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Han X, Li D, Zhu Y, Schneider-Futschik EK. Recommended Tool Compounds for Modifying the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Channel Variants. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:933-950. [PMID: 38633590 PMCID: PMC11019735 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder arising from variations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to multiple organ system defects. CFTR tool compounds are molecules that can modify the activity of the CFTR channel. Especially, patients that are currently not able to benefit from approved CFTR modulators, such as patients with rare CFTR variants, benefit from further research in discovering novel tools to modulate CFTR. This Review explores the development and classification of CFTR tool compounds, including CFTR blockers (CFTRinh-172, GlyH-101), potentiators (VRT-532, Genistein), correctors (VRT-325, Corr-4a), and other approved and unapproved modulators, with detailed descriptions and discussions for each compound. The challenges and future directions in targeting rare variants and optimizing drug delivery, and the potential synergistic effects in combination therapies are outlined. CFTR modulation holds promise not only for CF treatment but also for generating CF models that contribute to CF research and potentially treating other diseases such as secretory diarrhea. Therefore, continued research on CFTR tool compounds is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoXuan Han
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology,
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and
Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology,
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and
Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology,
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and
Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elena K. Schneider-Futschik
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology,
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and
Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Wu J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Hou Y, Gong P. Overview of CFTR activators and their recent studies for dry eye disease: a review. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2459-2472. [PMID: 38107177 PMCID: PMC10718525 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gets activated via the cAMP signaling pathway and is present in various secretory epithelial cells, including conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells. Activation of CFTR leads to fluid secretion in both mouse and human ocular surfaces. Dry eye disease is a significant health problem for which limited therapeutic options are available. In this review, on the one hand, small molecule CFTR activators with different chemical structures are summarized, and on the other hand, the pharmacological activity test and structural optimization of small molecule CFTR activators in the treatment of dry eye are outlined. The purpose of this review is to highlight the important role of CFTR activators in the treatment of dry eye disease and their potential as a new strategy for the treatment of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yunlei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Ping Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
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Della Sala A, Prono G, Hirsch E, Ghigo A. Role of Protein Kinase A-Mediated Phosphorylation in CFTR Channel Activity Regulation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:690247. [PMID: 34211404 PMCID: PMC8240754 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.690247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel expressed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells, where it plays a pivotal role in chloride transport and overall tissue homeostasis. CFTR constitutes a unique member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, due to its distinctive cytosolic regulatory (R) domain carrying multiple phosphorylation sites that allow the tight regulation of channel activity and gating. Mutations in the CFTR gene cause cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal autosomal genetic disease in the Caucasian population. In recent years, major efforts have led to the development of CFTR modulators, small molecules targeting the underlying genetic defect of CF and ultimately rescuing the function of the mutant channel. Recent evidence has highlighted that this class of drugs could also impact on the phosphorylation of the R domain of the channel by protein kinase A (PKA), a key regulatory mechanism that is altered in various CFTR mutants. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of the CFTR by PKA-mediated phosphorylation and to provide insights into the different factors that modulate this essential CFTR modification. Finally, the discussion will focus on the impact of CF mutations on PKA-mediated CFTR regulation, as well as on how small molecule CFTR regulators and PKA interact to rescue dysfunctional channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Della Sala
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Kither Biotech S.r.l, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Kither Biotech S.r.l, Turin, Italy
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Kumar V. Designed Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Hydantoins and Hydantoin-Based Hybrid Molecules: A Personal Account. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1480-6474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHydantoin and its analogues such as thiohydantoin and iminohydantoin have received substantial attention from both a chemical and a biological point of view. Several compounds of this class have shown useful pharmacological activities such as anticonvulsant, antitumor, antiarrhythmic, and herbicidal properties that have led, in some cases, to clinical applications. Because of these broad-spectrum activities, intensive research efforts have been dedicated in industry and academia to the synthesis and structural modifications of hydantoin and its derivatives. Realizing the importance of hydantoin in organic and medicinal chemistry, we also initiated a research program that successfully designed and developed new routes and methods for the formation of hydantoin, thiohydantoin, and iminohydantoin substituted at various positions, particularly at the N-1 position without following a protection–deprotection strategy. Because combinations of two or more pharmacophoric groups can lead to hybrid molecules that display a mixed mechanism of action on biological targets, we extended our developed strategy to the syntheses of new types of hydantoin-based hybrid molecules by combining hydantoin with a triazole, isoxazoline, or phosphate scaffold as a second pharmacophore to exploit their diverse biological functions.1 Introduction2 Chemistry and Properties2.1 Physical Properties2.2 Chemical Properties2.3 Biological Properties3 General Synthetic Methods4 Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Hydantoins5 Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Thiohydantoins6 Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Iminohydantoins7 Fused or Bicyclic (Thio)hydantoins8 Di- or Multivalent (Thio)hydantoins9 Hydantoin-Based Hybrid Molecules9.1 Hydantoin–Isooxazoline Hybrids9.2 Hydantoin–Triazole Hybrids9.3 Hydantoin–Phosphate Hybrids: Phosphorylated Hydantoins10 Summary and Outlook
