1
|
Nilam M, Hennig A. Enzyme assays with supramolecular chemosensors - the label-free approach. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10725-10748. [PMID: 35425010 PMCID: PMC8984408 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08617k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme activity measurements are essential for many research areas, e.g., for the identification of inhibitors in drug discovery, in bioengineering of enzyme mutants for biotechnological applications, or in bioanalytical chemistry as parts of biosensors. In particular in high-throughput screening (HTS), sensitive optical detection is most preferred and numerous absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy-based enzyme assays have been developed, which most frequently require time-consuming fluorescent labelling that may interfere with biological recognition. The use of supramolecular chemosensors, which can specifically signal analytes with fluorescence-based read-out methods, affords an attractive and label-free alternative to more established enzyme assays. We provide herein a comprehensive review that summarizes the current state-of-the-art of supramolecular enzyme assays ranging from early examples with covalent chemosensors to the most recent applications of supramolecular tandem enzyme assays, which utilize common and often commercially available combinations of macrocyclic host molecules (e.g. cyclodextrins, calixarenes, and cucurbiturils) and fluorescent dyes as self-assembled reporter pairs for assaying enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nilam
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Universität Osnabrück Barbarastr. 7 D-49076 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Andreas Hennig
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Universität Osnabrück Barbarastr. 7 D-49076 Osnabrück Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Synthesis and Properties of Salicylaldehydes Fine-Tuned by Modular Assembly using “Plug-and-Socket”-Type Extendibility. Chemistry 2017; 23:8286-8294. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
3
|
Sahoo J, Arunachalam R, Subramanian PS, Suresh E, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Albrecht M. Coordinatively Unsaturated Lanthanide(III) Helicates: Luminescence Sensors for Adenosine Monophosphate in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jashobanta Sahoo
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Rajendran Arunachalam
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Palani S. Subramanian
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Eringathodi Suresh
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Arto Valkonen
- University of Jyvaskyla; Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center; P.O. Box. 35 40014 University of Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla; Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center; P.O. Box. 35 40014 University of Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sahoo J, Arunachalam R, Subramanian PS, Suresh E, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Albrecht M. Coordinatively Unsaturated Lanthanide(III) Helicates: Luminescence Sensors for Adenosine Monophosphate in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9625-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jashobanta Sahoo
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Rajendran Arunachalam
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Palani S. Subramanian
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Eringathodi Suresh
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Arto Valkonen
- University of Jyvaskyla; Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center; P.O. Box. 35 40014 University of Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla; Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center; P.O. Box. 35 40014 University of Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sista P, Ghosh K, Martinez JS, Rocha RC. Metallo-Biopolymers: Conjugation Strategies and Applications. POLYM REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.913063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
6
|
Choi SJ, Rhee HW, Kim J, Chung DS, Hong JI. Fluorescent Assay of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Activity in a Neutral Aqueous Solution. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Ngo HT, Liu X, Jolliffe KA. Anion recognition and sensing with Zn(II)-dipicolylamine complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4928-65. [PMID: 22688834 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This critical review covers the developments in anion recognition and sensing using Zn(II)-dipicolylamine functionalized receptors over the past decade with emphasis on recent rapid advances in the last five years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy Tien Ngo
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hargrove AE, Nieto S, Zhang T, Sessler JL, Anslyn EV. Artificial receptors for the recognition of phosphorylated molecules. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6603-782. [PMID: 21910402 PMCID: PMC3212652 DOI: 10.1021/cr100242s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Das P, Ghosh A, Kesharwani MK, Ramu V, Ganguly B, Das A. ZnII-2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine-Based Complex as Fluorescent Chemosensor for PPi, AMP and ADP. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
