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Dimitrov IV, Suonio EEK. Syntheses of Analogues of Propofol: A Review. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPropofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous sedative/hypnotic agent that is used extensively for introduction and maintenance of general anaesthesia, sedation of critically ill patients and procedural sedation (e.g., endoscopy). Propofol has a rapid onset and offset of action and shows only minimal accumulation upon prolonged use. Propofol is only sparingly soluble in water and is currently marketed in 10% soybean oil-based lipid emulsion. Propofol’s anaesthetic properties were discovered over forty years ago, and it has been in clinical use for over thirty years. The main use of propofol remains as an anaesthetic but, over the years, analogues have been developed with varying properties from anticancer, anticonvulsant and antioxidant. In addition, large synthetic efforts have been made towards improving propofol’s water-solubility, its activity, and elucidating its structure–activity relationship and exact mechanism of action have been made. This review provides an overview of the research pertaining to propofol-like molecules and covers the efforts of synthetic chemists towards propofol analogues over the last 40 years.1 Introduction2 History3 Early Work4 Improving Water Solubility5 The Importance of the Phenol6 Exploring the Structure–Activity Relationship and Attempts to Improve Activity7 Anticancer Activity8 Anticonvulsant Properties9 Antioxidant Activity10 Photoactive Labelling to Elucidate Mechanism of Action11 Photoregulation12 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo V. Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland
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Yu H, Yang H, Shi E, Tang W. Development and Clinical Application of Phosphorus-Containing Drugs. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 8:100063. [PMID: 32864606 PMCID: PMC7445155 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing drugs belong to an important class of therapeutic agents and are widely applied in daily clinical practices. Structurally, the phosphorus-containing drugs can be classified into phosphotriesters, phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, phosphoric amides, bisphosphonates, phosphoric anhydrides, and others; functionally, they are often designed as prodrugs with improved selectivity and bioavailability, reduced side effects and toxicity, or biomolecule analogues with endogenous materials and antagonistic endoenzyme supplements. This review summarized the phosphorus-containing drugs currently on the market as well as a few promising molecules at clinical studies, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biological mechanism, and indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - He Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Enxue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Qin L, Ren L, Wan S, Liu G, Luo X, Liu Z, Li F, Yu Y, Liu J, Wei Y. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 2,6-Disubstituted Phenol Derivatives as General Anesthetics. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3606-3617. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qin
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Songlin Wan
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Luo
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fangqiong Li
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yonggang Wei
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
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Rigby-Jones AE, Sneyd JR, Vijn P, Boen P, Cross M. First administration to man of Org 25435, an intravenous anaesthetic: A Phase 1 Clinical Trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2010; 10:10. [PMID: 20587019 PMCID: PMC2914736 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Org 25435 is a new water-soluble alpha-amino acid ester intravenous anaesthetic which proved satisfactory in animal studies. This study aimed to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Org 25435 and to obtain preliminary pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data. Methods In the Short Infusion study 8 healthy male volunteers received a 1 minute infusion of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg (n = 2 per group); a further 10 received 3.0 mg/kg (n = 5) or 4.0 mg/kg (n = 5). Following preliminary pharmacokinetic modelling 7 subjects received a titrated 30 minute Target Controlled Infusion (TCI), total dose 5.8-20 mg/kg. Results Within the Short Infusion study, all subjects were successfully anaesthetised at 3 and 4 mg/kg. Within the TCI study 5 subjects were anaesthetised and 2 showed signs of sedation. Org 25435 caused hypotension and tachycardia at doses over 2 mg/kg. Recovery from anaesthesia after a 30 min administration of Org 25435 was slow (13.7 min). Pharmacokinetic modelling suggests that the context sensitive half-time of Org 25435 is slightly shorter than that of propofol in infusions up to 20 minutes but progressively longer thereafter. Conclusions Org 25435 is an effective intravenous anaesthetic in man at doses of 3 and 4 mg/kg given over 1 minute. Longer infusions can maintain anaesthesia but recovery is slow. Hypotension and tachycardia during anaesthesia and slow recovery of consciousness after cessation of drug administration suggest this compound has no advantages over currently available intravenous anaesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Rigby-Jones
- Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, The John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK.
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Kerr DIB, Khalafy J, Ong J, Perkins MV, Prager RH, Puspawati NM, Rimaz M. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Allosteric Modulators of GABAB Receptors, Part 2. 3-(2,6-Bis-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanols. Aust J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 13 2,2-disubstituted 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-ol derivatives have been prepared for evaluation as allosteric modulators of GABAB receptors. The activity (EC50, 4–7 μM) was greatest for the cyclohexyl and cyclopentyl analogues.
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Fechner J, Ihmsen H, Schiessl C, Jeleazcov C, Vornov JJ, Schwilden H, Schüttler J. Sedation with GPI 15715, a Water-Soluble Prodrug of Propofol, Using Target-Controlled Infusion in Volunteers: Retracted. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:701-706. [PMID: 15728055 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000144772.13372.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
GPI 15715 is the first water-soluble propofol prodrug that has been studied in humans. Present propofol lipid formulations have well known undesirable properties, for example, pain on injection and increased triglyceride concentrations. We investigated whether GPI 15715 is suitable to achieve and maintain moderate sedation for 2 h. Six male and six female volunteers received a target-controlled infusion of GPI 15715, with an initial propofol target concentration of 1.8 microg/mL and the possibility to adjust the propofol target once after 1 h. Propofol concentrations, the bispectral index, and modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAA/S) scores were monitored. The median MOAA/S score was 4 during the first hour and was 3 during the second hour of infusion. The propofol target had to be changed to 2.4 microg/mL in seven volunteers and to 3.0 microg/mL in two volunteers. A propofol concentration of 1.9 microg/mL had the highest probability to result in an MOAA/S score of 3, which corresponds with moderate sedation. We observed no serious side effects. We conclude that GPI 15715 produces excellent sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fechner
- *Department of Anesthesiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; and †Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Efforts to develop new hypnotic compounds continue, although several have recently failed in development. Propofol has been reformulated in various presentations with and without preservatives. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences exist between some of these preparations, and it is currently unclear whether any have substantial advantages over the original presentation. The use of target-controlled infusion (TCI) has been extended to include paediatric anaesthesia and sedation. Application of TCI to remifentanil is now licensed. Linking of electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring to TCI for closed-loop anaesthesia remains a research tool, although commercial development may follow. The availability of stereoisomer ketamine and improved understanding of its pharmacology have increased non-anaesthetic use of ketamine as an adjunct analgesic. It may be useful in subhypnotic doses for postsurgical patients with pain refractory to morphine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sneyd
- Peninsula Medical School, Portland Square, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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