1
|
Salvio G, Ciarloni A, Gianfelice C, Lacchè F, Sabatelli S, Giacchetti G, Balercia G. The Effects of Polyphenols on Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1830. [PMID: 37891909 PMCID: PMC10604028 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a condition favored by the postmenopausal decline in estrogen levels and worsened by oxidative stress (OS). Polyphenols are natural compounds abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, and they exert antioxidant and hormonal effects that could be useful in osteoporosis prevention, as suggested by epidemiological studies showing a lower incidence of fractures in individuals consuming polyphenol-rich diets. The aim of our meta-analysis is to evaluate the effects of polyphenols on bone mineral density (BMD, primary endpoint) and bone turnover markers (BTMs, secondary endpoint) in postmenopausal women. Twenty-one randomized control trials (RCTs) were included in our analysis after in-depth search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. We found that supplementation with polyphenols for 3-36 months exerted no statically significant effects on BMD measured at lumbar spine (sMD: 0.21, 95% CI [-0.08 to 0.51], p = 0.16), femoral neck (sMD: 0.16, 95% CI [-0.23 to 0.55], p = 0.42), total hip (sMD: 0.05, 95% CI [-0.14 to 0.24], p = 0.61), and whole body (sMD: -0.12, 95% CI [-0.42 to 0.17], p = 0.41). Subgroup analysis based on treatment duration showed no statistical significance, but a significant effect on lumbar BMD emerged when studies with duration of 24 months or greater were analyzed separately. On the other hand, we found a significantly slight increase in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels (sMD: 1.27, 95% CI [1.13 to 1.42], p < 0.0001) and a decrease in pyridinoline (PD) levels (sMD: -0.58, 95% CI [-0.77 to -0.39], p < 0.0001). High heterogeneity among studies and unclear risk of bias in one third of the included studies emerged. A subgroup analysis showed similar effects for different duration of treatment and models of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. More robust evidence is needed before recommending the prescription of polyphenols in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Balercia
- Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.S.); (A.C.); (C.G.); (F.L.); (S.S.); (G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Telang NT. The Divergent Effects of Ovarian Steroid Hormones in the MCF-7 Model for Luminal A Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Leads for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094800. [PMID: 35563193 PMCID: PMC9105252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth modulating effects of the ovarian steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PRG) on endocrine-responsive target tissues are well established. In hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, E2 functions as a potent growth promoter, while the function of PRG is less defined. In the hormone-receptor-positive Luminal A and Luminal B molecular subtypes of clinical breast cancer, conventional endocrine therapy predominantly targets estrogen receptor function and estrogen biosynthesis and/or growth factor receptors. These therapeutic options are associated with systemic toxicity, acquired tumor resistance, and the emergence of drug-resistant cancer stem cells, facilitating the progression of therapy-resistant disease. The limitations of targeted endocrine therapy emphasize the identification of nontoxic testable alternatives. In the human breast, carcinoma-derived hormone-receptor-positive MCF-7 model treatment with E2 within the physiological concentration range of 1 nM to 20 nM induces progressive growth, upregulated cell cycle progression, and downregulated cellular apoptosis. In contrast, treatment with PRG at the equimolar concentration range exhibits dose-dependent growth inhibition, downregulated cell-cycle progression, and upregulated cellular apoptosis. Nontoxic nutritional herbs at their respective maximum cytostatic concentrations (IC90) effectively increase the E2 metabolite ratio in favor of the anti-proliferative metabolite. The long-term exposure to the selective estrogen-receptor modulator tamoxifen selects a drug-resistant phenotype, exhibiting increased expressions of stem cell markers. The present review discusses the published evidence relevant to hormone metabolism, growth modulation by hormone metabolites, drug-resistant stem cells, and growth-inhibitory efficacy of nutritional herbs. Collectively, this evidence provides proof of the concept for future research directions that are focused on novel therapeutic options for endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer that may operate via E2- and/or PRG-mediated growth regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin T Telang
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Palindrome Liaisons Consultants, Montvale, NJ 07645-1559, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dembitsky VM. In Silico Prediction of Steroids and Triterpenoids as Potential Regulators of Lipid Metabolism. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:650. [PMID: 34822521 PMCID: PMC8618826 DOI: 10.3390/md19110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on a rare group of steroids and triterpenoids that share common properties as regulators of lipid metabolism. This group of compounds is divided by the type of chemical structure, and they represent: aromatic steroids, steroid phosphate esters, highly oxygenated steroids such as steroid endoperoxides and hydroperoxides, α,β-epoxy steroids, and secosteroids. In addition, subgroups of carbon-bridged steroids, neo steroids, miscellaneous steroids, as well as synthetic steroids containing heteroatoms S (epithio steroids), Se (selena steroids), Te (tellura steroids), and At (astatosteroids) were presented. Natural steroids and triterpenoids have been found and identified from various sources such as marine sponges, soft corals, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. In addition, this group of rare lipids is found in fungi, fungal endophytes, and plants. The pharmacological profile of the presented steroids and triterpenoids was determined using the well-known computer program PASS, which is currently available online for all interested scientists and pharmacologists and is currently used by research teams from more than 130 countries of the world. Our attention has been focused on the biological activities of steroids and triterpenoids associated with the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and related processes such as anti-hyperlipoproteinemic activity, as well as the treatment of atherosclerosis, lipoprotein disorders, or inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis. In addition, individual steroids and triterpenoids were identified that demonstrated rare or unique biological activities such as treating neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases with a high degree of certainty over 95 percent. For individual steroids or triterpenoids or a group of compounds, 3D drawings of their predicted biological activities are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Starek-Świechowicz B, Budziszewska B, Starek A. Endogenous estrogens-breast cancer and chemoprevention. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1497-1512. [PMID: 34462889 PMCID: PMC8599256 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths. It is estimated that about 40% of all cancer in women is hormonally mediated. Both estrogens and androgens play critical roles in the initiation and development of breast cancer. Estrogens influence normal physiological growth, proliferation, and differentiation of breast tissues, as well as the development and progression of breast malignancy. Breast cancer is caused by numerous endo- and exogenous risk factors. The paper presents estrogen metabolism, in particular 17β-estradiol and related hormones. The mechanisms of estrogen carcinogenesis include the participation of estrogen receptors, the genotoxic effect of the estrogen metabolites, and epigenetic processes that are also presented. The role of reactive oxygen species in breast cancer has been described. It called attention to a role of numerous signaling pathways in neoplastic transformation. Chemoprotective agents, besides other phytoestrogens, classical antioxidants, synthetic compounds, and their mechanisms of action have been shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Starek-Świechowicz
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Starek
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yasin HK, Taylor AH, Ayakannu T. A Narrative Review of the Role of Diet and Lifestyle Factors in the Development and Prevention of Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092149. [PMID: 33946913 PMCID: PMC8125712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The incidence and prevalence of endometrial cancer is increasing globally. The main factors involved in this increase have been the way women live today and what they eat and drink. In fact, the obesity pandemic that is sweeping across the planet is considered to be the main contributory feature. This review aims to introduce to a new audience, those that are not experts in the field, what is known about the different types of endometrial cancer and the mechanisms for their induction and protection. We also seek to summarise the existing knowledge on dietary and lifestyle factors that prevent endometrial development in susceptible populations and identify the main problem in this arena; the paucity of research studies and clinical trials that investigate the interaction(s) between diet, lifestyle and endometrial cancer risk whilst highlighting those areas of promise that should be further investigated. Abstract Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer affecting the reproductive organs of women living in higher-income countries. Apart from hormonal influences and genetic predisposition, obesity and metabolic syndrome are increasingly recognised as major factors in endometrial cancer risk, due to changes in lifestyle and diet, whereby high glycaemic index and lipid deposition are prevalent. This is especially true in countries where micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals are exchanged for high calorific diets and a sedentary lifestyle. In this review, we will survey the currently known lifestyle factors, dietary requirements and hormonal changes that increase an individual’s risk for endometrial cancer and discuss their relevance for clinical management. We also examine the evidence that everyday factors and clinical interventions have on reducing that risk, such that informed healthy choices can be made. In this narrative review, we thus summarise the dietary and lifestyle factors that promote and prevent the incidence of endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Ku Yasin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle CA2 7HY, UK;
| | - Anthony H. Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - Thangesweran Ayakannu
