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Saddik AA, Kamal El-Dean AM, El-Said WA, Hassan KM, Abbady MS. Synthesis, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of a New Series of Thieno[2,3-d] Pyrimidine Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelreheem Abdelfatah Saddik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Assiut University; Assiut 71516 Egypt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | | | - Waleed Ahmed El-Said
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Assiut University; Assiut 71516 Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Saad Abbady
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Assiut University; Assiut 71516 Egypt
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Tahir S, Badshah A, Hussain RA. Guanidines from ‘toxic substances’ to compounds with multiple biological applications – Detailed outlook on synthetic procedures employed for the synthesis of guanidines. Bioorg Chem 2015; 59:39-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sivakamavalli J, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Vaseeharan B. Interaction investigations of crustacean β-GBP recognition toward pathogenic microbial cell membrane and stimulate upon prophenoloxidase activation. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:173-83. [PMID: 24591174 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, crustaceans' immune system consists of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) instead of immunoglobulin's, which involves in the microbial recognition and initiates the protein-ligand interaction between hosts and pathogens. In the present study, PRRs namely β-1,3 glucan binding protein (β-GBP) from mangrove crab Episesarma tetragonum and its interactions with the pathogens such as bacterial and fungal outer membrane proteins (OMP) were investigated through microbial aggregation and computational interaction studies. Molecular recognition and microbial aggregation results of Episesarma tetragonum β-GBP showed the specific binding affinity toward the fungal β-1,3 glucan molecule when compared to other bacterial ligands. Because of this microbial recognition, prophenoloxidase activity was enhanced and triggers the innate immunity inside the host animal. Our findings disclose the role of β-GBP in molecular recognition, host-pathogen interaction through microbial aggregation, and docking analysis. In vitro results were concurred with the in silico docking, and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. This study would be helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of β-GBP and update the current knowledge on the PRRs of crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
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Košiová I, Šimák O, Panova N, Buděšínský M, Petrová M, Rejman D, Liboska R, Páv O, Rosenberg I. Inhibition of human thymidine phosphorylase by conformationally constrained pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonic acids and their “open-structure” isosteres. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:145-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Deves C, Rostirolla DC, Martinelli LKB, Bizarro CV, Santos DS, Basso LA. The kinetic mechanism of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase - a molecular target for cancer drug development. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:592-604. [PMID: 24407036 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70453j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human Thymidine Phosphorylase (HTP), also known as the platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) or gliostatin, catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine (dThd) to thymine and 2-deoxy-α-d-ribose-1-phosphate (2dR1P). HTP is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine salvage pathway involved in dThd homeostasis in cells. HTP is a target for anticancer drug development as its enzymatic activity promotes angiogenesis. Here, we describe cloning, expression, and purification to homogeneity of recombinant TYMP-encoded HTP. Peptide fingerprinting and the molecular mass value of the homogenous protein confirmed its identity as HTP assessed by mass spectrometry. Size exclusion chromatography showed that HTP is a dimer in solution. Kinetic studies revealed that HTP displayed substrate inhibition for dThd. Initial velocity and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies suggest that HTP catalysis follows a rapid-equilibrium random bi-bi kinetic mechanism. ITC measurements also showed that dThd and Pi binding are favorable processes. The pH-rate profiles indicated that maximal enzyme activity was achieved at low pH values. Functional groups with apparent pK values of 5.2 and 9.0 are involved in dThd binding and groups with pK values of 6.1 and 7.8 are involved in phosphate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Deves
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 6681/92-A Av. Ipiranga, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Rauf MK, Imtiaz-ud-Din, Badshah A. Novel approaches to screening guanidine derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:39-53. [PMID: 24261559 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.857308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compounds containing guanidine moiety, originating both from natural and synthetic sources, have found potential applications in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Indeed, guanidine functionality can be found in many natural and pharmaceutical products as well as in cosmetic ingredients produced by synthetic methods. AREAS COVERED This review covers the latest developments in the research undertaken for the therapeutic application of newly synthesized guanidine derivatives including: small peptides and peptidomimetics. This article encompasses the selected literature published in the last three decades with a focus on the novel approaches for screening of lead drug candidates with their pharmacological action. EXPERT OPINION Guanidines, as they are both organically based and also hydrophilic in nature, have undergone a mammoth amount of screening and testing to discover promising lead structures with a CN3 core, appropriate for potential future drug development. The compounds have the potential to be neurodegenerative therapeutic options, as well as: anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoal, anti-HIV, chemotherapeutic, anti-diabetic agents and so on. It is true that guanidine-based compounds of natural sources also, like synthetic and virtually designed drugs, have been of significant interest and have the potential to be useful therapeutic options in the future. As for now, however, there is not sufficient data to support their use in a number of the suggested areas, and further studies are required.
