to 23% in stage IIIA disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy has recently been established as a standard of care for resected stage II-III NSCLC, on the basis of large-scale clinical trials employing third-generation platinum-based regimens. As the overall absolute 5-year survival benefit from this approach does not exceed 5% and potential long-term complications are an issue of concern, the aim of customized adjuvant systemic treatment is to optimize the toxicity/benefit ratio, so that low-risk individuals are spared from unnecessary intervention, while avoiding undertreatment of high-risk patients, including those with stage I disease. Therefore, the application of reliable prognostic and predictive biomarkers would enable to identify appropriate patients for the most effective treatment.This is an overview of the data available on the most promising clinicopathological and molecular biomarkers that could affect adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy decisions for operable NSCLC in routine practice. Among the numerous candidate molecular biomarkers, only few gene-expression profiling signatures provide clinically relevant information warranting further validation. On the other hand, real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction strategy involving relatively small number of genes offers a practical alternative, with high cross-platform performance. Although data extrapolation from the metastatic setting should be cautious, the concept of personalized, pharmacogenomics-guided chemotherapy for early NSCLC seems feasible, and is currently being evaluated in randomized phase 2 and 3 trials. The mRNA and/or protein expression levels of excision repair cross-complementation group 1, ribonucleotide reductase M1 and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 are among the most potential biomarkers for early disease, with stage-independent prognostic and predictive values, the clinical utility of which is being validated prospectively. Inter-assay discordance in determining the biomarker status and association with clinical outcomes is noteworthing.
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Liu C, Liu J, Wang X, Mao W, Jiang L, Ni H, Mo M, Wang W. Prognostic impact of nm23-H1 and PCNA expression in pathologic stage I non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:181-6. [PMID: 21495034 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of nm23-H1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression as well as other confirmed prognostic factors in predicting the clinical outcome after definitive surgery of pathologic stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Four hundred fifty-two consecutive and non-selected patients who underwent definitive surgery for stage I NSCLC were included in this study. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were stained for nm23-H1 and PCNA, the correlation between the staining and its clinicopathological parameters, and its prognostic power were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Of the 452 patients studied, 320 cases (70.8%) were high expression for nm23-H1. A total of 182 carcinomas (40.3%) were PCNA high expression tumors. PCNA expression correlated with serum CEA level (P < 0.001), and differentiation (P < 0.001). In univariate analysis by log-rank test, serum CEA level, pT stage, differentiation, nm23-H1 expression, and PCNA expression were significant prognostic factors (P = 0.037, 0.021, <0.001, 0.042, and 0.014, respectively). In multivariate analysis, pT stage and nm23-H1 expression maintained its independent prognostic influence on overall survival (P = 0.041 and 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS nm23-H1 may be a good biomarker to be applied in clinic to predict the prognosis of patients with completely resected pathologic stage I NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Nantong University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
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Mao C, Qiu LX, Liao RY, Du FB, Ding H, Yang WC, Li J, Chen Q. KRAS mutations and resistance to EGFR-TKIs treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis of 22 studies. Lung Cancer 2010; 69:272-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Blumenschein GR, Gatzemeier U, Fossella F, Stewart DJ, Cupit L, Cihon F, O'Leary J, Reck M. Phase II, multicenter, uncontrolled trial of single-agent sorafenib in patients with relapsed or refractory, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4274-80. [PMID: 19652055 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.22.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor that targets the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK mitogenic signaling pathway and the angiogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. We evaluated the antitumor response and tolerability of sorafenib in patients with relapsed or refractory, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), most of whom had received prior platinum-based chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a phase II, single-arm, multicenter study. Patients with relapsed or refractory advanced NSCLC received sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily until tumor progression or an unacceptable drug-related toxicity occurred. The primary objective was to measure response rate. RESULTS Of 54 patients enrolled, 52 received sorafenib. The predominant histologies were adenocarcinoma (54%) and squamous cell carcinoma (31%). No complete or partial responses were observed. Stable disease (SD) was achieved in 30 (59%) of the 51 patients who were evaluable for efficacy. Four patients with SD developed tumor cavitation. