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Picón DF, Skouta R. Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Squalene Synthase: Deciphering Its Biochemical Mechanism, Disease Implications, and Intriguing Ties to Ferroptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3731. [PMID: 37509391 PMCID: PMC10378455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for various diseases, including cancers, owing to its pivotal role in the mevalonate pathway and the antioxidant properties of squalene. Primarily, SQS orchestrates the head-to-head condensation reaction, catalyzing the fusion of two farnesyl pyrophosphate molecules, leading to the formation of squalene, which has been depicted as a highly effective oxygen-scavenging agent in in vitro studies. Recent studies have depicted this isoprenoid as a protective layer against ferroptosis due to its potential regulation of lipid peroxidation, as well as its protection against oxidative damage. Therefore, beyond its fundamental function, recent investigations have unveiled additional roles for SQS as a regulator of lipid peroxidation and programmed cell death pathways, such as ferroptosis-a type of cell death characterized by elevated levels of lipid peroxide, one of the forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and intracellular iron concentration. Notably, thorough explorations have shed light on the distinctive features that set SQS apart from other members within the isoprenoid synthase superfamily. Its unique biochemical structure, intricately intertwined with its reaction mechanism, has garnered significant attention. Moreover, considerable evidence substantiates the significance of SQS in various disease contexts, and its intriguing association with ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation. The objective of this report is to analyze the existing literature comprehensively, corroborating these findings, and provide an up-to-date perspective on the current understanding of SQS as a prospective therapeutic target, as well as its intricate relationship with ferroptosis. This review aims to consolidate the knowledge surrounding SQS, thereby contributing to the broader comprehension of its potential implications in disease management and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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2
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Developing potential agents against atherosclerosis: Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel dual inhibitors of oxidative stress and Squalene Synthase activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:748-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3
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Antihyperlipidemic morpholine derivatives with antioxidant activity: An investigation of the aromatic substitution. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7015-23. [PMID: 26433631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drugs affecting more than one target could result in a more efficient treatment of multifactorial diseases as well as fewer safety concerns, compared to a one-drug one-target approach. Within our continued efforts towards the design of multifunctional molecules against atherosclerosis, we hereby report the synthesis of 17 new morpholine derivatives which structurally vary in terms of the aromatic substitution on the morpholine ring. These derivatives simultaneously suppress cholesterol biosynthesis through SQS inhibition (IC50 values of the most active compounds are between 0.7 and 5.5 μM) while exhibiting a significant protection of hepatic microsomal membranes against lipid peroxidation (with IC50 values for the most active compounds being between 73 and 200 μM). Further evaluation of these compounds was accomplished in vivo in an animal model of acute experimental hyperlipidemia, where it was observed that compounds reduced the examined lipidemic parameters (TC, TG and LDL) by 15-80%. In order to examine the mode of binding of these molecules in the active catalytic site of SQS, we also performed docking simulation studies. Our results indicate that some of the new compounds can be considered interesting structures in the search for new multifunctional agents of potential application in atherosclerosis.
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Gelat F, Lacomme C, Berger O, Gavara L, Montchamp JL. Synthesis of (phosphonomethyl)phosphinate pyrophosphate analogues via the phospha-Claisen condensation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:825-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrophosphate analogues are of great importance especially for the design of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gelat
- Department of Chemistry
- Box 298860
- Texas Christian University
- Texas 76133
- USA
| | - Claire Lacomme
- Department of Chemistry
- Box 298860
- Texas Christian University
- Texas 76133
- USA
| | - Olivier Berger
- Department of Chemistry
- Box 298860
- Texas Christian University
- Texas 76133
- USA
| | - Laurent Gavara
- Department of Chemistry
- Box 298860
- Texas Christian University
- Texas 76133
- USA
| | - J.-L. Montchamp
- Department of Chemistry
- Box 298860
- Texas Christian University
- Texas 76133
- USA
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5
