1
|
Maestro MA, Seoane S. The Centennial Collection of VDR Ligands: Metabolites, Analogs, Hybrids and Non-Secosteroidal Ligands. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224927. [PMID: 36432615 PMCID: PMC9692999 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D a century ago, a great number of metabolites, analogs, hybrids and nonsteroidal VDR ligands have been developed. An enormous effort has been made to synthesize compounds which present beneficial properties while attaining lower calcium serum levels than calcitriol. This structural review covers VDR ligands published to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago, Campus Vida, 15005 Santiago, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sawada D, Katayama T, Tsukuda Y, Saito N, Saito H, Takagi KI, Ochiai E, Ishizuka S, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of 2α- and 2β-substituted-14-epi-previtamin D3 and their genomic activity. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
Sawada D, Katayama T, Tsukuda Y, Saito N, Takano M, Saito H, Takagi KI, Ochiai E, Ishizuka S, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of 2α-substituted-14-epi-previtamin D3 and its genomic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5397-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Synthesis of 2α-propoxy-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and comparison of its metabolism by human CYP24A1 and rat CYP24A1. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4296-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
5
|
Kittaka A. Structural refinement of seco-steroidal skeleton and the biological activity through nuclear receptors. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1235-50. [PMID: 18758137 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1) regulates a variety of biological actions through vitamin D receptor (VDR), including calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, bone remodeling, cellular proliferation and differentiation and many other functions. To enhance its potency and to study the structure/function relationship, we synthesized a series of analogs of 1 with a modification at the C-2alpha position. Introducing 2alpha-methyl, 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl), or 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy) group increased its binding affinity for the VDR 2- to 4-fold compared to 1. The crystal structures of the VDR bound to these analogs provide a molecular explanation for the interaction between the 2alpha-substituents and water molecules exist in the VDR-ligand binding domain. Based on the accumulated knowledge in VDR agonists, we synthesized 2-substituted analogs of 'double side chain' (gemini), 19-norvitamin D(3) (MART-10), TEI-9647 (VDR antagonist), 1-alkylated vitamin D(3), 14-epi-previtamin D(3) etc. Gemini analogs showed potent HL-60 cell differentiation activity (13-38 times compared to 1), and MART-10 exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity on PZ-HPV-7 cells even at 10(-10) M. (24S)-2alpha-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)-24-propyl-TEI-9647 showed potent VDR antagonism, and its IC(50) value was 7.4 pM against 10 nM of 1. 1alpha-Methyl-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) improved the binding affinity for the mutant VDR(Arg274Leu), which causes hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxy-2alpha-methyl-14-epi-previtamin D(3) showed moderate osteocalcin transcriptional activity on HOS cells. We theorize that modification at A-ring alone and in combination with functionalization of the other parts of the vitamin D molecule would provide important new information on the mechanism of vitamin D actions that could lead to the development of new therapeutic regimes for the treatment of various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko-cho, Sagamihara City, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saito N, Kittaka A. Highly Potent Vitamin D Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1479-90. [PMID: 16871612 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists have attracted significant levels of interest because of their potential utility in the treatment of Paget's disease, which is known as the most flagrant example of disordered bone remodeling and the second most common bone disease after osteoporosis in Anglo-Saxons. Recent studies on Paget's disease suggested a specific increase in osteoclasts' sensitivity to the differentiation activity of active vitamin D(3) as the principal mechanism for abnormal bone formation. We set out to conduct a structure-activity relationship study on the first VDR antagonists, TEI-9647 and TEI-9648 (25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone), with the goal of improved VDR antagonistic activity. Given that both potent agonists and antagonists must have high affinity for the VDR, we hoped that our accumulated knowledge in the field of VDR agonists would help us identify potent antagonists. First 2alpha-modified TEI-9647 analogues were synthesized, and then 24-substitution to stabilize the lactone structure under physiological conditions was investigated. Finally, 2alpha-modified 24-methyl-, 24,24-dimethyl-, and 24,24-ethano-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone analogues were synthesized. The synthesis of the 24,24-ethano-TEI lactone was accomplished through Ru-catalyzed intermolecular enyne metathesis of the alkynone CD-ring side chain with ethylene to give a dienone, followed by regioselective cyclopropanation. It was found that 2alpha,24,24-trimethyl-TEI-9647 (39) possessed an antagonistic activity (IC(50)=0.093 nM) approximately 90 times that of the original TEI-9647 (IC(50)=8.3 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kittaka A, Saito N, Matsunaga T, Saito H, Anzai M, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takayama H. Synthesis and 2a-Modification of 24-Phenylvitamin D3 Lactones: Effects on VDR Antagonistic Activity. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(t)32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