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5
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Bose SJ, Bijvelds MJC, Wang Y, Liu J, Cai Z, Bot AGM, de Jonge HR, Sheppard DN. Differential thermostability and response to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiators of human and mouse F508del-CFTR. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L71-L86. [PMID: 30969810 PMCID: PMC6689747 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00034.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species comparative studies have highlighted differences between human and mouse cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the epithelial Cl- channel defective in cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we compare the impact of the most common CF mutation F508del on the function of human and mouse CFTR heterologously expressed in mammalian cells and their response to CFTR modulators using the iodide efflux and patch-clamp techniques. Once delivered to the plasma membrane, human F508del-CFTR exhibited a severe gating defect characterized by infrequent channel openings and was thermally unstable, deactivating within minutes at 37°C. By contrast, the F508del mutation was without effect on the gating pattern of mouse CFTR, and channel activity demonstrated thermostability at 37°C. Strikingly, at all concentrations tested, the clinically approved CFTR potentiator ivacaftor was without effect on the mouse F508del-CFTR Cl- channel. Moreover, eight CFTR potentiators, including ivacaftor, failed to generate CFTR-mediated iodide efflux from CHO cells expressing mouse F508del-CFTR. However, they all produced CFTR-mediated iodide efflux with human F508del-CFTR-expressing CHO cells, while fifteen CFTR correctors rescued the plasma membrane expression of both human and mouse F508del-CFTR. Interestingly, the CFTR potentiator genistein enhanced CFTR-mediated iodide efflux from CHO cells expressing either human or mouse F508del-CFTR, whereas it only potentiated human F508del-CFTR Cl- channels in cell-free membrane patches, suggesting that its action on mouse F508del-CFTR is indirect. Thus, the F508del mutation has distinct effects on human and mouse CFTR Cl- channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Bose
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Yiting Wang
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Zhiwei Cai
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Alice G M Bot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - David N Sheppard
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
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Waheed M, Ahmed N, Alsharif MA, Alahmdi MI, Mukhtar S. PhI(OAc)2
-Mediated One-Pot Synthesis and their Antibacterial Activity of Flavone and Coumarin Based Isoxazoles Under Mild Reaction Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waheed
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee- 247 667 Uttrakhand India
| | - Naseem Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee- 247 667 Uttrakhand India
| | - Meshari A Alsharif
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk- 71491 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Issa Alahmdi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk- 71491 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayeed Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk- 71491 Saudi Arabia
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7
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Lei C, Geng L, Xu X, Shao X, Li Z. Isoxazole-containing neonicotinoids: Design, synthesis, and insecticidal evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:831-833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Martinez-Amezaga M, Delpiccolo CML, Mata EG. Immobilized boronic acid for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling: application to the generation of pharmacologically relevant molecules. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of immobilized boronic acid for the generation of a variety of biaryl biologically interesting derivatives is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Martinez-Amezaga
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
| | - C. M. L. Delpiccolo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
| | - E. G. Mata
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
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9
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Abstract
CFTR protein is an ion channel regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and expressed in many types of epithelial cells. CFTR-mediated chloride and bicarbonate secretion play an important role in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Pharmacological modulators of CFTR represent promising drugs for a variety of diseases. In particular, correctors and potentiators may restore the activity of CFTR in cystic fibrosis patients. Potentiators are also potentially useful to improve mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. On the other hand, CFTR inhibitors may be useful to block fluid and electrolyte loss in secretory diarrhea and slow down the progression of polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zegarra-Moran
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
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10
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Lopez SE, Mitani A, Pena P, Ghiviriga I, Dolbier WR. Use of 1-pentafluorosulfanyl-phenylacetylenes for the preparation of SF5-substituted five-membered ring heterocycles through 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Isoxazoles and isoxazolines. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Synthesis of Bicyclic Isoxazoles and Isoxazolines via Intramolecular Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition. Molecules 2015; 20:10910-27. [PMID: 26076111 PMCID: PMC6272556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient and straight forward procedure for the syntheses of bicyclic isoxazole/isoxazoline derivatives from the corresponding dimethyl-2-(2-nitro-1-aryl/alkyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1yl)malonates or dimethyl 2-allyl-2-(2-nitro-1-aryl/alkyl ethyl)malonate is described. High yields and simple operations are important features of this methodology.
