1
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Zell L, Bretl A, Temml V, Schuster D. Dopamine Receptor Ligand Selectivity-An In Silico/In Vitro Insight. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1468. [PMID: 37239139 PMCID: PMC10216180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Different dopamine receptor (DR) subtypes are involved in pathophysiological conditions such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), schizophrenia and depression. While many DR-targeting drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), only a very small number are truly selective for one of the DR subtypes. Additionally, most of them show promiscuous activity at related G-protein coupled receptors, thus suffering from diverse side-effect profiles. Multiple studies have shown that combined in silico/in vitro approaches are a valuable contribution to drug discovery processes. They can also be applied to divulge the mechanisms behind ligand selectivity. In this study, novel DR ligands were investigated in vitro to assess binding affinities at different DR subtypes. Thus, nine D2R/D3R-selective ligands (micro- to nanomolar binding affinities, D3R-selective profile) were successfully identified. The most promising ligand exerted nanomolar D3R activity (Ki = 2.3 nM) with 263.7-fold D2R/D3R selectivity. Subsequently, ligand selectivity was rationalized in silico based on ligand interaction with a secondary binding pocket, supporting the selectivity data determined in vitro. The developed workflow and identified ligands could aid in the further understanding of the structural motifs responsible for DR subtype selectivity, thus benefitting drug development in D2R/D3R-associated pathologies such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.Z.); (A.B.); (V.T.)
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2
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Tang J, Zhao C, Li S, Zhang J, Zheng X, Yuan M, Fu H, Li R, Chen H. Tandem Ring-Contraction/Regioselective C-H Iodination Reaction of Pyridinium Salts. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36757877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A facile route for direct access to the 4-iodopyrrole-2-carbaldehydes from pyridinium salts has been successfully developed, which undergoes cascade pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes construction/selective C4 position iodination process. Using Na2S2O8 as an oxidant and readily available sodium iodide as an iodine source, a variety of 4-iodopyrrole-2-carbaldehydes were obtained in good to excellent yields. Atom- and step-economy, good functional group tolerance, high regioselectivity, as well as mild conditions entail this transformation an alternative strategy for enriching pyrroles library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Maolin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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3
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Huo X, Chen X, Yu L, Zhang C, Zeng L, Zhu H, Shao J, Fu L, Zhang J. Transition-metal-free and facile synthesis of 3-alkynylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylates from methylene isocyanides and propiolaldehyde. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03596g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free, facile and efficient method for the synthesis of 3-alkynylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylates was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Huo
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
| | - Liya Yu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Jiaan Shao
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Liping Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Jiankang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
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4
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Abstract
Traceless solid-phase synthesis represents an ultimate sophisticated synthetic strategy on insoluble supports. Compounds synthesized on solid supports can be released without a trace of the linker that was used to tether the intermediates during the synthesis. Thus, the target products are composed only of the components (atoms, functional groups) inherent to the target core structure. A wide variety of synthetic strategies have been developed to prepare products in a traceless manner, and this review is dedicated to all aspects of traceless solid-phase organic synthesis. Importantly, the synthesis does not need to be carried out on a linker designed for traceless synthesis; most of the synthetic approaches described herein were developed using standard, commercially available linkers (originally devised for solid-phase peptide synthesis). The type of structure prepared in a traceless fashion is not restricted. The individual synthetic approaches are divided into eight sections, each devoted to a different methodology for traceless synthesis. Each section consists of a brief outline of the synthetic strategy followed by a description of individual reported syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naděžda Cankařová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , 17. Listopadu 12 , Olomouc , 771 46 , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Schütznerová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , 17. Listopadu 12 , Olomouc , 771 46 , Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Krchňák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , 17. Listopadu 12 , Olomouc , 771 46 , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Center , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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5