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.7 months, and median overall survival was 6.7 months. Patients with SD had a median PFS of 5.5 months. Major grades 3 to 4, treatment-related toxicities included hand-foot skin reaction (10%), hypertension (4%), fatigue (2%), and diarrhea (2%). Nine patients died within a 30-day period after discontinuing sorafenib, and one patient experienced pulmonary hemorrhage that was considered drug related. CONCLUSION Continuous treatment with sorafenib 400 mg twice daily was associated with disease stabilization in patients with advanced NSCLC. The broad activity of sorafenib and its acceptable toxicity profile suggest that additional investigation of sorafenib as therapy for patients with NSCLC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Blumenschein
- The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 432, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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Tas F, Duranyildiz D, Oguz H, Camlica H, Yasasever V, Topuz E. Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Bcl-2 Levels in Advanced Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Invest 2009; 24:576-80. [PMID: 16982461 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600894781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic changes in cancer process are assumed to be genetic alterations about the imbalance of cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death. This study was conducted to determine the value of the circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Bcl-2 in patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These serum factors were measured of 52 NSCLC patients pathologically verified on before and after chemotherapy in comparison with 16 healthy controls by using ELISA method. Both of the serum levels of VEGF (p = 0.015) and Bcl-2 (p < 0.001) were increased significantly in NSCLC patients compared with the healthy controls. No statistically significant relationships between investigated elevated serum parameters and various characteristics of patients and disease such as stage and tumor burden were determined. Likewise, we also found no correlation between serum VEGF and Bcl-2. Cytotoxic therapy of patients was accompanied by unchanged serum levels of serum factors. The median survival of all patients was 27 weeks and one-year survival rate was 22.4 percent. With the median serum levels as the cut-off value, patients were divided into high- and low-serum parameter groups. While we found that patients' performance status (p < 0.0001), serum LDH level (p = 0.0002), response to chemotherapy (p = 0.0023), and stage of the disease (p = 0.0085) were prognostic factors for survival, serum VEGF (p = 0.48) and Bcl-2 (p = 0.91) levels were determined as ineffective on survival in patients with advanced NSCLC. In conclusion, our data suggest that these serum factors, VEGF and Bcl-2, are useful diagnostic factors, not predictive and prognostic markers for overall survival in advanced NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Tas
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Schittenhelm MM, Kollmannsberger C, Oechsle K, Harlow A, Morich J, Honecker F, Kurek R, Störkel S, Kanz L, Corless CL, Wong KK, Bokemeyer C, Heinrich MC. Molecular determinants of response to matuzumab in combination with paclitaxel for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:481-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Epidermal growth factor receptor intron-1 polymorphism predicts gefitinib outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 3:1104-11. [PMID: 18827605 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181861d67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene intron 1 contains a polymorphic single sequence dinucleotide repeat (CA)n whose length has been found to inversely correlate with transcriptional activity. This study was designed to assess the role of (CA)n polymorphism in predicting the outcome of gefitinib treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Blood and tumor tissue from 58 patients with advanced NSCLC submitted to gefitinib were collected. EGFR intron 1 gene polymorphism, along with EGFR gene mutation, gene copy number and immunohistochemistry expression were determined. Moreover, a panel of lung cancer cell lines characterized for EGFR intron 1 polymorphism was also studied. RESULTS EGFR intron 1 polymorphism showed a statistically significant correlation with the gefitinib response (response rate 25 versus 0%, for patients with a (CA)16 and with a (CA)else genotype, respectively; p = 0.044). Patients with a (CA)16 genotype had a longer survival compared with those with a (CA)else genotype (11.4 versus 4.8 months, respectively; p = 0.037). In addition, cell lines lacking the (CA)16 allele showed a statistically significant higher IC50 compared with cell lines bearing at least one (CA)16 allele (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS This study supports a potential role of EGFR intron 1 polymorphism in predicting the outcome of gefitinib treatment in advanced NSCLC.