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12
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Wang Y, Liu J, Loizidou A, Bugeja LA, Warner R, Hawley BR, Cai Z, Toye AM, Sheppard DN, Li H. CFTR potentiators partially restore channel function to A561E-CFTR, a cystic fibrosis mutant with a similar mechanism of dysfunction as F508del-CFTR. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4490-503. [PMID: 24902474 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel causes the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF). Towards the development of transformational drug therapies for CF, we investigated the channel function and action of CFTR potentiators on A561E, a CF mutation found frequently in Portugal. Like the most common CF mutation F508del, A561E causes a temperature-sensitive folding defect that prevents CFTR delivery to the cell membrane and is associated with severe disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using baby hamster kidney cells expressing recombinant CFTR, we investigated CFTR expression by cell surface biotinylation, and function and pharmacology with the iodide efflux and patch-clamp techniques. KEY RESULTS Low temperature incubation delivered a small proportion of A561E-CFTR protein to the cell surface. Like F508del-CFTR, low temperature-rescued A561E-CFTR exhibited a severe gating defect characterized by brief channel openings separated by prolonged channel closures. A561E-CFTR also exhibited thermoinstability, losing function more quickly than F508del-CFTR in cell-free membrane patches and intact cells. Using the iodide efflux assay, CFTR potentiators, including genistein and the clinically approved small-molecule ivacaftor, partially restored function to A561E-CFTR. Interestingly, ivacaftor restored wild-type levels of channel activity (as measured by open probability) to single A561E- and F508del-CFTR Cl(-) channels. However, it accentuated the thermoinstability of both mutants in cell-free membrane patches. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Like F508del-CFTR, A561E-CFTR perturbs protein processing, thermostability and channel gating. CFTR potentiators partially restore channel function to low temperature-rescued A561E-CFTR. Transformational drug therapy for A561E-CFTR is likely to require CFTR correctors, CFTR potentiators and special attention to thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Han L, Zhang B, Zhu M, Yan J. An environmentally benign synthesis of isoxazolines and isoxazoles mediated by potassium chloride in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Gianotti A, Melani R, Caci E, Sondo E, Ravazzolo R, Galietta LJV, Zegarra-Moran O. Epithelial sodium channel silencing as a strategy to correct the airway surface fluid deficit in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:445-52. [PMID: 23600628 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0408oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the respiratory system, Na(+) absorption and Cl(-) secretion are balanced to maintain an appropriate airway surface fluid (ASF) volume and ensure efficient mucociliary clearance. In cystic fibrosis (CF), this equilibrium is disrupted by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, resulting in the absence of functional CFTR-dependent Cl(-) secretion. The consequences of defective Cl(-) transport are worsened by the persistence of Na(+) absorption, which contributes to airway surface dehydration. We asked whether normal ASF can be restored to an equal extent by recovering Cl(-) secretion from mutated CFTR or by reducing Na(+) absorption. This is highly relevant in the selection of the best strategy for the treatment of patients with CF. We analyzed the ASF thickness of primary cultured bronchial CF and non-CF epithelia after silencing the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) with specific short, interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and after the pharmacological stimulation of CFTR. Our results indicate that (1) single siRNAs complementary to ENaC subunits are sufficient to reduce ENaC transcripts, Na(+) channel activity, and fluid transport, but only silencing both the α and β ENaC subunits at the same time leads to an increase of ASF (from nearly 7 µm to more than 9 µm); (2) the ASF thickness obtained in this way is about half that measured after maximal CFTR stimulation in non-CF epithelia (10-14 µm); and (3) the pharmacological rescue of mutant CFTR increases the ASF to the same extent as ENaC silencing. Our results indicate that CFTR rescue and ENaC silencing both produce a significant and long-lasting increase of airway hydration in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Gianotti
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Largo G. Gaslini 5, Genoa, Italy
