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Highly Regioselective and Stereoselective Biohydroxylations of Oxandrolone. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbially catalyzed reactions are a powerful and valuable tool for organic synthesis of many compounds with potential biological activity. Herein, we report efficient hydroxylations of the steroidal anabolic-androgenic lactone, oxandrolone, in the cultures of three strains of fungi, Fusarium culmorum, Mortierella isabellina, and Laetiporus sulphureus. These reactions resulted in the production of four metabolites identified as 12β-hydroxyoxandrolone (2), 9α-hydroxyoxandrolone (3), 6α-hydroxyoxandrolone (4), and 15α-hydroxyoxandrolone (5), the latter being a new compound. The high substrate conversion rates and the product yields achieved indicate that these strains offer a new way to generate steroidal hydroxylactones with potential pharmaceutical interest. The structures of the isolated derivatives were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic data. The effect of modification of the A-ring structure of the steroid by the lactone group on the selectivity of hydroxylation in cultures of the tested fungi is also discussed.
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Isaria fumosorosea KCh J2 Entomopathogenic Strain as an Effective Biocatalyst for Steroid Compound Transformations. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091511. [PMID: 28891949 PMCID: PMC6151793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of enzymes produced by an entomopathogenic filamentous fungus (Isaria fumosorosea KCh J2) towards selected steroid compounds (androstenedione, adrenosterone, progesterone, 17α-methyltestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone) was investigated. All tested substrates were efficiently transformed. The structure of the substrate has a crucial impact on regio- and stereoselectivity of hydroxylation since it affects binding to the active site of the enzyme. Androstenedione was hydroxylated in the 7α-position to give a key intermediate in the synthesis of the diuretic-7α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione with 82% conversion. Adrenosterone and 17α-methyltestosterone were hydroxylated in the 6β-position. Hydroxylated derivatives such as 15β-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone and 6β,12β-dihydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone were also observed. In the culture of Isaria fumosorosea KCh J2, DHEA was effectively hydroxylated in the C-7 position and then oxidized to give 7-oxo-DHEA, 3β,7α- and 3β,7β-dihydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-androst-5-ene-17-one. We obtained 7β-OH-DHEA lactone with 82% yield during 3 days transformation of highly concentrated (5 g/L) DHEA.
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Kozłowska E, Urbaniak M, Kancelista A, Dymarska M, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Stępień Ł, Janeczko T. Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by environmental strains of filamentous fungi. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Study on the ability of selected filamentous fungus species to transform dehydroepiandrosterone was performed (DHEA) and interesting DHEA derivatives were obtained with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance
- Institute of Plant Genetics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 60-479 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Anna Kancelista
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 51-630 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance
- Institute of Plant Genetics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 60-479 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
- 50-375 Wrocław
- Poland
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Shan L, Jiao K, Yin M, Huang J, Chen Y, Qin S, Liu H. Biotransformation of 5-en-3β-ol steroids byMucor circinelloides lusitanicus. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1089865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China and
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China and
| | - Minghui Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China and
| | - Jiajia Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China and
| | - Yanjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China and
| | - Shangshang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China and
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China and
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Biotransformation of Cholesterol and 16α,17α-Epoxypregnenolone and Isolation of Hydroxylase in Burkholderia cepacia SE-1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5727631. [PMID: 27340662 PMCID: PMC4909919 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5727631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of cholesterol is critical in eukaryotes as a precursor for vitamins, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Some steroid compounds can be transformed into precursors of steroid medicine by some microorganisms. In this study, the biotransformation products of cholesterol and 16α,17α-epoxypregnenolone produced by Burkholderia cepacia SE-1 were investigated, and a correlative enzyme, hydroxylase, was also studied. The biotransformation products, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-oxocholesterol, and 20-droxyl-16α,17α-epoxypregn-1,4-dien-3-one, were purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The hydroxylase was isolated from the bacterium and the partial sequences of the hydroxylase, which belong to the catalases/peroxidase family, were analyzed using MS/MS analyses. The enzyme showed activity toward cholesterol and had a specific activity of 37.2 U/mg of protein at 30°C and pH 7.0.