10
|
Gruber B, Stadlbauer S, Woinaroschy K, König B. Luminescent vesicular receptors for the recognition of biologically important phosphate species. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3704-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c004916f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
11
|
Khlyntseva SV, Bazel’ YR, Vishnikin AB, Andruch V. Methods for the determination of adenosine triphosphate and other adenine nucleotides. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809070028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Ambrosi G, Formica M, Fusi V, Giorgi L, Guerri A, Macedi E, Micheloni M, Paoli P, Pontellini R, Rossi P. Phosphates Sensing: Two Polyamino-Phenolic Zinc Receptors Able to Discriminate and Signal Phosphates in Water. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:5901-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ambrosi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Formica
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Vieri Fusi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Luca Giorgi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guerri
- Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 5, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Eleonora Macedi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Micheloni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Energy Engineering “Sergio Stecco”, University of Florence, Via S. Marta 3, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Pontellini
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, P.za Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Energy Engineering “Sergio Stecco”, University of Florence, Via S. Marta 3, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen KH, Liao JH, Chan HY, Fang JM. A Fluorescence Sensor for Detection of Geranyl Pyrophosphate by the Chemo-Ensemble Method. J Org Chem 2008; 74:895-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hai Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oh DJ, Ahn KH. Fluorescent Sensing of IP3 with a Trifurcate Zn(II)-Containing Chemosensing Ensemble System. Org Lett 2008; 10:3539-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801290g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ju Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31 Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31 Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ju Oh
- a Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems , POSTECH , San 31 Hyoja-dong, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- b Department of Chemistry , Chung-ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- a Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems , POSTECH , San 31 Hyoja-dong, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ojida A, Miyahara Y, Wongkongkatep J, Tamaru SI, Sada K, Hamachi I. Design of dual-emission chemosensors for ratiometric detection of ATP derivatives. Chem Asian J 2007; 1:555-63. [PMID: 17441093 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside pyrophosphate (nucleoside PP) derivatives are widespread in living cells and play pivotal roles in various biological events. We report novel fluorescence chemosensors for nucleoside PPs that make use of coordination chemistry. The chemosensors, which contain two Zn(II)-dipicolylamine units, bind strongly to nucleoside PPs (K(app)>10(6) M(-1)) in aqueous solution and sense them by a dual-emission change. Detailed fluorescence and UV/Vis spectral studies revealed that the emission changes of the chemosensors upon binding to nucleoside PPs can be ascribed to the loss of coordination between Zn(II) and the acridine fluorophore. This is a unique sensing system based on the anion-induced rearrangement of the coordination. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these chemosensors in real-time monitoring of two important biological processes involving nucleoside PP conversion: the apyrase-catalyzed hydrolysis of nucleoside PPs and the glycosyl transfer catalyzed by beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ojida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wongkongkatep J, Miyahara Y, Ojida A, Hamachi I. Label-free, real-time glycosyltransferase assay based on a fluorescent artificial chemosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:665-8. [PMID: 16365842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jirarut Wongkongkatep
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Ojida A, Nonaka H, Miyahara Y, Tamaru SI, Sada K, Hamachi I. Bis(Dpa-ZnII) Appended Xanthone: Excitation Ratiometric Chemosensor for Phosphate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Ojida A, Nonaka H, Miyahara Y, Tamaru SI, Sada K, Hamachi I. Bis(Dpa-ZnII) Appended Xanthone: Excitation Ratiometric Chemosensor for Phosphate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5518-21. [PMID: 16847978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ojida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kruppa