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Teng QH, Xu YL, Liang Y, Wang HS, Wang YC, Pan YM. Transition Metal-Free Synthesis of 3-Alkynylpyrrole-2-carboxylatesviaMichael Addition/Intramolecular Cyclodehydration. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Liu J, Fu N, Wei C, Song Z. Stepwise iododesilylation and coupling reaction: a flexible route to 2,4-disubstituted-1H-pyrroles. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Sobenina LN, Tomilin DN, Trofimov BA. C-Ethynylpyrroles: synthesis and reactivity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n06abeh004418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Identification of a new selective dopamine D4 receptor ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3105-14. [PMID: 24800940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor has been shown to play key roles in certain CNS pathologies including addiction to cigarette smoking. Thus, selective D4 ligands may be useful in treating some of these conditions. Previous studies in our laboratory have indicated that the piperazine analog of haloperidol exhibits selective and increased affinity to the DAD4 receptor subtype, in comparison to its piperidine analog. This led to further exploration of the piperazine moiety to identify new agents that are selective at the D4 receptor. Compound 27 (KiD4=0.84 nM) was the most potent of the compounds tested. However, it only had moderate selectivity for the D4 receptor. Compound 28 (KiD4=3.9 nM) while not as potent, was more discriminatory for the D4 receptor subtype. In fact, compound 28 has little or no binding affinity to any of the other four DA receptor subtypes. In addition, of the 23 CNS receptors evaluated, only two, 5HT1AR and 5HT2BR, have binding affinity constants better than 100 nM (Ki <100 nM). Compound 28 is a potentially useful D4-selective ligand for probing disease treatments involving the D4 receptor, such as assisting smoking cessation, reversing cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and treating erectile dysfunction. Thus, further optimization, functional characterization and evaluation in animal models may be warranted.
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9
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Han S, Zard SZ. Modular Approach to Substituted Boc-Protected 4-(Aminomethyl)pyrroles. Org Lett 2014; 16:1992-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500544u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe Han
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
Organique,
UMR 7652 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
Organique,
UMR 7652 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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10
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Sobenina LN, Markova MV, Tomilin DN, Tret’yakov EV, Ovcharenko VI, Mikhaleva AI, Trofimov BA. First example of the synthesis of pyrrolecarbaldehyde with electron-deficient acetylene substituents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428013080265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Abdelfattah MAO, Lehmann J, Abadi AH. Discovery of highly potent and selective D4 ligands by interactive SAR study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5077-81. [PMID: 23920439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of thienylmethylphenylpiperazins was synthesized and tested for affinity towards the five subtypes of dopaminergic receptors. Compound 5f showed more than 1000 folds selectivity to D4 receptors; analogue 5e showed the highest affinity to D4 receptors with Ki 3.9 nM. An interactive SAR approach was adopted and lead to compound 14a with Ki (D4) as low as 0.03 nM. Molecular docking studies showed a potential, first to report arene cation interaction between the D4 unique residue Arg-186 and the ligands' arene moiety, explaining the importance of having a strong negative electrostatic potential at this area of the compound structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A O Abdelfattah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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12
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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13
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Eftekhari-Sis B, Zirak M, Akbari A. Arylglyoxals in Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2958-3043. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300176g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Eftekhari-Sis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Maryam Zirak
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
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14
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Aravindu K, Mass O, Vairaprakash P, Springer JW, Yang E, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Amphiphilic chlorins and bacteriochlorins in micellar environments. Molecular design, de novo synthesis, and photophysical properties. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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15
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Neves G, Menegatti R, Antonio CB, Grazziottin LR, Vieira RO, Rates SM, Noël F, Barreiro EJ, Fraga CA. Searching for multi-target antipsychotics: Discovery of orally active heterocyclic N-phenylpiperazine ligands of D2-like and 5-HT1A receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1925-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Khalili B, Jajarmi P, Eftekhari-Sis B, Hashemi MM. Novel One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of New 2-Alkyl-5-aryl-(1H)-pyrrole-4-ol in Water. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2090-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702385n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Khalili
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University of Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Pedram Jajarmi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University of Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Bagher Eftekhari-Sis