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Karpova NV, Andryushina VA, Stytsenko TS, Druzhinina AV, Feofanova TD, Kurakov AV. A search for microscopic fungi with directed hydroxylase activity for the synthesis of steroid drugs. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381603008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hydroxylation of DHEA and its analogues by Absidia coerulea AM93. Can an inducible microbial hydroxylase catalyze 7α- and 7β-hydroxylation of 5-ene and 5α-dihydro C19-steroids? Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:883-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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8
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Wang Y, Sun D, Chen Z, Ruan H, Ge W. Biotransformation of 3β-hydroxy-5-en-steroids byMucor silvaticus. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.813490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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Choudhary MI, Zafar S, Khan NT, Ahmad S, Noreen S, Marasini BP, Al-Khedhairy AA, Atta-ur-Rahman. Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone with Macrophomina phaseolina and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity of transformed products. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:348-55. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.590804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Zafar
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naik Tameen Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University,
Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Noreen
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bishnu P. Marasini
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Atta-ur-Rahman
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan
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Kołek T, Milecka N, Świzdor A, Panek A, Białońska A. Hydroxylation of DHEA, androstenediol and epiandrosterone by Mortierella isabellina AM212. Evidence indicating that both constitutive and inducible hydroxylases catalyze 7α- as well as 7β-hydroxylations of 5-ene substrates. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5414-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Huang LH, Li J, Xu G, Zhang XH, Wang YG, Yin YL, Liu HM. Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with Penicillium griseopurpureum Smith and Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling. Steroids 2010; 75:1039-46. [PMID: 20600202 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 1) using Penicillium griseopurpureum Smith and Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling has been investigated. Neither fungi had been examined previously for steroid biotransformation. One novel metabolic product of DHEA (1) transformed with P. griseopurpureum Smith, 15α-hydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (5), was reported for the first time. The steroid products were assigned by interpretation of their spectral data such as (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR, and HR-MS spectroscopy. P. griseopurpureum Smith was proven to be remarkably efficient in oxidation of the DHEA (1) into androst-4-en-3,17-dione (2). The strain was also observed to yield different monooxygenases to introduce hydroxyl groups at C-7α, -14α, and -15α positions of steroids. Preference for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to lactonize D ring and oxidation of the 3β-alcohol to the 3-ketone were observed in both incubations. The strain of P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling catalyzed the steroid 1 to generate both testololactone 3, and d-lactone product with 3β-hydroxy-5-en moiety 8. In addition, the strain promoted hydrogenation of the C-5 and C-6 positions, leading to the formation of 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-5α-androstan-3,17-dione (9). The biotransformation pathways of DHEA (1) with P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling and P. griseopurpureum Smith have been investigated, respectively. Possible metabolic pathways of DHEA (1) were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Smuga DA, Smuga M, Swizdor A, Panek A, Wawrzeńczyk C. Synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone analogues modified with phosphatidic acid moiety. Steroids 2010; 75:1146-52. [PMID: 20727366 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolite 7α-OH DHEA have many diverse physiological, biological and biochemical effects encompassing various cell types, tissues and organs. In in vitro studies, DHEA analogues have myriad biological actions, but in vivo, especially in oral administration, DHEA produces far more limited clinical effects. One of the possible solutions of this problem is conversion of DHEA to active analogues and/or its transformation into prodrug form. In this article, the studies on the conversion of DHEA and 7α-OH DHEA into their phosphatides by the phosphodiester approach are described. In this esterification, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) was the most efficient coupling agent as well as p-toluenesulphonyl chloride (TsCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Smuga
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences,Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Andryushina VA, Druzhinina AV, Yaderets VV, Stytsenko TS, Voishvillo NE. 7α-Hydroxylation of steroid 5-olefins by mold fungi. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Świzdor A, Kolek T. Asymmetric reduction of tetralones and their methoxy derivatives byFusarium culmorum. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420902811097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Janeczko T, Dmochowska-Gładysz J, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Białońska A, Ciunik Z. Biotransformations of steroid compounds by Chaetomium sp. KCH 6651. Steroids 2009; 74:657-61. [PMID: 19463686 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformations of steroid compounds: androstenedione, testosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone and DHEA using Chaetomium sp. 1 KCH 6651 strain as a biocatalyst were investigated. The microorganism proved capable of selective hydroxylation of the steroid substrates. Androstenedione was converted to 14alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (in over 75% yield) and 6beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (in low yield), while testosterone underwent regioselective hydroxylation at 6beta position. Progesterone was transformed to a single product-6beta,14alpha-dihydroxypregnan-4-en-3,20-dione in high yield, whereas biotransformation of DHEA resulted in the formation of 7alpha-hydroxy