González MP, Suárez PL, Fall Y, Gómez G. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of vitamin D receptor affinity for analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 1: WHIM descriptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5165-9. [PMID: 16202592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The weighted holistic invariant molecular (WHIM) approach has been applied to the study of the VDR affinity of 86 vitamin D analogues. A model able to describe more than 71% of the variance in the experimental activity was developed with the use of the mentioned approach. In contrast, none of three different approaches, including the use of BCUT, Galvez topological charge indices, and 2D autocorrelations descriptors, was able to explain more than 38% of the variance in the mentioned property, even with more variables in the equation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Saito N, Masuda M, Matsunaga T, Saito H, Anzai M, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Kittaka A. 24,24-Dimethylvitamin D3-26,23-lactones and their 2α-functionalized analogues as highly potent VDR antagonists. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Kittaka A, Suhara Y, Ono K, Yoshida A, Fujishima T, Saito N, Honzawa S, Kishimoto S, Sugiura T, Waku K, Takayama H. Synthesis of Novel 1a,25-Dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 with an Amide Conjugate. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-s(p)34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Saito N, Saito H, Anzai M, Yoshida A, Fujishima T, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takayama H, Kittaka A. Dramatic Enhancement of Antagonistic Activity on Vitamin D Receptor: A Double Functionalization of 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-Lactones. Org Lett 2003; 5:4859-62. [PMID: 14653692 DOI: 10.1021/ol035922w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel vitamin D receptor antagonists, 24-methyl-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactones, is reported. We found that the biological activities of the vitamin D(3) lactones were affected by the structure of the lactone part. Furthermore, introduction of a 2alpha-methyl group into the 24-methylvitamin D(3) lactones dramatically enhanced their anti-vitamin D activity. [reaction: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fujishima T, Kojima Y, Azumaya I, Kittaka A, Takayama H. Design and synthesis of potent vitamin D receptor antagonists with A-ring modifications: remarkable effects of 2alpha-methyl introduction on antagonistic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3621-31. [PMID: 12901907 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel A-ring analogues of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonist (3a), ZK-159222, and its 24-epimer (3b) were convergently synthesized. Preparation of the CD-ring portions with the side chains of 3a,b, followed by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with the A-ring enyne precursors (15a,b), (3S,4S,5R)- and (3S,4S,5S)-bis[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-4-methyloct-1-en-7-yne, afforded the 2alpha-methyl-introduced analogues (4a,b) and their 3-epimers (5a,b). The biological profiles of the hybrid analogues were assessed in terms of affinity for VDR, and antagonistic activity to inhibit HL-60 cell differentiation induced by the natural hormone, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). The analogue 4a showed an approximately fivefold higher antagonistic activity compared with 3a. The 2alpha-methyl introduction into 3a increased the receptor affinity, thereby enhancing VDR antagonism. This approach to design potent antagonists based on hybridization of structural motifs in the A-ring and in the side chain may prove to be valuable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Fujishima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 199-0195, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saito N, Matsunaga T, Fujishima T, Anzai M, Saito H, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takayama H, Kittaka A. Remarkable effect of 2α-modification on the VDR antagonistic activity of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactones. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:4396-402. [PMID: 14685312 DOI: 10.1039/b311107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2[small alpha]-methyl-, 2[small alpha]-(3-hydroxypropyl)- and 2[small alpha]-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-substituted 25-dehydro-1[small alpha]-hydroxyvitamin D-26,23-lactone derivatives were efficiently synthesized Reformatsky type allylation and palladium-catalyzed alkenylative cyclization processes, and their biological activities were evaluated. Introducing functional groups into the 2[small alpha]-position of the vitamin D-26,23-lactones resulted in remarkable enhancement of their antagonistic activity on vitamin D receptor (VDR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|