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Biswas K, Kumar A, Das Sarma K. One-pot high-throughput synthesis of a 160-membered library of methyl 3,5-diaryl-isoxazoline-5-carboxylate pharmacophores by a 2·2·2-component reaction. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:255-60. [PMID: 23547927 DOI: 10.1021/co400015w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of methyl 3,5-diaryl-isoxazoline-5-carboxylates in a high-throughput fashion. This was accomplished in one-pot by a sequence of three 2-component reactions steps (2·2·2-CR), whereby compounds were obtained in overall 30-66% isolated yields. The functional group diversity was established by synthesizing a 160-membered library.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Jubilant Chemsys Ltd.,
B-34, Sector-58, Noida, UP, India-201301
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16
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Knapp JM, Zhu JS, Wood AB, Kurth MJ. Expedient synthesis of a 72-membered isoxazolino-β-ketoamide library by a 2·3-component reaction. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:85-8. [PMID: 22181856 DOI: 10.1021/co200199h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient 2·3-component reaction (2·3CR; a 2-component reaction followed, in one pot, by a3-component reaction) is presented for the synthesis of isoxazolino-β-ketoamides. This 2·3CR proceeds by (i) a Meldrum's acid-generated acyl ketene, which is trapped by an amine to form a β-ketoamide intermediate in a 2CR followed, in one pot, by (ii) a Mannich reaction followed by elimination of dimethyl amine·HCl to generate an α,β-unsaturated β-ketoamide dipolarophile that reacts in a nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. This one-pot 2·3CR process delivers the targeted isoxazolino-β-ketoamide product. A total of 72 compounds are presented, all of which have been submitted to the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository for high-throughput biological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of California/Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California/Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Alex B. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University of California/Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California/Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
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17
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Expeditious preparation of isoxazoles from Δ2-isoxazolines as advanced intermediates for functional materials. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Abstract
With knowledge of the molecular behaviour of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), its physiological role and dysfunction in cystic fibrosis (CF), therapeutic strategies are now being developed that target the root cause of CF rather than disease symptoms. Here, we review progress towards the development of rational new therapies for CF. We highlight the discovery of small molecules that rescue the cell surface expression and defective channel gating of CF mutants, termed CFTR correctors and CFTR potentiators, respectively. We draw attention to alternative approaches to restore epithelial ion transport to CF epithelia, including inhibitors of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) and activators of the Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel TMEM16A. The expertise required to translate small molecules identified in the laboratory to drugs for CF patients depends on our ability to coordinate drug development at an international level and our ability to provide pertinent biological information using suitable disease models.
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Pyle LC, Ehrhardt A, Mitchell LH, Fan L, Ren A, Naren AP, Li Y, Clancy JP, Bolger GB, Sorscher EJ, Rowe SM. Regulatory domain phosphorylation to distinguish the mechanistic basis underlying acute CFTR modulators. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L587-97. [PMID: 21724857 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00465.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulator compounds intended to overcome disease-causing mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) show significant promise in clinical testing for cystic fibrosis. However, the mechanism(s) of action underlying these compounds are not fully understood. Activation of CFTR ion transport requires PKA-regulated phosphorylation of the regulatory domain (R-D) and dimerization of the nucleotide binding domains. Using a newly developed assay, we evaluated nine compounds including both CFTR potentatiators and activators discovered via various high-throughput screening strategies to acutely augment CFTR activity. We found considerable differences in the effects on R-D phosphorylation. Some (including UC(CF)-152) stimulated robust phosphorylation, and others had little effect (e.g., VRT-532 and VX-770). We then compared CFTR activation by UC(CF)-152 and VRT-532 in Ussing chamber studies using two epithelial models, CFBE41o(-) and Fischer rat thyroid cells, expressing various CFTR forms. UC(CF)-152 activated wild-type-, G551D-, and rescued F508del-CFTR currents but