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Park J, Matralis AN, Berghuis AM, Tsantrizos YS. Human isoprenoid synthase enzymes as therapeutic targets. Front Chem 2014; 2:50. [PMID: 25101260 PMCID: PMC4106277 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, the complex biochemical network known as the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids, which consists of a vast array of metabolites that are vital for proper cellular functions. Two key isoprenoids, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are responsible for the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins, and serve as the biosynthetic precursors to numerous other biomolecules. The down-stream metabolite of FPP and GGPP is squalene, the precursor to steroids, bile acids, lipoproteins, and vitamin D. In the past, interest in prenyl synthase inhibitors focused mainly on the role of the FPP in lytic bone diseases. More recently pre-clinical and clinical studies have strongly implicated high levels of protein prenylation in a plethora of human diseases, including non-skeletal cancers, the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus mainly on the potential therapeutic value of down-regulating the biosynthesis of FPP, GGPP, and squalene. We summarize the most recent drug discovery efforts and the structural data available that support the current on-going studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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Bergman JA, Hahne K, Song J, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. S-Farnesyl-Thiopropionic Acid (FTPA) Triazoles as Potent Inhibitors of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxyl Methyltransferase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:15-19. [PMID: 22754607 DOI: 10.1021/ml200106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of novel FTPA-triazole compounds as potent inhibitors of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt), through a focus on thioether and isoprenoid mimetics. These mimetics were coupled utilizing a copper-assisted cycloaddition to assemble the potential inhibitors. Using the resulting triazole from the coupling as an isoprenyl mimetic resulted in the biphenyl substituted FTPA triazole 10n. This lipid-modified analog is a potent inhibitor of Icmt (IC(50) = 0.8 ± 0.1 μM; calculated K(i) = 0.4 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Bergman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Kalub Hahne
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Jiao Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
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7
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Bergman JA, Hahne K, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. Lipid and sulfur substituted prenylcysteine analogs as human Icmt inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5616-9. [PMID: 21782433 PMCID: PMC4037158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt) offers a promising strategy for K-Ras driven cancers. We describe the synthesis and inhibitory activity of substrate-based analogs derived from several novel scaffolds. Modifications of both the prenyl group and thioether of N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC), a substrate for human Icmt (hIcmt), have resulted in low micromolar inhibitors of Icmt and have given insights into the nature of the prenyl binding site of hIcmt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kalub Hahne
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Ishihara T, Kakuta H, Moritani H, Ugawa T, Yanagisawa I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel propylamine derivatives as orally active squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5899-908. [PMID: 15498666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase inhibitors are potentially superior hypolipidemic agents. We synthesized novel propylamine derivatives, as well as evaluated their ability to inhibit squalene synthase and their lipid-lowering effects in rats. 1-Allyl-2-[3-(benzylamino)propoxy]-9H-carbazole (YM-75440) demonstrated potent inhibition of the enzyme derived from HepG2 cells with an IC(50) value of 63 nM. It significantly reduced both plasma total cholesterol and plasma triglyceride levels following oral dosing to rats with a reduced tendency to elevate plasma transaminase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Ishihara
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chemistry Laboratories, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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Tsubuki M, Takahashi K, Honda T. Stereoselective Construction of a β-Isopropenyl Alcohol Moiety at the C(2) and (3) of Kallolide A and Pinnatin A Using a [2,3] Wittig Rearrangement of Cyclic Furfuryl Ethers. J Org Chem 2003; 68:10183-6. [PMID: 14682723 DOI: 10.1021/jo035244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled synthesis of anti- and syn-beta-isopropenyl alcohol moieties at the C(2)-C(3) positions of kallolide A and pinnatin A was accomplished employing the [2,3] Wittig rearrangement of (E)-and (Z)-cyclic furfuryl ethers 8. Enantioselective Wittig rearrangement of (E)- and (Z)-furfuryl ethers 8 using butyllithium and a chiral bis(oxazoline) was also examined to provide (2R,3R)-homoallylic alcohol anti-9 in up to 61% ee and (2R,3S)-syn-9 in up to 93% ee, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tsubuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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10
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Zahn TJ, Eilers M, Guo Z, Ksebati MB, Simon M, Scholten JD, Smith SO, Gibbs RA. Evaluation of Isoprenoid Conformation in Solution and in the Active Site of Protein-Farnesyl Transferase Using Carbon-13 Labeling in Conjunction with Solution- and Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd J. Zahn
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Markus Eilers
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Zhengmao Guo
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Mohamad B. Ksebati
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Matthew Simon
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Jeffrey D. Scholten
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Steven O. Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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11