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Fujioka S, Shomori K, Nishihara K, Yamaga K, Nosaka K, Araki K, Haruki T, Taniguchi Y, Nakamura H, Ito H. Expression of minichromosome maintenance 7 (MCM7) in small lung adenocarcinomas (pT1): Prognostic implication. Lung Cancer 2009; 65:223-9. [PMID: 19144445 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins, essential molecules in the initiation and elongation of DNA replication, have been considered to be good indicators of cell proliferation. We examined the expressions of MCM7 and Ki-67 in lung adenocarcinomas (ACs) with a diameter less than 3cm (pT1), to clarify their pathobiological significance. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to obtain labeling indices (LIs%) for MCM7, MCM2 and Ki-67 in 100 surgically removed pT1 ACs. The LIs were compared with clinicopathological profiles and overall survival rates. The mean LIs of MCM7 and Ki-67 were 20.2+/-15.2% and 13.7+/-11.2%, the value being higher in the former than in the latter (P<0.01). MCM7 LIs were significantly correlated with sex, histological grade, histological subtype, tumor size, LIs of Ki-67, MCM2 and P53 (P<0.05). LIs of MCM7 and Ki-67 were significantly higher in the 84 non-bronchioloalveolar carcinomas than in the 16 bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with higher MCM7 LIs had poorer prognosis in the 100 pT1 ACs as well as in the 73 stage I ACs. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that the LIs of MCM7, but not the LIs of MCM2 and Ki-67, was an independent prognostic marker in the 73 stage I ACs. These results suggest that MCM7 is an independent prognostic marker, being more reliable than MCM2 or Ki-67 in human pT1 ACs as well as in human stage I ACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Fujioka
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Abstract
Molecular testing in anatomic pathology is going to become more and more important during the next decade as we develop assays that can aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and predicting response to therapy. The anatomic pathologist needs to be familiar with the different assays available but also needs to be able to discern which are going to become standard of care and which will not. Three different types of tumors are reviewed: thyroid cancer, oligodendroglioma, and lung carcinoma. Molecular assays that are currently in use or on the near horizon, including translocation analyses for RET-PTC and PPARgamma-PAX8, point mutation analysis for BRAF and epidermal growth factor receptor, and genetic loss for 1p and 19q, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, L25, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Molecularly Tailored Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Resected Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Time for Excitement and Equipoise. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3:84-93. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31815efe24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Loprevite M, Tiseo M, Chiaramondia M, Capelletti M, Bozzetti C, Bortesi B, Naldi N, Nizzoli R, Dadati P, Kunkl A, Zennaro D, Lagrasta C, Campanini N, Spiritelli E, Camisa R, Grossi F, Rindi G, Franciosi V, Ardizzoni A. Buccal Mucosa Cells as In vivo Model to Evaluate Gefitinib Activity in Patients with Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:6518-26. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Finocchiaro G, Toschi L, Garassino I, De Vincenzo F, Campagnoli E, Zucali P, Cavina R, Ceresoli GL, Santoro A, Cappuzzo F. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a therapy for a few, for the majority or for all non-small cell lung cancer patients? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:183-91. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lee MK, Kim JH, Lee CH, Kim JM, Kang CD, Kim YD, Choi KU, Kim HW, Kim JY, Park DY, Sol MY. Clinicopathological significance of BGP expression in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: relationship with histological type, microvessel density and patients' survival. Pathology 2007; 38:555-60. [PMID: 17393985 DOI: 10.1080/00313020601024029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Brain-type glycogen phosphorylase (BGP) is the major isoform of glycogen phosphorylase found in fetal and neoplastic tissues, and is generally thought to induce glucose supply during an ischaemic period. This study was performed to investigate BGP expression in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS A total of 119 cases of NSCLC, including 63 squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs) and 56 adenocarcinomas (ACs), were imunohistochemically evaluated for BGP expression, and its expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS In total, 76.5% were positive, while non-neoplastic bronchial epithelial cells were weakly positive and pneumocytes were negative. High BGP expression was noted in 78.6% of ACs and 36.5% of SqCCs (p=0.001). Microvessel density was higher in the low BGP expression tumours (29.6 +/- 16.9/mm(2)) than in the high expression tumours (22.8+/-13.8/mm(2)) (p=0.017). BGP expression did not correlate with patient age or tumour stage, but was more frequent in females than males. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high BGP expression was associated with poorer survival (p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS BGP is expressed in NSCLC, particularly AC, and is an independent poor prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ki Lee
- Medical Research Institute, Department of lnternal Medicine, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Duarte RLDM, Paschoal MEM. Molecular markers in lung cancer: prognostic role and relationship to smoking. J Bras Pneumol 2007; 32:56-65. [PMID: 17273570 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132006000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Although most lung cancer cases are linked to smoking, only a minority of heavy smokers develop lung cancer, leading to the notion that genetic factors affect individual susceptibility. The principal molecular changes in lung cancer are seen in tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes, growth factors, telomerase activity, and methylation status of promoters. Well-known agents include angiogenesis-stimulating factors (such as vascular endothelial growth factor), as well as factors related to tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis (epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, K-ras, retinoblastoma and BCL-2). Several of these genetic factors have already been investigated, but no single parameter has yet presented sufficient selectivity regarding prognostic value or therapeutic efficacy. Treatment strategies to cure lung cancer should focus on these early genetic lesions in order to promote their repair or to eliminate these lung cancer cells.