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Rajabi M, Mansell D, Freeman S, Bryce RA. Structure–activity relationship of 2,4,5-trioxoimidazolidines as inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li Z, Gevorgyan V. Double duty for cyanogen bromide in a cascade synthesis of cyanoepoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2808-10. [PMID: 21387493 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, USA
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Li Z, Gevorgyan V. Double Duty for Cyanogen Bromide in a Cascade Synthesis of Cyanoepoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA), Fax: (+1) 312‐355‐0836 http://www.chem.uic.edu/vggroup
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA), Fax: (+1) 312‐355‐0836 http://www.chem.uic.edu/vggroup
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McNally VA, Rajabi M, Gbaj A, Stratford IJ, Edwards PN, Douglas KT, Bryce RA, Jaffar M, Freeman S. Design, synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of 6-bridged imidazolyluracil derivatives as inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:537-47. [PMID: 17430637 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.4.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of novel imidazolyluracil conjugates were rationally designed and synthesised to probe the active site constraints of the angiogenic enzyme, thymidine phosphorylase (TP, E.C. 2.4.2.4). The lead compound in the series, 15d, showed good binding in the active site of human TP with an inhibition in the low μM range. The absence of a methylene bridge between the uracil and the imidazolyl sub-units (series 16) decreased potency (up to 3-fold). Modelling suggested that active site residues Arg202, Ser217 and His116 are important for inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A McNally
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Panova NG, Alexeev CS, Kuzmichov AS, Shcheveleva EV, Gavryushov SA, Polyakov KM, Kritzyn AM, Mikhailov SN, Esipov RS, Miroshnikov AI. Substrate specificity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:21-8. [PMID: 17309433 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Substrate specificity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase to thymidine derivatives modified at 5' -, 3' -, and 2' ,3' - positions of the sugar moiety was studied. Equilibrium and kinetic constants (K(m), K(I), k(cat)) of the phosphorolysis reaction have been determined for 20 thymidine analogs. The results are compared with X-ray and molecular dynamics data. The most important hydrogen bonds in the enzyme-substrate complex are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Panova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Allan AL, Gladstone PL, Price MLP, Hopkins SA, Juarez JC, Doñate F, Ternansky RJ, Shaw DE, Ganem B, Li Y, Wang W, Ealick S. Synthesis and Evaluation of Multisubstrate Bicyclic Pyrimidine Nucleoside Inhibitors of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7807-15. [PMID: 17181163 DOI: 10.1021/jm060428u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel, multisubstrate, bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is described. Thymidine phosphorylase has been implicated in angiogenesis and plays a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis. The presence and orientation of the phosphonate moiety (acting as a phosphate mimic) in these derivatives were critical for inhibitory activity. The most active compounds possessed a phosphonate group in an endo orientation. This was consistent with molecular modeling results that showed the endo isomer protein-ligand complex to be lower in energy than the exo complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Allan
- Attenuon, LLC, 11535 Sorrento Valley Road Suite 401, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Kalman TI, Lai L. 6-substituted 5-fluorouracil derivatives as transition state analogue inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:367-73. [PMID: 16247953 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A combination of mechanism-based and structure-based design strategies led to the synthesis of a series of 5- and 6-substituted uracil derivatives as potential inhibitors of thymidine phosphorlase/platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (TP/PD-ECGF). Among those tested, 6-imidazolylmethyl-5-fluorouracil was found to be the most potent inhibitor with a Ki-value of 51 nM, representing a new class of 5-fluoropyrimidines with a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kalman
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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Chapter 6.2 Six-membered ring systems: Diazines and benzo derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Norman RA, Barry ST, Bate M, Breed J, Colls JG, Ernill RJ, Luke RWA, Minshull CA, McAlister MSB, McCall EJ, McMiken HHJ, Paterson DS, Timms D, Tucker JA, Pauptit RA. Crystal Structure of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase in Complex with a Small Molecule Inhibitor. Structure 2004; 12:75-84. [PMID: 14725767 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2003.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human thymidine phosphorylase (HTP), also known as platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), is overexpressed in certain solid tumors where it is linked to poor prognosis. HTP expression is utilized for certain chemotherapeutic strategies and is also thought to play a role in tumor angiogenesis. We determined the structure of HTP bound to the small molecule inhibitor 5-chloro-6-[1-(2-iminopyrrolidinyl) methyl] uracil hydrochloride (TPI). The inhibitor appears to mimic the substrate transition state, which may help explain the potency of this inhibitor and the catalytic mechanism of pyrimidine nucleotide phosphorylases (PYNPs). Further, we have confirmed the validity of the HTP structure as a template for structure-based drug design by predicting binding affinities for TPI and other known HTP inhibitors using in silico docking techniques. This work provides the first structural insight into the binding mode of any inhibitor to this important drug target and forms the basis for designing novel inhibitors for use in anticancer therapy.