- Gynaecology Oncology Cancer Centre, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-151-708-9988 (ext. 4531)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Denver N, Homer NZM, Andrew R, Harvey KY, Morrell N, Austin ED, MacLean MR. Estrogen metabolites in a small cohort of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020908783. [PMID: 32206305 PMCID: PMC7074610 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020908783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased risk and severity of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) is associated with elevated estradiol in men and postmenopausal women. Pulmonary arteries synthesise estradiol via aromatase and metabolise it via CYP1B1 to mitogenic metabolites; SNPs in aromatase and CYP1B1 have been associated with PAH. This suggests that estradiol metabolism could be altered in iPAH. This proof-of-concept study profiles estradiol and several metabolites of estradiol simultaneously in serum from iPAH patients and controls. We show that the estradiol and metabolite profile is altered in iPAH and that 16-hydroxyestrone and 16-hydroxyestradiol accumulate in iPAH patients with 16-hydroxyestrone levels relating to disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.,University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie Y Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Eric D Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gogola J, Hoffmann M, Nimpsz S, Ptak A. Disruption of 17β-estradiol secretion by persistent organic pollutants present in human follicular fluid is dependent on the potential of ovarian granulosa tumor cell lines to metabolize estrogen. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 503:110698. [PMID: 31891770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as perfluorooctanoate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, 2,2-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 are persistent pollutants that are found in human follicular fluid (FF). These compounds may affect endocrine function, disrupt steroid secretion by granulosa cells, and play a role in granulosa cell tumor (GCT) development. GCTs demonstrate endocrine activity, expressing aromatase and secreting 17β-estradiol (E2). We aimed to determine the effects of a mixture of EDCs, similar to that found in human FF, on human granulosa tumor cell lines representing the juvenile (JGCT) and adult (AGCT) forms (COV434 and KGN cells, respectively). We found that all the individual compounds and mixtures tested altered granulosa tumor cell function by disrupting E2 secretion. In KGN cells, which possess significantly higher basal aromatase gene expression, and therefore secrete more E2 than JGCT cells, EDC mixtures activated estrogen receptors (ERs) and G protein-coupled receptor-30 signaling, thereby stimulating E2 secretion, without affecting aromatase expression. By contrast, in COV434 cells, which demonstrate higher CYP1A1 expression, a key mediator of estrogen metabolism, than KGN cells, EDC mixtures reduced E2 secretion in parallel with increases in the 2-hydroxyestrogen 1/E2 ratio and CYP1A1 expression, implying an upregulation of E2 metabolism. These results indicate that the EDC mixture present in FF disrupts E2 secretion in JGCT and AGCT cells according to the estrogen metabolic potential of the cell type, involving both classical and non-classical ER pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Gogola
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Hoffmann
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Samantha Nimpsz
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang VC, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Jenkins DJA, Mirea L, McCann SE, Thompson LU. Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Intake on Circulating Sex Hormone Levels among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial. Nutr Cancer 2018; 71:385-398. [PMID: 30375890 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1516789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lignan intake, and its richest food source, flaxseed, have been associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Endogenous sex hormones, such as estrogens, play a role in breast cancer development, and lignans may alter these sex hormone levels. To assess the effect of flaxseed on circulating sex hormones, a randomized controlled trial was conducted among 99 postmenopausal women in Toronto, Canada. The intervention arm consumed 2 tablespoons (15 g) of ground flaxseed daily for 7 weeks; the control arm maintained usual diet. Baseline and week 7 concentrations of 14 serum sex hormones were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunoassay, and serum enterolignans (lignan biomarker) using LC-MS/MS. Intervention effects on sex hormone levels were assessed using analysis of covariance. Serum enterolignans increased among the flaxseed arm (+516%). Women consuming flaxseed (vs. controls) had increased serum 2-hydroxyestrone [treatment effect ratio (TER) = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.18-2.00] and 2:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio (TER =1.54; 95% CI: 1.15-2.06); effects on other hormones were not statistically significant. Within the flaxseed arm, change in enterolignan level was positively correlated with changes in 2-hydroxyestrone and 2:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio, and negatively with prolactin. Findings suggest flaxseed affects certain circulating sex hormone levels with possible implications for future breast cancer prevention research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky C Chang
- a Prevention and Cancer Control , Cancer Care Ontario , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- a Prevention and Cancer Control , Cancer Care Ontario , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Beatrice A Boucher
- c Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - David J A Jenkins
- c Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,d Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre , St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Lucia Mirea
- b Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,e Clinical Research, Phoenix Children's Hospital , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Susan E McCann
- f Department of Cancer Prevention and Control , Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Lilian U Thompson
- c Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Dunlap TL, Huang L, Liu Y, Simmler C, Lantvit DD, Crosby J, Howell CE, Dong H, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Evidence for Chemopreventive and Resilience Activity of Licorice: Glycyrrhiza Glabra and G. Inflata Extracts Modulate Estrogen Metabolism in ACI Rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:819-830. [PMID: 30287522 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Women are increasingly using botanical dietary supplements (BDS) to reduce menopausal hot flashes. Although licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.) is one of the frequently used ingredients in BDS, the exact plant species is often not identified. We previously showed that in breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and G. inflata (GI), and their compounds differentially modulated P450 1A1 and P450 1B1 gene expression, which are responsible for estrogen detoxification and genotoxicity, respectively. GG and isoliquiritigenin (LigC) increased CYP1A1, whereas GI and its marker compound, licochalcone A (LicA), decreased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of the bioactive licorice compounds, the metabolism of LicA, and whether GG, GI, and/or pure LicA modulate NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in an ACI rat model. In addition, the effect of licorice extracts and compounds on biomarkers of estrogen chemoprevention (CYP1A1) as well as carcinogenesis (CYP1B1) was studied. LicA was extensively glucuronidated and formed GSH adducts; however, free LicA as well as LigC were bioavailable in target tissues after oral intake of licorice extracts. GG, GI, and LicA caused induction of NQO1 activity in the liver. In mammary tissue, GI increased CYP1A1 and decreased CYP1B1, whereas GG only increased CYP1A1 LigC may have contributed to the upregulation of CYP1A1 after GG and GI administration. In contrast, LicA was responsible for GI-mediated downregulation of CYP1B1 These studies highlight the polypharmacologic nature of botanicals and the importance of standardization of licorice BDS to specific Glycyrrhiza species and to multiple constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lingyi Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel D Lantvit
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jenna Crosby
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Caitlin E Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomas P. Reprint of "Role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) in maintenance of meiotic arrest in fish oocytes". J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:23-30. [PMID: 29102625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An essential role for GPER (formerly known as GPR30) in regulating mammalian reproduction has not been identified to date, although it has shown to be involved in the regulation a broad range of other estrogen-dependent functions. In contrast, an important reproductive role for GPER in the maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest has been identified in teleost fishes, which is briefly reviewed here. Recent studies have clearly shown that ovarian follicle production of estradiol-17β (E2) maintains meiotic arrest in several teleost species through activation of GPER coupled to a stimulatory G protein (Gs) on oocyte plasma membranes, resulting in stimulation of cAMP production and maintenance of elevated cAMP levels. Studies with denuded zebrafish oocytes and with microinjection of GPER antisense oligonucleotides into oocytes have demonstrated the requirement for both ovarian follicle production of estrogens and expression of GPER on the oocyte surface for maintenance of meiotic arrest. This inhibitory action of E2 on the resumption of meiosis is mimicked by the GPER-selective agonist G-1, by the GPER agonists and nuclear ER antagonists, ICI 182,780 and tamoxifen, and also by the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) and related alkylphenols. GPER also maintains meiotic arrest of zebrafish oocytes through estrogen- and BPA-dependent GPER activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Interestingly, progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1) is also involved in estrogen maintenance of meiotic arrest through regulation of EGFR expression on the oocyte plasma membrane. The preovulatory surge in LH secretion induces the ovarian synthesis of progestin hormones that activate a membrane progestin receptor alpha (mPRα)/inhibitory G protein (Gi) pathway. It also increases ovarian synthesis of the catecholestrogen, 2-hydroxy-estradiol-17β (2-OHE2) which inhibits the GPER/Gs/adenylyl cyclase pathway. Both of these LH actions cause declines in oocyte cAMP levels resulting in the resumption of meiosis. GPER is also present on murine oocytes but there are no reports of studies investigating its possible involvement in maintaining meiotic arrest in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dunlap TL, Howell CE, Mukand N, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Red Clover Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and Estrogen Receptor (ER) Agonists Enhance Genotoxic Estrogen Metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2084-2092. [PMID: 28985473 PMCID: PMC5698877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Many
women consider botanical dietary supplements (BDSs) as safe
alternatives to hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms. However,
the effect of BDSs on breast cancer risk is largely unknown. In the
estrogen chemical carcinogenesis pathway, P450 1B1 metabolizes estrogens
to 4-hydroxylated catechols, which are oxidized to genotoxic quinones
that initiate and promote breast cancer. In contrast, P450 1A1 catalyzed
2-hydroxylation represents a detoxification pathway. The current study
evaluated the effects of red clover, a popular BDS used for women’s
health, and its isoflavones, biochanin A (BA), formononetin (FN),
genistein (GN), and daidzein (DZ), on estrogen metabolism. The methoxy
estrogen metabolites (2-MeOE1, 4-MeOE1) were
measured by LC-MS/MS, and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression was analyzed
by qPCR. Nonmalignant ER-negative breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A)
and ER-positive breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were derived from normal
breast epithelial tissue and ER+ breast cancer tissue. Red clover
extract (RCE, 10 μg/mL) and isoflavones had no effect on estrogen
metabolism in MCF-10A cells. However, in MCF-7 cells, RCE treatments
downregulated CYP1A1 expression and enhanced genotoxic metabolism
(4-MeOE1/CYP1B1 > 2-MeOE1/CYP1A1). Experiments
with the isoflavones showed that the AhR agonists (BA, FN) preferentially
induced CYP1B1 expression as well as 4-MeOE1. In contrast,
the ER agonists (GN, DZ) downregulated CYP1A1 expression likely through
an epigenetic mechanism. Finally, the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 potentiated
isoflavone-induced XRE-luciferase reporter activity and reversed GN
and DZ induced downregulation of CYP1A1 expression. Overall, these
studies show that red clover and its isoflavones have differential
effects on estrogen metabolism in “normal” vs breast
cancer cells. In breast cancer cells, the AhR agonists stimulate genotoxic
metabolism, and the ER agonists downregulate the detoxification pathway.