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Toschi L, Cappuzzo F. Understanding the new genetics of responsiveness to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncologist 2007; 12:211-20. [PMID: 17296817 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.12-2-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is implicated in cancer progression and development and, being overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies, is an attractive target for selective anticancer therapy. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been demonstrated to produce dramatic and durable responses in a fraction of non-small cell lung cancer patients. During the last few years, clinical and biological predictors for TKI sensitivity have been identified. Among clinical features, never-smoking history seemed the most critical factor, probably because of the different spectrum of molecular abnormalities associated with cigarette-smoking exposure. Among biological predictors, several studies indicate that EGFR mutations and increased EGFR gene copy number are implicated in response to TKI therapy, with conflicting results in survival. Mutations in the EGFR gene as well as in K-ras and HER2 genes seemed to impair TKI effects, leading to TKI resistance. Because most available data come from retrospective studies, there is an urgent need to validate these results in prospective trials. Several studies have been recently completed, and these data could indicate how to properly select patients who are candidates for TKI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Toschi
- Department of ematology-Oncology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20086 Rozzano, Italy
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Yagui-Beltrán A, He B, Raz D, Kim J, Jablons DM. Novel therapies targeting signaling pathways in lung cancer. Thorac Surg Clin 2007; 16:379-96, vi. [PMID: 17240825 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapy, the prognosis for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains dismal. Increasing understanding of the biological processes responsible for lung carcinogenesis has led to development of new therapeutic strategies targeting this disease at a molecular level. This article examines the molecular events believed to lead to cellular changes in lung cancer, and how knowledge of these is used to develop new agents used individually or in combination with available cytotoxic drugs to improve survival. Finally, it explores how a deeper understanding of the embryonic signaling pathways responsible for airway epithelial repair and tumorogenesis, such as Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, and Wingless (Wnt), can lead to the development of newer and more specific therapies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yagui-Beltrán
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0128, USA
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Aviel-Ronen S, Blackhall FH, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS. K-ras mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a review. Clin Lung Cancer 2006; 8:30-8. [PMID: 16870043 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2006.n.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ras proteins are pivotal regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, motility, and apoptosis. Mutations on the K-ras gene have been found in 20%-30% of non-small-cell lung cancers and are believed to play a key role in this malignancy. Herein, we review the complex biochemical mechanisms through which K-ras exerts its cellular effects and the results from studies designed to evaluate the clinical importance of K-ras in patients with lung cancer. Since the demonstration of K-ras mutation as a negative prognostic marker 2 decades ago, 8 studies have supported this finding, but an equal number have failed to confirm this. There are also conflicting data for K-ras as a predictor of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Progress has been hampered by relatively small studies, different methods of molecular analysis, and heterogeneity in histologic subtypes, stage, treatment administered, and survival criteria used. However, recent findings among patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors highlight that K-ras might yet be an important biomarker for non-small-cell lung cancer and worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Aviel-Ronen
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, and Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
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Fujita S, Nagamachi S, Nishii R, Wakamatsu H, Futami S, Tamura S, Matsuzaki Y, Onizuka T, Hatakeyama K, Asada Y. Relationship between cancer cell proliferation, tumour angiogenesis and 201Tl uptake in non-small cell lung cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2006; 27:989-97. [PMID: 17088685 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnm.0000243371.26507.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether 201Tl uptake is associated with cell proliferation and angiogenesis in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS Eighty-four patients with scheduled NSCLC underwent 201Tl single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging: 15 min (early scan) and 240 min (delayed scan) after intravenous injection of 111 MBq of 201Tl chloride. 201Tl indices were calculated on early images (early ratio: ER) and delayed images (delayed ratio: DR). The retention index (RI) was also calculated from these two parameters. Using surgically resected cancer specimens (54 adenocarcinoma, 24 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), six large-cell carcinoma), immunohistochemical stains for both Ki-67 (MIB-1 index) and CD34 were performed to examine the proliferative activity and the micro-vessel density (MVD), respectively. RESULTS The mean value of 201Tl index was 1.69+/-0.77 (ER) and 2.31+/-1.08 (DR). The average RI was 42.6+/-42.9%, respectively. Both DR and RI positively correlated with MIB-1 index (r = 0.68, P < 0.05 and r = 0.52, P < 0.05). When we analyse adenocarcinoma and SCC separately, there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.62, P < 0.05) between RI and MIB-1 index in adenocarcinoma but not in SCC (r = 0.20, P = NS). The value of ER positively correlated with MVD (r = 0.75, P < 0.05). It demonstrated strong positive correlation with both histological types (adenocarcinoma: r = 0.80, P < 0.05, SCC: r = 0.66, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION 201Tl SPECT imaging is effective non-invasive method for assessing both the proliferation and the angiogenesis in NSCLC. Both DR and RI are useful indicators for assessing cancer cell proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma. ER is a useful marker for assessing the tumour angiogenesis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Fujita
- Department of Radiology, Miyazaki Medical College, Japan.
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