did not potentiate cAMP-mediated CFTR activation. In contrast, VRT-532 moderately activated CFTR short-circuit current and strongly potentiated forskolin-mediated current. Combined with the result that UC(CF)-152, but not VRT-532 or VX-770, acts by increasing CFTR R-D phosphorylation, these findings indicate that potentiation of endogenous cAMP-mediated activation of mutant CFTR is not due to a pathway involving augmented R-D phosphorylation. This study presents an assay useful to distinguish preclinical compounds by a crucial mechanism underlying CFTR activation, delineates two types of compound able to acutely augment CFTR activity (e.g., activators and potentiators), and demonstrates that a number of different mechanisms can be successfully employed to activate mutant CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Pyle
- Departments of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0006, USA
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Noy E, Senderowitz H. Combating cystic fibrosis: in search for CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:243-51. [PMID: 21275046 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Noy
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Sui J, Cotard S, Andersen J, Zhu P, Staunton J, Lee M, Lin S. Optimization of a Yellow fluorescent protein-based iodide influx high-throughput screening assay for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:656-68. [PMID: 21050066 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited, life-threatening disease associated with mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The most common mutation, F508del CFTR, is found in 90% of CF patients. The loss of a single amino acid (phenylalanine at position 508) results in malformed CFTR with defective trafficking to the plasma membrane and impaired channel function. A functional assay with cells expressing F508del CFTR has been previously described by others using genetically engineered halide-sensitive yellow fluorescent protein to screen for CFTR modulators. We adapted this yellow fluorescent protein assay to 384-well plate format with a high-throughput screening plate reader, and optimized the assay in terms of data quality, resolution, and throughput, with target-specific protocols. The optimized assay was validated with reference compounds from cystic fibrosis foundation therapeutics. On the basis of the Z-factor range (≥0.5) and the potential productivity, this assay is well suited for high-throughput screening. It was successfully used to screen for active single agent and synergistic combinations of single agent modulators of F508del CFTR from a library collection of current active pharmaceutical ingredients (supported by Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics).
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An expeditious synthesis of isoxazoline using cetyltrimethylammonium cerium nitrate: A phase transferring oxidative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Becq F. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators for personalized drug treatment of cystic fibrosis: progress to date. Drugs 2010; 70:241-59. [PMID: 20166764 DOI: 10.2165/11316160-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article considers the issue of personalized drug discovery for the orphan disease cystic fibrosis (CF) to deliver a candidate for therapeutic development. CF is a very complicated disease due to numerous anomalies of the gene leading to progressive severity and morbidity. Despite extensive research efforts, 20 years after the cloning of the CF gene, CF patients are still waiting for a curative treatment as prescribed medications still target the secondary manifestations of the disease rather than the gene or the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. New therapeutics aimed at improving mutant CFTR functions, also known as 'protein repair therapy' are nevertheless hoped and predicted to replace some of the currently used therapy, while improving the quality of life as well as life expectancy of CF patients. Although there is substantial variability in the cost of treating CF between countries, a protein repair therapy should also alleviate the financial burden of medical costs for CF patients and their families. Finding new drugs or rediscovering old ones for CF is critically dependent on the delivery of molecular and structural information on the CFTR protein, on its mutated version and on the network of CFTR-interacting proteins. The expertise needed to turn compounds into marketable drugs for CF will depend on our ability to provide biological information obtained from pertinent models of the disease and on our success in transferring safe molecules to clinical trials. Predicting a drug-induced response is also an attractive challenge that could be rapidly applied to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Becq
- Institute of Physiology and Cellular Biology, University of Poitiers, National Centre of Scientific Research, Poitiers, France.