These data may suggest that especially breast cancer patients should
avoid red clover and isoflavone based BDSs when making choices for
menopausal symptom relief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Caitlin E Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Nita Mukand
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lambert MNT, Thybo CB, Lykkeboe S, Rasmussen LM, Frette X, Christensen LP, Jeppesen PB. Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status and estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:909-920. [PMID: 28768651 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.153353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Female age-related estrogen deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis, which can be effectively treated with the use of hormone replacement therapy. However, hormone replacement therapy is demonstrated to increase cancer risk. Bioavailable isoflavones with selective estrogen receptor affinity show potential to prevent and treat osteoporosis while minimizing or eliminating carcinogenic side effects.Objective: In this study, we sought to determine the beneficial effects of a bioavailable isoflavone and probiotic treatment against postmenopausal osteopenia.Design: We used a novel red clover extract (RCE) rich in isoflavone aglycones and probiotics to concomitantly promote uptake and a favorable intestinal bacterial profile to enhance isoflavone bioavailability. This was a 12-mo, double-blind, parallel design, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial of 78 postmenopausal osteopenic women supplemented with calcium (1200 mg/d), magnesium (550 mg/d), and calcitriol (25 μg/d) given either RCE (60 mg isoflavone aglycones/d and probiotics) or a masked placebo [control (CON)].Results: RCE significantly attenuated bone mineral density (BMD) loss at the L2-L4 lumbar spine vertebra (P < 0.05), femoral neck (P < 0.01), and trochanter (P < 0.01) compared with CON (-0.99% and -2.2%; -1.04% and -3.05%; and -0.67% and -2.79, respectively). Plasma concentrations of collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide was significantly decreased in the RCE group (P < 0.05) compared with CON (-9.40% and -6.76%, respectively). RCE significantly elevated the plasma isoflavone concentration (P < 0.05), the urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OH) to 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH) ratio (P < 0.05), and equol-producer status (P < 0.05) compared with CON. RCE had no significant effect on other bone turnover biomarkers. Self-reported diet and physical activity were consistent and differences were nonsignificant between groups throughout the study. RCE was well tolerated with no adverse events.Conclusions: Twice daily RCE intake over 1 y potently attenuated BMD loss caused by estrogen deficiency, improved bone turnover, promoted a favorable estrogen metabolite profile (2-OH:16α-OH), and stimulated equol production in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. RCE intake combined with supplementation (calcium, magnesium, and calcitriol) was more effective than supplementation alone. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02174666.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Lykkeboe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - Xavier Frette
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Porskjær Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berkane N, Liere P, Oudinet JP, Hertig A, Lefèvre G, Pluchino N, Schumacher M, Chabbert-Buffet N. From Pregnancy to Preeclampsia: A Key Role for Estrogens. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:123-144. [PMID: 28323944 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) results in placental dysfunction and is one of the primary causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. During pregnancy, estrogen is produced primarily in the placenta by conversion of androgen precursors originating from maternal and fetal adrenal glands. These processes lead to increased plasma estrogen concentrations compared with levels in nonpregnant women. Aberrant production of estrogens could play a key role in PE symptoms because they are exclusively produced by the placenta and they promote angiogenesis and vasodilation. Previous assessments of estrogen synthesis during PE yielded conflicting results, possibly because of the lack of specificity of the assays. However, with the introduction of reliable analytical protocols using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, more recent studies suggest a marked decrease in estradiol levels in PE. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of estrogen synthesis, regulation in the placenta, and biological effects during pregnancy and PE. Moreover, this review highlights the links among the occurrence of PE, estrogen biosynthesis, angiogenic factors, and cardiovascular risk factors. A close link between estrogen dysregulation and PE occurrence might validate estrogen levels as a biomarker but could also reveal a potential approach for prevention or cure of PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Berkane
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of University Hospital of Geneva, 1205, Genève, Switzerland.,U1195, INSERM and University Paris Sud, 94276 Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195, INSERM and University Paris Sud, 94276 Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Paul Oudinet
- U1195, INSERM and University Paris Sud, 94276 Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Nephrology, Tenon Hospital, APHP, 75020 Paris, France.,University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Sorbonne University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Sorbonne University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, Tenon Hospital, APHP, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Nicola Pluchino
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of University Hospital of Geneva, 1205, Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Sorbonne University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Tenon Hospital, APHP, F-75020 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thomas P. Role of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) in maintenance of meiotic arrest in fish oocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:153-161. [PMID: 28007532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An essential role for GPER (formerly known as GPR30) in regulating mammalian reproduction has not been identified to date, although it has shown to be involved in the regulation a broad range of other estrogen-dependent functions. In contrast, an important reproductive role for GPER in the maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest has been identified in teleost fishes, which is briefly reviewed here. Recent studies have clearly shown that ovarian follicle production of estradiol-17β (E2) maintains meiotic arrest in several teleost species through activation of GPER coupled to a stimulatory G protein (Gs) on oocyte plasma membranes resulting in stimulation of cAMP production and maintenance of elevated cAMP levels. Studies with denuded zebrafish oocytes and with microinjection of GPER antisense oligonucleotides into oocytes have demonstrated the requirement for both ovarian follicle production of estrogens and expression of GPER on the oocyte surface for maintenance of meiotic arrest. This inhibitory action of E2 on the resumption of meiosis is mimicked by the GPER-selective agonist G-1, by the GPER agonists and nuclear ER antagonists, ICI 182,780 and tamoxifen, and also by the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) and related alkylphenols. GPER also maintains meiotic arrest of zebrafish oocytes through estrogen- and BPA-dependent GPER activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Interestingly, progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1) is also involved in estrogen maintenance of meiotic arrest through regulation of EGFR expression on the oocyte plasma membrane. The preovulatory surge in LH secretion induces the ovarian synthesis of progestin hormones that activate a membrane progestin receptor alpha (mPRα)/inhibitory G protein (Gi) pathway. It also increases ovarian synthesis of the catecholestrogen, 2-hydroxy-estradiol-17β (2-OHE2) which inhibits the GPER/Gs/adenylyl cyclase pathway. Both of these LH actions cause declines in oocyte cAMP levels resulting in the resumption of meiosis. GPER is also present on murine oocytes but there are no reports of studies investigating its possible involvement in maintaining meiotic arrest in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Enríquez J, Velázquez-Cruz R, Parra-Torres A, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Larrea F. The anti-estrogenic activity of indole-3-carbinol in neonatal rat osteoblasts is associated with the estrogen receptor antagonist 2-hydroxyestradiol. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:1149-58. [PMID: 27312859 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gain new insight into the roles of cruciferous vegetable-derived bioactive phytochemicals in bone cells, we investigated the effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) on cell proliferation and differentiation in estradiol (E2)-exposed calvarial osteoblasts that were obtained from neonatal rats. METHODS Osteoblast activity was assessed by analyzing cellular DNA, cell-associated osteocalcin (OC) levels and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. We also examined [(3)H]-estrone (E1) metabolism and estrogen-agonistic and estrogen-antagonistic activities of 2-hydroxy (OH) E1 and 2-OHE2 and their capacity to displace [(3)H]-E2 at ER binding sites using competition studies. RESULTS I3C did not affect on cellular DNA, OC levels or AP activity. However, I3C completely inhibited E2-induced increases in cell proliferation and differentiation in neonatal rat osteoblasts. Metabolic studies demonstrated that I3C promoted the conversion of [(3)H]-E1 to 2-OHE1 and 2-OHE2 and those higher rates of conversion (twofold-threefold) were archived when a higher dose of I3C was applied. Proliferation and differentiation studies showed that 2-OHE2 but not 2-OHE1 inhibited E2-induced increases in cell proliferation and differentiation via an ER-mediated mechanism. Likewise, Esr1 was expressed at high level than Esr2. 2-OHE1 showed no activity or affinity for ER. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that a bioactive compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, I3C, abolishes the E2-mediated stimulation of cell activities including, proliferation and differentiation, in rat osteoblasts and increases the 2-hydroxylation of E1, resulting in the formation of inactive and anti-estrogenic metabolites. These results suggest that in neonatal rat osteoblasts, the anti-estrogenic effect of I3C is mediated by 2-OHE2 through ER-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Enríquez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, "Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - R Velázquez-Cruz
- Genomics of Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Parra-Torres
- Genomics of Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Research Support Network, INCMNSZ-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 14000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Larrea
- Department of Reproductive Biology, "Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, 14000, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kwa M, Plottel CS, Blaser MJ, Adams S. The Intestinal Microbiome and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Female Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw029. [PMID: 27107051 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The huge communities of residential microbes, including bacteria, viruses, Archaea, and Eukaryotes, that colonize humans are increasingly recognized as playing important roles in health and disease. A complex populous ecosystem, the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors up to 10(11) bacterial cells per gram of luminal content, whose collective genome, the gut metagenome, contains a vastly greater number of individual genes than the human genome. In health, the function of the microbiome might be considered to be in dynamic equilibrium with the host, exerting both local and distant effects. However, 'disequilibrium' may contribute to the emergence of disease, including malignancy. In this review, we discuss how the intestinal bacterial microbiome and in particular how an 'estrobolome,' the aggregate of enteric bacterial genes capable of metabolizing estrogens, might affect women's risk of developing postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Estrobolome composition is impacted by factors that modulate its functional activity. Exploring variations in the composition and activities of the estrobolome in healthy individuals and in women with estrogen-driven breast cancer may lead to development of microbiome-based biomarkers and future targeted interventions to attenuate cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Kwa
- Affiliations of authors:New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (MK, CSP, MJB, SA); Department of Medicine (MK, CSP, MJB, SA) and Department of Microbiology (MJB), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Claudia S Plottel