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ambrosi G, Dapporto P, Formica M, Fusi V, Giorgi L, Guerri A, Micheloni M, Paoli P, Pontellini R, Rossi P. Synthesis of a large amino-phenolic cage. Synthesis, crystal structures, and acid-base and coordination behavior toward cations and anions. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:304-14. [PMID: 16390069 DOI: 10.1021/ic051304v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the new polyaza-phenolic-macrobicycle 32-hydroxy-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaazatricyclo-[11.11.7.1(26,30)]-diatriconta-26,28,Delta(30,32)-triene (L) are reported. L incorporates a 2,6-dimethyl-phenolic unit bridging two opposite amine functions of the [24]aneN(8) polyazamacrocyclic base to obtain a large cage. The basicity and binding properties of L toward Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cl(-) were determined by means of potentiometric measurements in aqueous solution (298.1 +/- 0.1 K, I = 0.15 mol dm(-3)). L can add up to six acidic protons, yielding the H(5)L(5+) species or the H(6)L(6+) species, depending on the ionic medium used. The molecular topology of L permits the formation of a highly positive three-dimensional cavity in the polyprotonated species that is able to host the chloride anion. This was detected both using potentiometric data, log K = 41.33 for the reaction L + 6H(+) + Cl(-) = H(6)LCl(5+), and in (35)Cl NMR experiments that showed interactions also with the H(5)L(5+) and H(4)L(4+) species. The anion is probably hosted inside the three-dimensional cavity of L, and stabilized by H-bonding interactions with the ammonium groups, as depicted in the crystal structure of the H(6)L(6+) cation reported. L forms mono- and dinuclear complexes with all the metal ions investigated; the dinuclear species are the only existing species with an L:M(II) molar ratio of 1:2 at pH higher than 6. The phenolate oxygen atom coordinates the two metal ions in a bridged disposition, drawing them inside the macrobicyclic cavity. The two metals were found to be quite isolated by the medium, and were coordinated by all the amine groups of L, as shown by the crystal structure of the dinuclear [Zn(2)H(-1)L](3+) species. This species can bind guests such as hydroxide and phosphate anions. Studies of anion binding in aqueous solution using pyrochatecol violet as the sensing guest revealed that the [Zn(2)H(-1)L](3+) species is able to bind one phosphate at physiological pH.
Collapse
|
23
|
Label-Free, Real-Time Glycosyltransferase Assay Based on a Fluorescent Artificial Chemosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
24
|
Li SH, Yuan WT, Zhu CQ, Xu JG. Species-differentiable sensing of phosphate-containing anions in neutral aqueous solution based on coordinatively unsaturated lanthanide complex probes. Anal Biochem 2005; 331:235-42. [PMID: 15265728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new chromogenic/fluorogenic molecular probe was developed for highly selective and species-differentiable detection of phosphate-containing anions in neutral aqueous solution. The coordinatively unsaturated lanthanide complex, made from Eu(III) ion and 2-[(8-hydroxy-5-sulfo-7-quinoline)azo]-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonic acid, changed its conformation when binding to the incoming target anions, which resulted in differential absorption or fluorescence responses. It was demonstrated that not only phosphate and pyrophosphate but also DNA and RNA could be clearly distinguished by visible absorption or fluorescence spectra. Also, differential responses in absorption spectra were observed when AMP, ADP, and ATP were added into the sensing system. Selective quantitation of these phosphate-containing anions in aqueous solutions, therefore, can be easily available. DNA and RNA were distinguished by different colors and independent fluorescence emissions due to their intrinsic differences in beta-D-ribose residues. Simultaneous or independent quantitation of DNA and RNA in a mixture sample, therefore, is possible without pretreatment with nuclease. Furthermore, the influence from the base selectivity can be eliminated by the use of the probe. The detection limits of phosphate and 5'-ATP in neutral water were 6.0 x 10(-7) and 9.0 x 10(-7)M, respectively, by the UV/Vis spectrophotometric method; the detection limits were 12.3 ng/mL for DNA by fluorimetry and 2.3mg/L for RNA by UV/Vis spectrophotometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Hua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of MOE and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Li SH, Yu CW, Yuan WT, Xu JG. A Lanthanide Hybrid Cluster as a Selective Optical Chemosensor for Phosphate-containing Anions in Aqueous Solution. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:1375-7. [PMID: 15524185 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An europium-chelating [2Fe-2S] cluster was used to assemble an optical molecular chemosensor highly selective for phosphate-containing anions. Phosphate, pyrophosphate, AMP, ADP, ATP, DNA and RNA were well distinguished by UV/V is absorption or fluorescence studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Hua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of MOE and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P R China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|