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Birck MR, Schramm VL. Nucleophilic Participation in the Transition State for Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:2447-53. [PMID: 14982453 DOI: 10.1021/ja039260h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human thymidine phosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of arsenate with thymidine to form thymine and 2-deoxyribose 1-arsenate, which rapidly decomposes to 2-deoxyribose and inorganic arsenate. The transition-state structure of this reaction was determined using kinetic isotope effect analysis followed by computer modeling. Experimental kinetic isotope effects were determined at physiological pH and 37 degrees C. The extent of forward commitment to catalysis was determined by pulse-chase experiments to be 0.70%. The intrinsic kinetic isotope effects for [1'-(3)H]-, [2'R-(3)H]-, [2'S-(3)H]-, [4'-(3)H]-, [5'-(3)H]-, [1'-(14)C]-, and [1-(15)N]-thymidines were determined to be 0.989 +/- 0.002, 0.974 +/- 0.002, 1.036 +/- 0.002, 1.020 +/- 0.003, 1.061 +/- 0.003, 1.139 +/- 0.005, and 1.022 +/- 0.005, respectively. A computer-generated model, based on density functional electronic structure calculations, was fit to the experimental isotope effect. The structure of the transition state confirms that human thymidine phosphorylase proceeds through an S(N)2-like transition state with bond orders of 0.50 to the thymine leaving group and 0.33 to the attacking oxygen nucleophile. The reaction differs from the dissociative transition states previously reported for N-ribosyl transferases and is the first demonstration of a nucleophilic transition state for an N-ribosyl transferase. The large primary (14)C isotope effect of 1.139 can occur only in nucleophilic displacements and is the largest (14)C primary isotope effect reported for an enzymatic reaction. A transition state structure with substantial bond order to the attacking nucleophile and leaving group is confirmed by the slightly inverse 1'-(3)H isotope effect, demonstrating that the transition state is compressed by the impinging steric bulk of the nucleophile and leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Birck
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Comparative Protein Structure Modeling and its Applications to Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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McNally VA, Gbaj A, Douglas KT, Stratford IJ, Jaffar M, Freeman S, Bryce RA. Identification of a novel class of inhibitor of human and Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase by in silico screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3705-9. [PMID: 14552762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based computational screening of the National Cancer Institute database of anticancer compounds identified novel non-nucleobase-derived inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase as candidates for lead optimization. The hierarchical in silico screening strategy predicted potentially strong low molecular weight ligands exhibiting a range of molecular scaffolds. Of the thirteen ligands assayed for activity, all displayed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. One compound, hydrazine carboxamide 2-[(1-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4-pentyl-4-imidazolidinyl)methylene], was found to inhibit E. coli thymidine phosphorylase with an IC(50) value of 20 microM and an IC(50) value of 77 microM against human thymidine phosphorylase. As this hydantoin derivative lacks the undesirable ionic sites of existing tight-binding nucleobase-derived inhibitors, such as 5-chloro-6-[(2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]uracil hydrochloride, it provides an opportunity for the design of potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A McNally
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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