- Affiliations of authors:New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (MK, CSP, MJB, SA); Department of Medicine (MK, CSP, MJB, SA) and Department of Microbiology (MJB), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Affiliations of authors:New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (MK, CSP, MJB, SA); Department of Medicine (MK, CSP, MJB, SA) and Department of Microbiology (MJB), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Affiliations of authors:New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (MK, CSP, MJB, SA); Department of Medicine (MK, CSP, MJB, SA) and Department of Microbiology (MJB), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Braundmeier AG, Lenz KM, Inman KS, Chia N, Jeraldo P, Walther-António MRS, Berg Miller ME, Yang F, Creedon DJ, Nelson H, White BA. Individualized medicine and the microbiome in reproductive tract. Front Physiol 2015; 6:97. [PMID: 25883569 PMCID: PMC4381647 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have evolved along with the millions of microorganisms that populate their bodies. These microbes (10(14)) outnumber human cells by 10 to 1 and account for 3 × 10(6) genes, more than ten times the 25,000 human genes. This microbial metagenome acts as our "other genome" and like our own genes, is unique to the individual. Recent international efforts such as the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and the MetaHIT Project have helped catalog these microbial genomes using culture-independent, high-throughput, next-generation sequencing. This manuscript will describe recent efforts to define microbial diversity in the female reproductive tract because of the impact that microbial function has on reproductive efficiency. In this review, we will discuss current evidence that microbial communities are critical for maintaining reproductive health and how perturbations of microbial community structures can impact reproductive health from the aspect of infection, reproductive cyclicity, pregnancy, and disease states. Investigations of the human microbiome are propelling interventional strategies from treating medical populations to treating individual patients. In particular, we highlight how understanding and defining microbial community structures in different disease and physiological states have lead to the discovery of biomarkers and, more importantly, the development and implementation of microbial intervention strategies (probiotics) into modern day medicine. Finally this review will conclude with a literature summary of the effectiveness of microbial intervention strategies that have been implemented in animal and human models of disease and the potential for integrating these microbial intervention strategies into standard clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Braundmeier
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Katherine M Lenz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Kristin S Inman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas Chia
- The Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA ; Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo College Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patricio Jeraldo
- The Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA ; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marina R S Walther-António
- The Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Fang Yang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA ; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Douglas J Creedon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Heidi Nelson
- The Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chourasia TK, Pang Y, Thomas P. The catecholestrogen, 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, acts as a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER/GPR30) antagonist to promote the resumption of meiosis in zebrafish oocytes. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:69. [PMID: 25609836 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.125674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-17beta (E2) maintains high cAMP levels and meiotic arrest in zebrafish oocytes through activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). The catecholestrogen 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta (2-OHE2) has an opposite effect to that of E2 on oocyte maturation (OM) and cAMP levels in Indian catfish oocytes. We tested the hypothesis that 2-OHE2 is produced in zebrafish ovaries and promotes the resumption of oocyte meiosis through its action as a GPER antagonist. Ovarian 2-OHE2 production by estrogen-2-hydroxylase (EH) was up-regulated by gonadotropin treatment at the onset of OM, consistent with a physiological role for 2-OHE2 in regulating OM. The increases in EH activity and OM were blocked by treatment with CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibitors. Expression of cyp1a, cyp1b1, and cyp1c mRNAs was increased by gonadotropin treatment, further implicating these Cyp1s in 2-OHE2 synthesis prior to OM. Conversely, aromatase activity and cyp19a1 mRNA expression declined during gonadotropin induction of OM. 2-OHE2 treatment significantly increased spontaneous OM in defolliculated zebrafish oocytes and reversed the inhibition of OM by E2 and the GPER agonist G-1. 2-OHE2 was an effective competitor of [(3)H]-E2 binding to recombinant zebrafish GPER expressed in HEK-293 cells. 2-OHE2 also antagonized estrogen actions through GPER on cAMP production in zebrafish oocytes, resulting in a reduction in cAMP levels. Stimulation of OM by 2-OHE2 was blocked by pretreatment of defolliculated oocytes with the GPER antibody. Collectively, the results suggest that 2-OHE2 functions as a GPER antagonist and promotes OM in zebrafish through blocking GPER-dependent E2 inhibition of the resumption of OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Chourasia
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas
| | - Yefei Pang
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas
| | - Peter Thomas
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
L'Héritier F, Marques M, Fauteux M, Gaudreau L. Defining molecular sensors to assess long-term effects of pesticides on carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17148-61. [PMID: 25257533 PMCID: PMC4200861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150917148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of dioxins and dioxin-like pollutants has massively increased in the environment due to human activity. These chemicals are particularly persistent and accumulate in the food chain, which raises major concerns regarding long-term exposure to human health. Most dioxin-like pollutants activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor, which regulates xenobiotic metabolism enzymes that belong to the cytochrome P450 1A family (that includes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1). Importantly, a crosstalk exists between estrogen receptor α (ERα) and AhR. More specifically, ERα represses the expression of the CYP1A1 gene, which encodes an enzyme that converts 17β-estradiol into 2-hydroxyestradiol. However, (ERα) does not repress the CYP1B1 gene, which encodes an enzyme that converts 17β-estradiol into 4-hydroxyestradiol, one of the most genotoxic estrogen metabolites. In this review, we discuss how chronic exposure to xenobiotic chemicals, such as pesticides, might affect the expression of genes regulated by the AhR–ERα crosstalk. Here, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms that mediate this crosstalk repression, and particularly on how ERα represses the AhR target gene CYP1A1, and could subsequently promote breast cancer. Finally, we propose that genes implicated in this crosstalk could constitute important biomarkers to assess long-term effects of pesticides on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny L'Héritier
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Maud Marques
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Myriam Fauteux
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Luc Gaudreau
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mason JK, Thompson LU. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components: can they play a role in reducing the risk of and improving the treatment of breast cancer? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:663-78. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed (FS), rich in the phytoestrogen lignans and α-linolenic acid-rich oil, has been suggested to have an anticancer effect. Questions remain whether FS and its lignan and oil components are effective in reducing breast cancer risk and tumour growth, and can interact beneficially with breast cancer drugs. To find answers, in vitro, animal, observational, and clinical studies on FS and its lignan and oil components were reviewed. The majority of studies in various rodent models show that 2.5%–10% FS diet or the equivalent amount of lignan or oil reduces tumour growth. Ten percent FS and equivalent lignans do not interfere with but rather increase the effectiveness of tamoxifen (80 mg/day) while the 4% FS oil increases trastuzumab/Herceptin (2.5 mg/kg) effectiveness. Observational studies show that FS and lignan intake, urinary excretion, or serum levels are associated with reduced risk, particularly in postmenopausal women. Lignans reduce breast cancer and all-cause mortality by 33%–70% and 40%–53%, respectively, without reducing tamoxifen effectiveness. Clinical trials show that FS (25 g/day with 50 mg lignans; 32 days) reduces tumour growth in breast cancer patients and lignans (50 mg/day; 1 year) reduces risk in premenopausal women. Mechanisms include decreased cell proliferation and angiogenesis and increased apoptosis through modulation of estrogen metabolism and estrogen receptor and growth factor receptor signalling pathways. More clinical trials are needed but current overall evidence indicates that FS and its components are effective in the risk reduction and treatment of breast cancer and safe for consumption by breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Mason
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Lilian U. Thompson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Samavat H, Kurzer MS. Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:231-43. [PMID: 24784887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is currently accumulating evidence that endogenous estrogens play a critical role in the development of breast cancer. Estrogens and their metabolites have been studied in both pre- and postmenopausal women with more consistent results shown in the latter population, in part because of large hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle and far fewer studies having been performed in premenopausal women. In this review we describe in detail estrogen metabolism and associated genetic variations, and provide a critical review of the current literature regarding the role of estrogens and their metabolites in breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Samavat
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mindy S Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Arslan AA, Koenig KL, Lenner P, Afanasyeva Y, Shore RE, Chen Y, Lundin E, Toniolo P, Hallmans G, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Circulating estrogen metabolites and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1290-7. [PMID: 24769889 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that predominance of the 2-hydroxylation estrogen metabolism pathway over the 16α-hydroxylation pathway may be inversely associated with breast cancer risk. METHODS We examined the associations of invasive breast cancer risk with circulating 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), and the 2-OHE1:16α-OHE1 ratio in a case-control study of postmenopausal women nested within two prospective cohorts: the New York University Women's Health Study (NYUWHS) and the Northern Sweden Mammary Screening Cohort (NSMSC), with adjustment for circulating levels of estrone, and additional analyses by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status. Levels of 2-OHE1 and 16α-OHE1 were measured using ESTRAMET 2/16 assay in stored serum or plasma samples from 499 incident breast cancer cases and 499 controls, who were matched on cohort, age, and date of blood donation. RESULTS Overall, no significant associations were observed between breast cancer risk and circulating levels of 2-OHE1, 16α-OHE1, or their ratio in either cohort and in combined analyses. For 2-OHE1, there was evidence of heterogeneity by ER status in models adjusting for estrone (P ≤ 0.03). We observed a protective association of 2-OHE1 with ER+ breast cancer [multivariate-adjusted OR for a doubling of 2-OHE1, 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.94; P = 0.02)]. CONCLUSIONS In this study, higher levels of 2-OHE1 were associated with reduced risk of ER+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women after adjustment for circulating estrone. IMPACT These results suggest that taking into account the levels of parent estrogens and ER status is important in studies of estrogen metabolites and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Arslan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| | - Karen L Koenig
- Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Roy E Shore