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University of Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammed M. Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University of Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran
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17
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Zhang A, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ. Recent progress in development of dopamine receptor subtype-selective agents: potential therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Chem Rev 2007; 107:274-302. [PMID: 17212477 DOI: 10.1021/cr050263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Löber S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Synthesis and biological investigations of dopaminergic partial agonists preferentially recognizing the D4 receptor subtype. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2955-9. [PMID: 16563764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aminomethyl-substituted biaryls bearing a pyrazole or triazole moiety were synthesized and investigated for dopamine and serotonin receptor binding. The N-arylpyrazoles 3b,f,g and 4 revealed Ki values in the subnanomolar range (0.28-0.70 nM) for the dopamine D4 receptor subtype. Employing both mitogenesis and GTPgammaS assays, ligand efficacy was evaluated indicating partial agonist properties. Interestingly, the tetrahydropyrimidine 4 (FAUC 2020) displayed significant intrinsic selectivity for D2(long) over D2(short).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Laha JK, Muthiah C, Taniguchi M, McDowell BE, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins Bearing Auxochromes at the 3- and 13-Positions. J Org Chem 2006; 71:4092-102. [PMID: 16709048 DOI: 10.1021/jo060208o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chlorins bearing diverse auxochromes at the 3- and 13-positions of the macrocycle are valuable targets given their resemblance to chlorophylls a and b, which bear 3-vinyl and 13-keto groups. A de novo route has been exploited to construct nine zinc chlorins bearing substituents at the 3- and 13-positions and two benchmark zinc chlorins lacking such substituents. The chlorins are sterically uncongested and bear (1) a geminal dimethyl group in the reduced pyrroline ring, (2) a H, an acetyl, a triisopropylsilylethynyl (TIPS-ethynyl), or a vinyl at the 3-position, (3) a H, an acetyl, or TIPS-ethynyl at the 13-position, and (4) a H or a mesityl at the 10-position. The synthesis of the 13-substituted chlorins relied on p-TsOH x H2O-catalyzed condensation of an 8,9-dibromo-1-formyldipyrromethane (eastern half) and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin (western half), followed by metal-mediated oxidative cyclization, affording the 13-bromochlorin. Similar use of a bromo- or TIPS-ethynyl-substituted western half provided access to 3-substituted chlorins. A 3-bromo, 13-bromo, or 3,13-dibromochlorin was further transformed by Pd-coupling to introduce the vinyl group (via tributylvinyltin), TIPS-ethynyl group (via TIPS-acetylene), or acetyl group (via tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin, followed by acidic hydrolysis). In the 10-mesityl-substituted zinc chlorins, the series of substituents, 3-vinyl, 13-TIPS-ethynyl, 3-TIPS-ethynyl, 13-acetyl, 3,13-bis(TIPS-ethynyl), 3-TIPS-ethynyl-13-acetyl, or 3,13-diacetyl, progressively causes (1) a redshift in the absorption maximum of the B band (405-436 nm) and the Q(y) band (606-662 nm), (2) a relative increase in the intensity of the Q(y) band (I(B)/I(Q) = 4.2-1.5), and (3) an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield phi(f) (0.059-0.29). The zinc chlorins bearing a 3-TIPS-ethynyl-13-acetyl or a 3,13-diacetyl group exhibit a number of spectral properties resembling those of chlorophyll a or its zinc analogue. Taken together, this study provides access to finely tuned chlorins for spectroscopic studies and diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydev K Laha
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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20
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Verniest G, Claessens S, De Kimpe N. Synthesis of chlorinated 2-(aminomethyl)- and 2-(alkoxymethyl)pyrroles. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Gabriele B, Salerno G, Fazio A. General and Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles by Metal-Catalyzed or Spontaneous Cycloisomerization of (Z)-(2-En-4-ynyl)amines. J Org Chem 2003; 68:7853-61. [PMID: 14510566 DOI: 10.1021/jo034850j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general and regioselective synthesis of substituted pyrroles 2 by cycloisomerization of readily available (Z)-(2-en-4-ynyl)amines 1 is reported. Spontaneous cycloisomerization leading to 2 occurred in the course of preparation of enynamines bearing a terminal triple bond or a triple bond substituted with a phenyl or a CH2OTHP group. When the triple bond was substituted with an alkyl or alkenyl group, enynamines were stable and could be converted into the corresponding pyrroles by metal catalysis. CuCl2 was found to be an excellent catalyst for cycloisomerization of substrates substituted at C-3, while PdX2 in conjunction with KX (X = Cl, I) turned out to be a superior catalyst for the reaction of enynamines unsubstituted at C-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Gabriele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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23
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Chapter 5.2 Five-membered ring systems: Pyrroles and benzo derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(03)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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