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Pedemonte N, Tomati V, Sondo E, Galietta LJV. Influence of cell background on pharmacological rescue of mutant CFTR. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C866-74. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00404.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CFTR chloride channel. Deletion of phenylalanine 508 (F508del), the most frequent CF mutation, impairs the maturation and gating of the CFTR protein. Such defects may be corrected in vitro by pharmacological modulators named as correctors and potentiators, respectively. We have evaluated a panel of correctors and potentiators derived from various sources to assess potency, efficacy, and mechanism of action. For this purpose, we have used functional and biochemical assays on two different cell expression systems, Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) and A549 cells. The order of potency and efficacy of potentiators was similar in the two cell types considered, with phenylglycine PG-01 and isoxazole UCCF-152 being the most potent and least potent, respectively. Most potentiators were also effective on two mutations, G551D and G1349D, that cause a purely gating defect. In contrast, corrector effect was strongly affected by cell background, with the extreme case of many compounds working in one cell type only. Our findings are in favor of a direct action of potentiators on CFTR, possibly at a common binding site. In contrast, most correctors seem to work indirectly with various mechanisms of action. Combinations of correctors acting at different levels may lead to additive F508del-CFTR rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Pedemonte
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Giannina Gaslini and
- Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomati
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Giannina Gaslini and
| | - Elvira Sondo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Giannina Gaslini and
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Amaral MD, Kunzelmann K. Molecular targeting of CFTR as a therapeutic approach to cystic fibrosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2007; 28:334-41. [PMID: 17573123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges facing the pharmaceutical field is the identification of novel, 'druggable' targets common to distinct diseases that, despite their clinical diversity, share the same basic molecular defect(s) - thus, being termed 'horizontal diseases'. Membrane proteins constitute one of the largest families in the human genome and, given their major roles in cells and organisms, they are relevant to common human disorders such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, but also to rare genetic conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we review therapeutic approaches to correcting the basic defect in CF, which is caused mainly by the intracellular retention of a misfolded protein, and focus on various recent drug-discovery strategies for this important and paradigmatic disease. These strategies have possible applications in many membrane protein disorders, including other channelopathies. The mechanisms of action of potent and specific compounds, representing promising drug leads for CF pharmacotherapy, are explained and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida D Amaral
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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26
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Noel S, Faveau C, Norez C, Rogier C, Mettey Y, Becq F. Discovery of pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazines derivatives as submicromolar affinity activators of wild type, G551D, and F508del cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:349-59. [PMID: 16829626 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) represents the main Cl(-) channel in the apical membrane of epithelial cells for cAMP-dependent Cl(-) secretion. Here we report on the synthesis and screening of a small library of 6-phenylpyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazines (named RP derivatives) evaluated as activators of wild-type CFTR, G551D-CFTR, and F508del-CFTR Cl(-) channels. Iodide efflux and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings analysis identified RP107 [7-n-butyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)[5H]-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine] as a submicromolar activator of wild-type (WT)-CFTR [human airway epithelial Calu-3 and WT-CFTR-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells], G551D-CFTR (G551D-CFTR-CHO cells), and F508del-CFTR (in temperature-corrected human airway epithelial F508del/F508del CF15 cells). The structural analog RP108 [7-n-butyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)[5H]pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine], contrary to RP107, was a less potent activator only at micromolar concentrations. RP107 and RP108 did not have any effect on the cellular cAMP level. Activation was potentiated by low concentration of forskolin and inhibited by glibenclamide and CFTR(inh)-172 [3-[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-[(4-carboxyphenyl-)methylene]-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone]but not by calixarene or DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid). Finally, we found significant stimulation of short circuit current (I(sc)) by RP107 (EC(50) = 89 nM) and RP108 (EC(50) = 103 microM) on colon of Cftr(+)(/)(+) but not of Cftr(-/-) mice mounted in Ussing chamber. Stimulation of I(sc) was inhibited by glibenclamide but not affected by DIDS. These results show that RP107 stimulates wild-type CFTR and mutated CFTR, with submicromolar affinity by a cAMP-independent mechanism. Our preliminary structure-activity relationship study identified 4-hydroxyphenyl and 7-n-butyl as determinants required for activation of CFTR. The potency of these agents indicates that compounds in this class may be of therapeutic benefit in CFTR-related diseases, including cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Noel
- IPBC CNRS UMR 6187, Université de Poitiers, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
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A novel one-pot synthesis of hydroximoyl chlorides and 2-isoxazolines using N-tert-butyl-N-chlorocyanamide. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Discovery of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid diamides that increase CFTR mediated chloride transport. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2087-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Becq F, Mettey Y. Pharmacological interventions for the correction of ion transport defect in cystic fibrosis. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.10.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Das B, Holla H, Mahender G, Banerjee J, Ravinder Reddy M. Hypervalent iodine-mediated interaction of aldoximes with activated alkenes including Baylis–Hillman adducts: a new and efficient method for the preparation of nitrile oxides from aldoximes. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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