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yu Chen
- Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| | | | - Paolo Toniolo
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; New York University Cancer Institute, New York, New York; Departments of
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Diller M, Schüler S, Buchholz S, Lattrich C, Treeck O, Ortmann O. Effects of estriol on growth, gene expression and estrogen response element activation in human breast cancer cell lines. Maturitas 2014; 77:336-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Cancer morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: role of estrogen metabolites. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:748178. [PMID: 24151619 PMCID: PMC3789363 DOI: 10.1155/2013/748178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen metabolites have been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer, although the mechanism remains unestablished. Some estrogen metabolites, which are used for the assessment of cancer risk, play an important role in RA. The pathways by which malignancies associated with RA remain elusive. Possible mechanism involves enzymatic or nonenzymatic oxidation of estrogen into catecholestrogen metabolites through semiquinone and quinone redox cycle to produce free radicals that can cause DNA modifications. Modifications of DNA alter its immunogenicity and trigger various immune responses leading to elevated levels of cancer and RA antibodies. However, the role of different estrogen metabolites as a mediator of immune response cannot be ruled out in various immune-related diseases.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kobayashi S, Sata F, Sasaki S, Ban S, Miyashita C, Okada E, Limpar M, Yoshioka E, Kajiwara J, Todaka T, Saijo Y, Kishi R. Genetic association of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) polymorphisms with dioxin blood concentrations among pregnant Japanese women. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:269-78. [PMID: 23528250 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins are metabolized by cytochrome P450, family 1 (CYP1) via the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We determined whether different blood dioxin concentrations are associated with polymorphisms in AHR (dbSNP ID: rs2066853), AHR repressor (AHRR; rs2292596), CYP1 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1; rs4646903 and rs1048963), CYP1 subfamily A polypeptide 2 (CYP1A2; rs762551), and CYP1 subfamily B polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1; rs1056836) in pregnant Japanese women. These six polymorphisms were detected in 421 healthy pregnant Japanese women. Differences in dioxin exposure concentrations in maternal blood among the genotypes were investigated. Comparisons among the GG, GA, and AA genotypes of AHR showed a significant difference (genotype model: P=0.016 for the mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and toxicity equivalence quantities [TEQs]). Second, we found a significant association with the dominant genotype model ([TT+TC] vs. CC: P=0.048 for the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin TEQs; P=0.035 for polychlorinated dibenzofuran TEQs) of CYP1A1 (rs4646903). No significant differences were found among blood dioxin concentrations and polymorphisms in AHRR, CYP1A1 (rs1048963), CYP1A2, and CYP1B1. Thus, polymorphisms in AHR and CYP1A1 (rs4646903) were associated with maternal dioxin concentrations. However, differences in blood dioxin concentrations were relatively low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hevir N, Ribič-Pucelj M, Lanišnik Rižner T. Disturbed balance between phase I and II metabolizing enzymes in ovarian endometriosis: a source of excessive hydroxy-estrogens and ROS? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 367:74-84. [PMID: 23277161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism of estrogens was studied in 31 ovarian endometriosis and 29 normal endometrium samples, by qPCR. Expression was monitored for genes encoding five estrogen hydroxylating, five hydroxy (OH)-estrogen conjugating, and three estrogen quinone detoxifying enzymes. CYP1B1, COMT, NQO1, and GSTP1 protein levels were determined using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining. Increased expression of CYP1A1, CYP3A7 and COMT, and higher levels of MB-COMT were seen in endometriosis, as compared to normal endometrium. Expression of CYP1B1, CYP3A5, SULT1A1 and NQO2 was unchanged, with comparable CYP1B1 protein levels. Expression of SULT1E1, SULT2B1, UGT2B7, NQO1, and GSTP1 was decreased. Three NQO1 isoforms were detected; NQO1c appears to be endometriosis-specific. Our data indicate a disturbed balance between phase I and II metabolizing enzymes in endometriosis, potentially leading to excessive OH-estrogen and altered ROS formation, and stimulation of proliferation of ectopic endometrium. This is the first report on disturbed expression of estrogen oxidative metabolism genes in ovarian endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neli Hevir
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stone A, Valdés-Mora F, Gee JMW, Farrow L, McClelland RA, Fiegl H, Dutkowski C, McCloy RA, Sutherland RL, Musgrove EA, Nicholson RI. Tamoxifen-induced epigenetic silencing of oestrogen-regulated genes in anti-hormone resistant breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40466. [PMID: 22808167 PMCID: PMC3393679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have taken the novel approach of using an in vitro model representative of tamoxifen-withdrawal subsequent to clinical relapse to achieve a greater understanding of the mechanisms that serve to maintain the resistant-cell phenotype, independent of any agonistic impact of tamoxifen, to identify potential novel therapeutic approaches for this disease state. Following tamoxifen withdrawal, tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells conserved both drug resistance and an increased basal rate of proliferation in an oestrogen deprived environment, despite reduced epidermal growth-factor receptor expression and reduced sensitivity to gefitinib challenge. Although tamoxifen-withdrawn cells retained ER expression, a sub-set of ER-responsive genes, including pS2 and progesterone receptor (PgR), were down-regulated by promoter DNA methylation, as confirmed by clonal bisulphite sequencing experiments. Following promoter demethylation with 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza), the co-addition of oestradiol (E2) restored gene expression in these cells. In addition, 5-Aza/E2 co-treatment induced a significant anti-proliferative effect in the tamoxifen-withdrawn cells, in-contrast to either agent used alone. Microarray analysis was undertaken to identify genes specifically up regulated by this co-treatment. Several anti-proliferative gene candidates were identified and their promoters were confirmed as more heavily methylated in the tamoxifen resistant vs sensitive cells. One such gene candidate, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), was carried forward for functional analysis. The addition of 5-Aza/E2 was sufficient to de-methylate and activate GDF15 expression in the tamoxifen resistant cell-lines, whilst in parallel, treatment with recombinant GDF15 protein decreased cell survival. These data provide evidence to support a novel concept that long-term tamoxifen exposure induces epigenetic silencing of a cohort of oestrogen-responsive genes whose function is associated with negative proliferation control. Furthermore, reactivation of such genes using epigenetic drugs could provide a potential therapeutic avenue for the management of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stone
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Current knowledge is insufficient to explain why only a proportion of individuals exposed to environmental carcinogens or carrying a genetic predisposition to cancer develop disease. Clearly, other factors must be important, and one such element that has recently received attention is the human microbiome, the residential microbes including Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes, and viruses that colonize humans. Here, we review principles and paradigms of microbiome-related malignancy, as illustrated by three specific microbial-host interactions. We review the effects of the microbiota on local and adjacent neoplasia, present the estrobolome model of distant effects, and discuss the complex interactions with a latent virus leading to malignancy. These are separate facets of a complex biology interfacing all the microbial species we harbor from birth onward toward early reproductive success and eventual senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Plottel
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smith AJ, Phipps WR, Arikawa AY, O'Dougherty M, Kaufman B, Thomas W, Schmitz KH, Kurzer MS. Effects of aerobic exercise on premenopausal sex hormone levels: results of the WISER study, a randomized clinical trial in healthy, sedentary, eumenorrheic women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1098-106. [PMID: 21467231 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that exercise can lead to a decrease in breast cancer risk through several hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms. The WISER (Women In Steady Exercise Research) study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise on premenopausal sex hormone levels. METHODS Three hundred ninety-one sedentary, healthy, young eumenorrheic women were randomized either into an exercise intervention of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise 5 times a week for approximately 16 weeks (n = 212) or into a control group (n = 179). Serum levels of estradiol, estrone sulfate, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), all in the midfollicular phase, and of progesterone, in the midluteal phase, were measured at baseline and at the end of the 16-week period. RESULTS Compared with the controls (n = 153), exercisers (n = 166) experienced significant increases in aerobic fitness, lean body mass, and decreases in percent body fat. There were no significant changes in body weight and menstrual cycle length between or within groups. Progesterone decreased significantly in exercisers; however, this reduction was similar to that of the control group. No significant changes between or within groups were found for any of the other sex hormones or SHBG. CONCLUSIONS In premenopausal women, 16 weeks of 150 minutes per week of moderate aerobic exercise in young women did not significantly alter sex hormone or SHBG levels. IMPACT Any favorable effects that moderate aerobic exercise without an associated weight change may have on breast cancer risk in premenopausal women are unlikely to be a consequence of changes in levels of sex hormones or SHBG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma J Smith
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gong QF, Liu EH, Xin R, Huang X, Gao N. 2ME and 2OHE2 exhibit growth inhibitory effects and cell cycle arrest at G2/M in RL95-2 human endometrial cancer cells through activation of p53 and Chk1. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 352:221-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
31
|
The role of oestrogen in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and prostate disease. Eur J Cancer Prev 2011; 19:256-71. [PMID: 20535861 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e328338f7d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A detailed review of the literature was performed in a bid to identify the presence of a common link between specific hormone interactions and the increasing prevalence of global disease. The synergistic action of unopposed oestrogen and leptin, compounded by increasing insulin, cortisol and xeno-oestrogen exposure directly initiate, promote and exacerbate obesity, type 2 diabetes, uterine overgrowth, prostatic enlargement, prostate cancer and breast cancer. Furthermore these hormones significantly contribute to the incidence and intensity of anxiety and depression, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease and stroke. This review, in collaboration with hundreds of evidence-based clinical researchers, correlates the significant interactions these hormones exert upon the upregulation of p450 aromatase, oestrogen, leptin and insulin receptor function; the normal status quo of their binding globulins; and how adduct formation alters DNA sequencing to ultimately produce an array of metabolic conditions ranging from menopausal symptoms and obesity to Alzheimer's disease and breast and prostate cancer. It reveals the way that poor diet, increased stress, unopposed endogenous oestrogens, exogenous oestrogens, pesticides, xeno-oestrogens and leptin are associated with increased aromatase activity, and how its products, increased endogenous oestrogen and lowered testosterone, are associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and oestrogenic disease. This controversial break-through represents a paradigm shift in medical thinking, which can prevent the raging pandemic of diabetes, obesity and cancer currently sweeping the world, and as such, it will reshape health initiatives, reduce suffering, prevent waste of government expenditure and effectively transform preventative medicine and global health care for decades.