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Zahn TJ, Ksebati MB, Gibbs RA. Synthesis and conformational analysis of di-13C-labeled farnesyl diphosphate analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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13
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Harwood HJ, Barbacci-Tobin EG, Petras SF, Lindsey S, Pellarin LD. 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-A-pentenonitrile monohydrogen citrate and related analogs. Reversible, competitive, first half-reaction squalene synthetase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:839-64. [PMID: 9113105 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Squalene synthetase (SQS) catalyzes the head-to-head condensation of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to form squalene. The reaction is unique when compared with those of other FPP-utilizing enzymes, and proceeds in two distinct steps, both of which involve carbocationic reaction intermediates. In this report, we describe the mechanism of action of, and structure-activity relationships within, a series of substituted diethylaminoethoxystilbenes that mimic these reaction intermediates, through characterization of the biochemical properties of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-A- pentenonitrile monohydrogen citrate (P-3622) and related analogs. As a representative member of this series, P-3622 inhibited SQS reversibly and competitively with respect to FPP (Ki = 0.7 microM), inhibited the enzymatic first half-reaction to the same extent as the overall reaction, exhibited a 300-fold specificity for SQS inhibition relative to protein farnesyltransferase inhibition, inhibited cholesterol synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes (IC50 = 0.8 microM), in cultured human cells (Hep-G2, CaCo-2, and IM-9; IC50 = 0.2, 1.2, and 1.0 microM), and in chow-fed hamsters (62% at 100 mg/kg) without accumulation of post-squalene sterol precursors, and reduced plasma cholesterol in experimental animals. Structure-activity relationships among 72 related analogs suggest that the phenyl residues and central trans-olefin of the stilbene moiety serve as mimics of the three isoprene units of the donor FPP, that substitutions across the central olefin and para-substitutions on the terminal phenyl residue mimic the branching methyl groups of the donor FPP, and that the diethylaminoethoxy moiety of these molecules mimics the various carbocations that develop in the C1-C3 region of the acceptor FPP during reaction. Members of this series of reversible, competitive, first half-reaction SQS inhibitors that show a high degree of specificity for SQS inhibition relative to inhibition of other FPP-utilizing enzymes and other cholesterol synthesis pathway enzymes may serve as useful tools for probing the unique catalytic mechanisms of this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Harwood
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Central Research, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Brown GR, Clarke DS, Foubister AJ, Freeman S, Harrison PJ, Johnson MC, Mallion KB, McCormick J, McTaggart F, Reid AC, Smith GJ, Taylor MJ. Synthesis and activity of a novel series of 3-biarylquinuclidine squalene synthase inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2971-9. [PMID: 8709131 DOI: 10.1021/jm950907l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Quinuclidines with a 3-biaryl substituent are a new class of potent, orally active squalene synthase (SQS) inhibitors. Variants around these rigid structures indicate key structural requirements for cationic SQS inhibitors. Thus the lower in vitro potency found for quinuclidines bearing 3-substituents, which did not overlay the biphenyl group of 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-hydroxyquinuclidine (2) (IC50 = 16 nM, rat microsomal SQS), implied a directional requirement for the 3-substituent. Similarly, the lower potency of the 3-terphenyl analogue 6 (IC50 = 370 nM) indicated size constraints for this substituent. In compounds with a linking group between the quinuclidine and biphenyl ring, linking groups of lower lipophilicity were less well tolerated (e.g., 17, CH2CH2, IC50 = 5 nM vs 19, NHCO, IC50 = 1.2 microM). Replacement of the distal phenyl ring of 2 with a more polar pyridine heterocycle caused a reduction in in vitro potency. In general, good in vivo activity in the rat was restricted to 3-hydroxy analogues, with the 3-[4-(pyrid-4-yl)phenyl] derivative 39 (IC50 = 161 nM) showing the best inhibition (following oral dosing) of cholesterol biosynthesis from mevalonate (ED50 = 2.7 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Brown
- Cardiovascular and Muscoskeletal Department, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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15
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Magnin DR, Biller SA, Chen Y, Dickson JK, Fryszman OM, Lawrence RM, Logan JV, Sieber-McMaster ES, Sulsky RB, Traeger SC, Hsieh DC, Lan SJ, Rinehart JK, Harrity TW, Jolibois KG, Kunselman LK, Rich LC, Slusarchyk DA, Ciosek CP. alpha-Phosphonosulfonic acids: potent and selective inhibitors of squalene synthase. J Med Chem 1996; 39:657-60. [PMID: 8576905 DOI: 10.1021/jm9507340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D R Magnin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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16
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Five-Membered Ring Systems: Thiophenes & Se & Te Analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(13)70010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Ciosek CP, Magnin DR, Harrity TW, Logan JV, Dickson JK, Gordon EM, Hamilton KA, Jolibois KG, Kunselman LK, Lawrence RM. Lipophilic 1,1-bisphosphonates are potent squalene synthase inhibitors and orally active cholesterol lowering agents in vivo. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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