derivative, which was subsequently converted to 7alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Poli A, Di Pietro A, Zigon D, Lenasi H. Possible involvement of G-proteins and cAMP in the induction of progesterone hydroxylating enzyme system in the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:241-7. [PMID: 19429428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungi present the ability to hydroxylate steroids. In some filamentous fungi, progesterone induces an enzyme system which converts the compound into a less toxic hydroxylated product. We investigated the progesterone response in the vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, using mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Progesterone was mainly transformed into 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, which was found predominantly in the extracellular medium. The role of two conserved fungal signaling cascades in the induction of the progesterone-transforming enzyme system was studied, using knockout mutants lacking the mitogen-activated protein kinase Fmk1 or the heterotrimeric G-protein beta subunit Fgb1 functioning upstream of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. No steroid hydroxylation was induced in the Deltafgb1 strain, suggesting a role for the G-protein beta subunit in progesterone signaling. Exogenous cAMP restored the induction of progesterone-transforming activity in the Deltafgb1 strain, suggesting that steroid signaling in F. oxysporum is mediated by the cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poli
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Transformation of 5-ene steroids by the fungus Aspergillus tamarii KITA: mixed molecular fate in lactonization and hydroxylation pathways with identification of a putative 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1791:110-7. [PMID: 19136076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Aspergillus tamarii metabolizes progesterone to testololactone in high yield through a sequential four step enzymatic pathway which, has demonstrated flexibility in handling a range of steroidal probes. These substrates have revealed that subtle changes in the molecular structure of the steroid lead to significant changes in route of metabolism. It was therefore of interest to determine the metabolism of a range of 5-ene containing steroidal substrates. Remarkably the primary route of 5-ene steroid metabolism involved a 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase/Delta(5)-Delta(4) isomerase (3beta-HSD/isomerase) enzyme(s), generating 3-one-4-ene functionality and identified for the first time in a fungus with the ability to handle both dehydroepiansdrosterone (DHEA) as well as C-17 side-chain containing compounds such as pregnenolone and 3beta-hydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-epoxypregn-5-en-20-one. Uniquely in all the steroids tested, 3beta-HSD/isomerase activity only occurred following lactonization of the steroidal ring-D. Presence of C-7 allylic hydroxylation, in either epimeric form, inhibited 3beta-HSD/isomerase activity and of the substrates tested, was only observed with DHEA and its 13alpha-methyl analogue. In contrast to previous studies of fungi with 3beta-HSD/isomerase activity DHEA could also enter a minor hydroxylation pathway. Pregnenolone and 3beta-hydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-epoxypregn-5-en-20-one were metabolized solely through the putative 3beta-HSD/isomerase pathway, indicating that a 17beta-methyl ketone functionality inhibits allylic oxidation at C-7. The presence of the 3beta-HSD/isomerase in A. tamarii and the transformation results obtained in this study highlight an important potential role that fungi may have in the generation of environmental androgens.
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Kołek T, Szpineter A, Swizdor A. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of DHEA, pregnenolone, and androstenedione by Penicillium lilacinum AM111. Steroids 2008; 73:1441-5. [PMID: 18755205 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) produced by Penicillium lilacinum AM111, in contrast to other enzymes of this group known in the literature, is able to process 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroid substrates. Transformation of DHEA and pregnenolone yielded, as a sole or main product, 3beta-hydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-androst-5-en-17-one, a new metabolite of these substrates; pregnenolone was transformed also to testololactone. Testololactone was the only product of oxidation of androstenedione by P. lilacinum AM111. Investigations of the time evolution of reaction progress have indicated that the substrates stimulate activity of BVMO(s) of P. lilacinum AM111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kołek
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Ge W, Wang S, Shan L, Li N, Liu HM. Transformation of 3β-hydroxy-5-en-steroids by Mucor racemosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Hunter AC, Mills PW, Dedi C, Dodd HT. Predominant allylic hydroxylation at carbons 6 and 7 of 4 and 5-ene functionalized steroids by the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor tauricus IMI23312. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:155-63. [PMID: 17981459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates for the first time transformation of a series of steroids (progesterone, androst-4-en-3,17-dione, testosterone, pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone) by the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor tauricus. All transformations were found to be oxidative (monohydroxylation and dihydroxylation) with allylic hydroxylation the predominant route of attack functionalizing the steroidal skeleta. Timed experiments demonstrated that dihydroxylation of progesterone, androst-4-en-3,17-dione and pregnenolone all initiated with hydroxylation on ring-B followed by attack on ring-C. Similar patterns of steroidal transformation to those observed with R. tauricus have been observed with some species of thermophilic Bacilli and mesophilic fungi. All metabolites were isolated by column chromatography and were identified by (1)H, (13)C NMR, DEPT analysis and other spectroscopic data. The application of thermophilic fungi to steroid transformation may represent a potentially rich source for the generation of new steroidal compounds as well as for uncovering inter and intraspecies similarities and differences in steroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christy Hunter
- Molecular Targeting and Polymer Toxicology Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, East Sussex, UK.
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