Collapse
|
32
|
Obi N, Vrieling A, Heinz J, Chang-Claude J. Estrogen metabolite ratio: Is the 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone ratio predictive for breast cancer? Int J Womens Health 2011; 3:37-51. [PMID: 21339936 PMCID: PMC3039007 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s7595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have shown that two main estrogen metabolites hydroxylated by CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in the breast differentially affect breast cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. Although 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αOHE1) exerts estrogenic activity through covalent estrogen receptor (ER) binding, 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE1) presumably has antiestrogenic capabilities. The ratio of 2OHE1 to 16αOHE1 represents the relative dominance of one pathway over the other and is believed to be modifiable by diet. It was hypothesized that women with or at high risk of breast cancer have a lower estrogen metabolite ratio (EMR) compared with women without breast cancer. We conducted a systematic review on the EMR as a predictor for breast cancer. A total of nine studies (six prospective and three retrospective) matched our inclusion criteria, comprising 682 premenopausal cases (1027 controls) and 1189 postmenopausal cases (1888 controls). For the highest compared with the lowest quantile of urinary EMR, nonsignificant associations suggested at best a weak protective effect in premenopausal but not in postmenopausal breast cancer (range of odds ratios: 0.50-0.75 for premenopausal and 0.71-1.31 for postmenopausal). Circulating serum/plasma EMR was not associated with breast cancer risk. Associations were inconclusive for receptor subtypes of breast cancer. Uncontrolled factors known to be involved in breast carcinogenesis, such as 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1) concentration, may have confounded results for EMR. Results of the prospective studies do not support the hypothesis that EMR can be used as a predictive marker for breast cancer risk. Future research should concentrate on profiles of estrogen metabolites, including 4OHE1, to gain a more complete picture of the relative importance of single metabolites for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Obi
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH)/Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Vrieling
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Heinz
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH)/Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim T, Park H, Yue W, Wang JP, Atkins KA, Zhang Z, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL, Mohammad KS, Kim S, Santen RJ, Aiyar SE. Tetra-methoxystilbene modulates ductal growth of the developing murine mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:779-89. [PMID: 21170676 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive data suggest that estradiol contributes to the development of breast cancer by acting as a mitogen and exerting direct genotoxic effects after enzymatic conversion to 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) via cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1). The mammary gland, ovary, and uterus all express CYP1B1. Overexpression of this enzyme has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and blockade might reduce this carcinogenic effect. For this reason, we conducted systematic in vitro and in vivo studies of a CYP1B1 inhibitor, TMS (2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxystilbene). We found that TMS blocked the enzymatic conversion of radiolabeled estradiol to both 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) and 4-OHE2, but did not inhibit Cyp1b1 message formation. In vivo studies using mass spectrometry showed that TMS inhibited formation of 2-OHE2 and 4-OHE2 and the resulting estrogen-DNA adducts. To examine its biologic actions in vivo, we investigated whether TMS could block the hyperplastic changes that occur in the developing breast of aromatase-transfected mice. We found that TMS induced a significant reduction of ductal structures in mice less than 6 months in age. In older mice, no reduction in breast morphology occurred. These latter studies uncovered unexpected estrogen agonistic actions of TMS at high doses, including a paradoxical stimulation of breast ductal structures and the endometrium. These studies suggest that the enzyme inhibitory properties of TMS, as well as the effects on developing breast, could implicate a role for TMS in breast cancer prevention, but only in low doses and on developing breast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Circulating sex steroids and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Discov Oncol 2010; 1:2-10. [PMID: 21761346 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-009-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from both laboratory and epidemiologic studies indicate a key role of hormones in the etiology of breast cancer. In epidemiologic studies, indirect data, including the consistent associations observed between reproductive factors and breast cancer risk, support an important contribution of hormones to risk. Recently, the associations between circulating hormones in premenopausal women and subsequent risk of breast cancer have been evaluated. To date, both positive and null associations have been observed for estrogens and inverse and null associations for progesterone with breast cancer risk. For estrogens, the relationships may vary by menstrual cycle phase (e.g., follicular versus luteal phase), although this requires confirmation. Few studies have evaluated estrogen metabolites in relation to breast cancer risk; hence, no conclusions can yet be drawn. Findings for the largely adrenal-derived dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate also are inconsistent and may vary by age. However, relatively consistent positive associations have been observed between testosterone (or free testosterone) levels and breast cancer risk; these associations are of similar magnitude to those confirmed among postmenopausal women. In this review, we summarize current evidence and identify gaps and inconsistencies that need to be addressed in future studies of sex steroids and premenopausal breast cancer risk.
Collapse
|
35
|
Eliassen AH, Ziegler RG, Rosner B, Veenstra TD, Roman JM, Xu X, Hankinson SE. Reproducibility of fifteen urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites over a 2- to 3-year period in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2860-8. [PMID: 19843676 PMCID: PMC2783292 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens play an integral role in the etiology of breast, endometrial, and, possibly, ovarian cancers. Estrogen metabolism yields products that are potentially both estrogenic and genotoxic, yet individual metabolic patterns are just beginning to be explored in epidemiologic studies. Within the Nurses' Health Study II, we examined reproducibility of 15 urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM) among 110 premenopausal women with three luteal-phase urine samples collected over 3 years. EM were measured by a recently developed high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(2)) method with high sensitivity, specificity, and precision. We assessed Spearman correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) across the three samples. Correlations between urinary estrone or estradiol and EM were only modest (r = 0.1-0.5). The 2- and 4-hydroxylation pathways were highly correlated (r = 0.9) but weakly inversely correlated with the 16-hydroxylation pathway (r = -0.2). Within-woman reproducibility over time was fairly high for the three pathways, with ICCs ranging from 0.52 (16-hydroxylation pathway) to 0.72 (2-hydroxylation pathway). ICCs were similarly high for 2-catechols and the individual catechols (ICCs = 0.58-0.72). Individual and grouped methylated 2-catechols had fairly high ICCs (0.51-0.62), but methylated 4-catechols had low ICCs (0.14-0.27). These data indicate that, in general, urinary EM levels vary substantially among individuals compared with intraindividual variability. Within-person reproducibility over time for most EM measures is comparable to or better than that for well-vetted biomarkers such as plasma cholesterol and, in postmenopausal women, estradiol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Getoff N, Gerschpacher M, Hartmann J, Huber JC, Schittl H, Quint RM. The 4-hydroxyestrone: Electron emission, formation of secondary metabolites and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 98:20-4. [PMID: 19926488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE(1)), a typical cancer-inducing metabolite, originating from 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2), was chosen as a model for the studies. The aim was to get a deeper insight in the mechanisms of its ability to initiate cancer. It was found, that 4-OHE(1) can eject electrons (e(aq)(-)), when excited in the singlet state by monochromatic UV-light (lambda=254 nm) in polar media (water:ethanol=40:60 vol.%). The quantum yield Q(e(aq)(-)), determined for various 4-OHE(1) concentrations, is found to be as high as that previously observed for 17beta-E2. It decreases with increasing substrate concentration, but it is enhanced at higher temperature. The ability of 4-OHE(1) to eject as well as to consume and to transfer electrons to other biological systems, classifies it as an electron mediator, similar to 17beta-E2. The 4-OHE(1) transients resulting of the electron emission process are leading to the formation of secondary metabolites. Surprisingly, it was established that the secondary metabolites possess likewise the ability to eject as well as to consume electrons. Hence, they behave similar like 17beta-E2. However, the structure of the secondary formed metabolites, which determinates their biological properties and carcinogenity, depends on the nature of the available reaction partners involved in their formation. A probable reaction mechanism explaining the subject matter is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Getoff
- The University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Section Radiation Biology, A-1090 Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Arslan AA, Shore RE, Afanasyeva Y, Koenig KL, Toniolo P, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Circulating estrogen metabolites and risk for breast cancer in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2273-9. [PMID: 19661086 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that a shift toward 2-hydroxyestrone from 16alpha-hydroxyestrone metabolic pathway may be inversely associated with breast cancer risk because 2-hydroxyestrone is thought to be less genotoxic and estrogenic than 16alpha-hydroxyestrone. METHODS We examined the associations of invasive breast cancer risk with circulating 2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, and the 2-hydroxyestrone:16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio in a case-control study on premenopausal women nested within a prospective cohort the New York University Women's Health Study. The serum levels of 2-hydroxyestrone and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone were measured in 377 incident premenopausal breast cancer cases and 377 premenopausal controls, who were matched on age at enrollment, number and dates of blood donations, and day and phase of menstrual cycle. RESULTS Overall, no significant associations were observed between breast cancer risk and serum levels of 2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, or their ratio. The 2-hydroxyestrone:16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio was positively associated with risk for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in the analyses controlling for matching factors. However, the association was attenuated and not significant after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratio for the highest versus the lowest quartile, 2.15; 95% CI, 0.88-5.27; P(trend) = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study do not support the hypothesis that a metabolic shift from 16alpha-hydroxyestrone toward 2-hydroxyestrone in premenopausal women is associated with reduced risk for breast cancer. The association between the 2-hydroxy:16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer needs to be explored in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Arslan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Barba M, Yang L, Schünemann HJ, Sperati F, Grioni S, Stranges S, Westerlind KC, Blandino G, Gallucci M, Lauria R, Malorni L, Muti P. Urinary estrogen metabolites and prostate cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:135. [PMID: 19814782 PMCID: PMC2766371 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate prostate cancer (Pca) risk in relation to estrogen metabolism, expressed as urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1) and 2-OHE1 to 16alpha-OHE1 ratio. METHODS We conducted a case-control study within the Western New York Health Cohort Study (WNYHCS) from 1996 to 2001. From January 2003 through September 2004, we completed the re-call and follow-up of 1092 cohort participants. Cases (n = 26) and controls (n = 110) were matched on age, race and recruitment period according to a 1:4 ratio. We used the unconditional logistic regression to compute crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confident interval (CI) of Pca in relation to 2-OHE1, 16alphaOHE1 and 2-OHE1 to 16alpha-OHE1 by tertiles of urine concentrations (stored in a biorepository for an average of 4 years). We identified age, race, education and body mass index as covariates. We also conducted a systematic review of the literature which revealed no additional studies, but we pooled the results from this study with those from a previously conducted case-control study using the DerSimonian-Laird random effects method. RESULTS We observed a non-significant risk reduction in the highest tertile of 2-OHE1 (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.25-2.10). Conversely, the odds in the highest tertile of 16alpha-OHE1 showed a non-significant risk increase (OR 1.76 95% CI 0.62-4.98). There was a suggestion of reduced Pca risk for men in the highest tertile of 2-OHE1 to 16alpha-OHE1 ratio (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.19-1.68). The pooled estimates confirmed the association between an increased Pca risk and higher urinary levels of 16alpha-OHE1 (third vs. first tertile: OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.09-3.05) and the protective effect of a higher 2-OHE 1 to 16alpha-OHE1 ratio (third vs. first tertile: OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31-0.90). CONCLUSION Our study and the pooled results provide evidence for a differential role of the estrogen hydroxylation pathway in Pca development and encourage further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Barba
- Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wickramasinghe NS, Manavalan TT, Dougherty SM, Riggs KA, Li Y, Klinge CM. Estradiol downregulates miR-21 expression and increases miR-21 target gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:2584-95. [PMID: 19264808 PMCID: PMC2677875 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Select changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression correlate with estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in breast tumors. miR-21 is higher in ERα positive than negative tumors, but no one has examined how estradiol (E2) regulates miR-21 in breast cancer cells. Here we report that E2 inhibits miR-21 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The E2-induced reduction in miR-21 was inhibited by 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), ICI 182 780 (Faslodex), and siRNA ERα indicating that the suppression is ERα-mediated. ERα and ERβ agonists PPT and DPN inhibited and 4-OHT increased miR-21 expression. E2 increased luciferase activity from reporters containing the miR-21 recognition elements from the 3′-UTRs of miR-21 target genes, corroborating that E2 represses miR-21 expression resulting in a loss of target gene suppression. The E2-mediated decrease in miR-21 correlated with increased protein expression of endogenous miR-21-targets Pdcd4, PTEN and Bcl-2. siRNA knockdown of ERα blocked the E2-induced increase in Pdcd4, PTEN and Bcl-2. Transfection of MCF-7 cells with antisense (AS) to miR-21 mimicked the E2-induced increase in Pdcd4, PTEN and Bcl-2. These results are the first to demonstrate that E2 represses the expression of an oncogenic miRNA, miR-21, by activating estrogen receptor in MCF-7 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nalinie S Wickramasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Eliassen AH, Missmer SA, Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE. Circulating 2-hydroxy- and 16alpha-hydroxy estrone levels and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2029-35. [PMID: 18708395 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating estrogens are associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Given that estrogen metabolites are potentially both mitogenic and genotoxic, it is possible that plasma levels of estrogen metabolites are related to breast cancer risk. We conducted a prospective, nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study. Blood samples, collected in 1989 to 1990, were assayed for 2-OH and 16alpha-OH estrone among 340 cases and 677 matched controls not taking postmenopausal hormones. Multivariate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by conditional logistic regression, adjusting for breast cancer risk factors. Neither 2-OH nor 16alpha-OH estrone concentrations were significantly associated with breast cancer risk overall (top versus bottom quartile: RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.80-1.79; P(trend) = 0.40 for 2-OH estrone and RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.71-1.53; P(trend) = 0.81 for 16alpha-OH estrone). The ratio between the two metabolites (2-OH:16alpha-OH estrone) was similarly unrelated to risk overall (1.30; 95% CI, 0.87-1.95; P(trend) = 0.35). Although no associations were detected among women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/progesterone receptor (PR)-positive tumors, significant positive associations were observed for 2-OH estrone and the 2-OH:16alpha-OH estrone ratio among women with ER-negative/PR-negative tumors (RR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.23-10.81; P(trend) = 0.01; P(heterogeneity) = 0.02 for 2-OH estrone; RR, 3.70; 95% CI, 1.24-11.09; P(trend) = 0.004; P(heterogeneity) = 0.005 for 2-OH:16alpha-OH estrone). These data do not support the hypothesized inverse associations with 2-OH estrone and the 2-OH:16alpha-OH estrone ratio or the hypothesized positive association with 16alpha-OH estrone. The significant positive associations with 2-OH estrone and the 2-OH:16-OH estrone ratio among women with ER-negative/PR-negative tumors needs to be replicated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bågeman E, Ingvar C, Rose C, Jernström H. Coffee consumption and CYP1A2*1F genotype modify age at breast cancer diagnosis and estrogen receptor status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:895-901. [PMID: 18398030 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP1A2 plays a key role in the metabolism of both estrogen and coffee. Women with higher coffee intake and the CYP1A2*1F A/A genotype have a ratio of high 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) to 16alpha-OHE1. 2-OHE1 is a weak estrogen and may even block the estrogen receptor (ER), whereas 16alpha-OHE1 is procarcinogenic. We hypothesized that moderate to high coffee consumption (> or =2 cups per day) combined with the CYP1A2*1F A/A genotype would be associated with a later age at diagnosis and a greater proportion of ER-negative (ER-) tumors among patients with breast cancer. We genotyped 458 patients with breast cancer (age, 25-99 years) in Lund, Sweden, for CYP1A2*1F. Information on lifestyle factors and tumor characteristics were obtained from preoperative questionnaires and pathology reports. Among patients with CYP1A2*1F A/A (51.3%), moderate to high consumption was associated with a later age at diagnosis compared with low coffee consumption (59.8 versus 52.6 years, P = 0.0004). These patients were also more likely to have ER- tumors than patients with low consumption (14.7% versus 0%, P = 0.018). Coffee was not associated with ER status or age at diagnosis in patients with at least one C allele. Age at diagnosis was not associated with ER status in patients with CYP1A2*1F A/A, but younger patients (<50 years) with at least one C allele were more likely to have ER- tumors compared with older patients (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-9.3; P = 0.0002). These findings raise the hypothesis that coffee slows the growth of ER-positive tumors in patients with CYP1A2*1F A/A and may have implications for breast cancer if confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bågeman
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ho CC, Ling YC, Chang LW, Tsai HT, Tsai MH, Lin P. 17-Beta Estradiol and Hydroxyestradiols Interact via the NF-Kappa B Pathway to Elevate Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression and Prostaglandin E2 Secretion in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Toxicol Sci 2008; 104:294-302. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
43
|
Chiesa IJ, Castillo LF, Lüthy IA. Contribution of alpha2-adrenoceptors to the mitogenic effect of catecholestrogen in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 110:170-5. [PMID: 18486470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Catecholestrogens are estrogen metabolites formed by hydroxylation of 17beta-estradiol and estrone at either the C-2 or C-4 position, rivaling the parent estrogens in concentration. The objective of the present work was to assess if their catechol group could make them induce proliferation of human breast cancer cells via alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. In competition studies in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, high concentrations of 2-hydroxy-estradiol (2-OH-E(2)), 2-hydroxy-estrone (2-OH-E(1)) and 4-hydroxy-estrone (4-OH-E(1)) competed for [(3)H]-rauwolscine binding, whereas 4-hydroxy-estradiol (4-OH-E(2)) did not. The contribution of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and estrogen receptors (ERs) in proliferation enhancement was analyzed with specific antagonists. The specific alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine partially reversed the effect of catecholestrogens except 4-OH-E(2). The selective ER downregulator ICI-182780 or fulvestrant partially or totally reversed the effect of all hydroxylated catecholestrogens. When analyzing the effect of the combination of both antagonists in MCF-7, the contribution of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and ERs for 2-OH-E(2), 2-OH-E(1) and 4-OH-E(1) was mixed, whereas for 4-OH-E(2), the only receptor implied was an ER. In MDA-MB-231 cells (ER-alpha negative) the proliferation stimulation by these three catecholestrogens and reversal by the adrenergic antagonist was also observed. It can be concluded that alpha(2)-adrenoceptors contribute at least in part to the mitogenic effect of 2-OH-E(2), 2-OH-E(1) and 4-OH-E(1).
Collapse
|
44
|
Gregoraszczuk EL, Rak A, Ludewig G, Gasińska A. Effects of estradiol, PCB3, and their hydroxylated metabolites on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 25:227-33. [PMID: 21783862 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain estradiol metabolites and industrial pollutants, like polychlorinated biphenyls, may play a more important role in enhancing breast cancer risk than 17β-estradiol. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) with that of the air pollutant 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) and four of their hydroxylated metabolites on cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells at concentrations of 0.1-10nM (E2, 2-OH-E2, and 4-OH-E2) and 0.3-300nM (PCB3, 4-OH-PCB3, and 3, 4-diOH-PCB3) and 24-260h of exposure. E2 increased cell proliferation and cells in S-phase at all time points. 2-OH-E2 and 4-OH-E2 had no effect on the cell cycle, but a stimulatory action on cell proliferation from 72 to 260h of exposure to 4-OH-E2 and at 260h to 2-OH-E2 was seen. E2 and its metabolites had no effect on apoptosis. PCB3 and 4-OH-PCB3 showed no effect on proliferation, apoptosis or cell cycle distribution at any concentration and time point. Longer time exposures to 3,4-di-OH-PCB at 300nM caused a decrease of cells and an increase in G2/M and apoptotic cells. These results confirm the proliferative effect of E2 and its metabolite 4-OH-E2 in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells, but show no mitogenic activity for PCB3 and 4-OH-PCB3. However, the cell cycle and apoptosis effects of 3,4-diOH-PCB3 need further analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa L Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Napoli N, Armamento‐Villareal R. Estrogen Hydroxylation in Osteoporosis. Adv Clin Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(06)43007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
46
|
Sowers MR, Crawford S, McConnell DS, Randolph JF, Gold EB, Wilkin MK, Lasley B. Selected diet and lifestyle factors are associated with estrogen metabolites in a multiracial/ethnic population of women. J Nutr 2006; 136:1588-95. [PMID: 16702326 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.6.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and lifestyle factors, body size, and smoking behavior may influence estrogen metabolism, but the nature of these relations may vary according to race/ethnic groups. We evaluated the association of lifestyle factors with estrogen metabolites 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1) in a racially diverse population. With a cross-sectional study design, urine samples from 1881 African-American, Caucasian, Chinese, Japanese, and Hispanic women, aged 42-52 y, from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) were assayed by EIA for 2-OHE1 and 16alpha-OHE1. Dietary factors and beverages were measured using a modified Block FFQ. Dietary fiber, vegetable and fruit servings, Brassica vegetables, polyphenols, coffee, caffeine, green and black tea, and total alcohol and wine were related to metabolite values using multiple variable regression analyses. In adjusted analyses, 2-OHE1 concentrations were significantly associated with race/ethnicity, weight, smoking, and consumption of hydroxybenzoic acid, anthocyanidins, wine, and caffeine (P < 0.05). Regression models incorporating these variables explained 19-20% of the variation in 2-OHE1 concentrations. Regression models for 16alpha-OHE1, which explained 16-17% of the variability, included race/ethnicity, smoking, caffeine, total dietary fiber, and fiber from fruits and vegetables as variables. These associations may reflect why increased consumption of polyphenol-containing foods and fruit as well as decreased smoking, caffeine intake, and body size would be consistent with hypothesized benefits and risks for selected health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MaryFran R Sowers
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Hall
- Department of Cereal and Food Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bentz AT, Schneider CM, Westerlind KC. The relationship between physical activity and 2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, and the 2/16 ratio in premenopausal women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:455-61. [PMID: 15953988 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-004-6256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estrogen is metabolized in the body through two mutually exclusive pathways yielding metabolites with different biological activities: the low estrogenic 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) and the highly estrogenic 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1). The ratio of these metabolites (2/16) may be predictive of risk for developing breast cancer. Early evidence has demonstrated that exercise may alter estrogen metabolism to favor the weak estrogen, 2-OHE1. METHODS Seventy-seven eumenorrheic females completed physical activity logs for two weeks prior to providing a luteal phase urine sample. Concentrations of 2-OHE1 and 16alpha-OHE1 were measured and the 2/16 ratio computed. Hierarchical regression, controlling for age and body mass index (BMI), was used to determine relationships between estrogen metabolites and daily physical activity. RESULTS Regression analyses indicated significant positive relationships between physical activity and 2-OHE1 and the 2/16 ratio (p < 0.05) that appears to be independent of BMI. 16alpha-OHE1 was not significantly related to physical activity. CONCLUSION These results indicate that physical activity may modulate estrogen metabolism to favor the weak estrogen, 2-OHE1, thus producing a higher 2/16 ratio. This alteration in estrogen metabolism may represent one of the mechanisms by which increased physical activity reduces breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Bentz
- Sport and Exercise Science, BNCC Campus Box 6, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kretschmer XC, Baldwin WS. CAR and PXR: xenosensors of endocrine disrupters? Chem Biol Interact 2005; 155:111-28. [PMID: 16054614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are orphan nuclear receptors activated by a variety of ligands. Currently it remains uncertain whether these receptors have a high-affinity ligand or instead function as more generalized steroid/xenobiotic sensors. Both receptors are important regulators of several steroid and xenobiotic detoxification enzymes and transporters (phases I-III) in the liver and intestine and thus are important regulators of adaptation to chemical stress. The detoxification proteins induced are responsible for the metabolism, deactivation and transport of bile acids, thyroid and steroid hormones, numerous environmental chemicals, and several drugs. PXR and CAR received their names because of steroid ligands that activate and inhibit their transcriptional activity, respectively. Interestingly, some steroids and steroid mimics activate one or both receptors, including several endocrine disrupting chemicals. Environmental estrogens, such as the pesticides methoxychlor, endosulfan, dieldrin, DDT, and the plasticizer nonylphenol activate either PXR or both PXR and CAR. Because PXR and CAR are activated by numerous steroids and endocrine disrupters, it appears that these receptors protect the integrity of the endocrine system. They recognize an increase in steroid-like chemicals and, in turn, induce detoxification. Furthermore, PXR and CAR induce enzymes, such as the CYP2B and CYP3A family members, responsible for the metabolism of steroid and thyroid hormones and this may alter their normal physiological function. This review summarizes the available data on the activity of endocrine disrupters and endocrine active chemicals on PXR and CAR, examines the role of PXR and CAR in protection from these chemicals, and evaluates potential adverse physiological consequences of PXR and CAR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiomara C Kretschmer
- University of Texas at El Paso, Biological Sciences, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Janosek J, Hilscherová K, Bláha L, Holoubek I. Environmental xenobiotics and nuclear receptors--interactions, effects and in vitro assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 20:18-37. [PMID: 16061344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A group of intracellular nuclear receptors is a protein superfamily including arylhydrocarbon AhR, estrogen ER, androgen AR, thyroid TR and retinoid receptors RAR/RXR as well as molecules with unknown function known as orphan receptors. These proteins play an important role in a wide range of physiological as well as toxicological processes acting as transcription factors (ligand-dependent signalling macromolecules modulating expression of various genes in a positive or negative manner). A large number of environmental pollutants and other xenobiotics negatively affect signaling pathways, in which nuclear receptors are involved, and these modulations were related to important in vivo toxic effects such as immunosuppression, carcinogenesis, reproduction or developmental toxicity, and embryotoxicity. Presented review summarizes current knowledge on major nuclear receptors (AhR, ER, AR, RAR/RXR, TR) and their relationship to known in vivo toxic effects. Special attention is focused on priority organic environmental contaminants and experimental approaches for determination and studies of specific toxicity mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Janosek
- RECETOX, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|