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Saini MK, Prajapati K, Basak AK. Synthesis of Azonia Aromatic Heterocycles Bearing 6-6-6-5-6 Pentacyclic Core via Intramolecular [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition and Oxidative Aromatization Reaction Sequence in One Pot. J Org Chem 2024; 89:68-79. [PMID: 38111967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Cationic aza-heterocycle-fused compounds have gained wide applications in materials science, biological applications, and synthetic organic chemistry. In this report, synthesis of benzothiazolochromenopyridinium tetrafluoroborates, a novel molecular scaffold, bearing 6-6-6-5-6 pentacyclic core is described that proceeds via (i) piperidine-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation between 2-propargyloxyarylaldehydes bearing internal alkynes and 2-benzothiazoleacetonitrile, (ii) intramolecular formal [4 + 2]-cycloaddition, and (iii) crucial molecular oxygen-mediated oxidative aromatization reaction sequence in one pot. These quaternary pyridinium salts are obtained at ambient temperature in good to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Karmdeo Prajapati
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashok K Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Sharma V, Gupta M, Kumar P, Sharma A. A Comprehensive Review on Fused Heterocyclic as DNA Intercalators: Promising Anticancer Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:15-42. [PMID: 33213325 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201118113311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of DNA intercalating agents (by Lerman, 1961), a growing number of organic, inorganic, and metallic compounds have been developed to treat life-threatening microbial infections and cancers. Fused-heterocycles are amongst the most important group of compounds that have the ability to interact with DNA. DNA intercalators possess a planar aromatic ring structure that inserts itself between the base pairs of nucleic acids. Once inserted, the aromatic structure makes van der Waals interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the base pairs. The DNA intercalator may also contain an ionizable group that can form ionic interactions with the negatively charged phosphate backbone. After the intercalation, other cellular processes could take place, leading ultimately to cell death. The heterocyclic nucleus present in the DNA intercalators can be considered as a pharmacophore that plays an instrumental role in dictating the affinity and selectivity exhibited by these compounds. In this work, we have carried out a revision of small organic molecules that bind to the DNA molecule via intercalation and cleaving and exert their antitumor activity. A general overview of the most recent results in this area, paying particular attention to compounds that are currently under clinical trials, is provided. Advancement in spectroscopic techniques studying DNA interaction can be examined in-depth, yielding important information on structure-activity relationships. In this comprehensive review, we have focused on the introduction to fused heterocyclic agents with DNA interacting features, from medicinal point of view. The structure-activity relationships points, cytotoxicity data, and binding data and future perspectives of medicinal compounds have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- IIMT College of Pharmacy, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201308, India
| | - Mohit Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Sciences Building, 2730 South Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Atul Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Jia T, Wang J, Guo P, Yu J. Characterizations of cationic γ-carbolines binding with double-stranded DNA by spectroscopic methods and AFM imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 13:1234-42. [PMID: 25434722 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two cationic γ-carbolines, 2-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indolium iodide (MPII) and 2,5-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indolium iodide (DPII), were synthesized, and the DNA-binding properties of the cationic γ-carbolines were elucidated. Through a series of experiments, we proved that the two cationic γ-carbolines could strongly interact with DNA by intercalative binding. However, DPII, with a methyl group substituting H atom of 5-NH, has shown a stronger intercalative interaction with DNA compared to MPII. The dissociation of H from the 5-NH of MPII resulted in better water solubility and less binding affinity to DNA. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of pBR322 showed that both MPII and DPII strongly interacted with DNA and induced conformational changes in DNA. Moreover, the CT-DNA circular dichroism (CD) spectra changes and the statistics of the node numbers of pBR322 in AFM images indicated that MPII had more profound effects on DNA conformations compared to DPII. Furthermore, our studies have shown that the interactions between cationic γ-carbolines and DNA were sensitive to ionic strength. Increased ionic strength in the buffer caused the DNA helix to shrink, and the base stacking would be more compact, which resulted in minimal intercalation of cationic γ-carbolines into DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China.
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Alekseyev RS, Kurkin AV, Yurovskaya MA. γ-Carbolines and their hydrogenated derivatives. 1. Aromatic γ-carbolines: methods of synthesis, chemical and biological properties (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-009-0373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Valenciano J, Sánchez-Pavón E, Cuadro AM, Alvarez-Builla J, Vaquero JJ. New Fused Triazinium Systems from (Alkoxycarbonyl)aziniumN-Aminides. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200601058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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García-Cuadrado D, Cuadro AM, Barchín BM, Nuñez A, Cañeque T, Alvarez-Builla J, Vaquero JJ. Palladium-Mediated Functionalization of Heteroaromatic Cations: Comparative Study on Quinolizinium Cations. J Org Chem 2006; 71:7989-95. [PMID: 17025285 DOI: 10.1021/jo060634+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction on heteroaromatic cations is described. A comparative study of the Stille and Suzuki reactions shows that only the Stille reaction is able to produce an efficient C-C bond formation between any of the four isomeric bromoquinolizinium bromides and a variety of stannanes. In the presence of the catalysts Pd(PPh3)4 or Pd2(dba)3P(o-Tol)3, vinyl, ethynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are successfully incorporated into the quinolizinium system in satisfactory yields under mild reaction conditions. This procedure represents a marked improvement on the functionalization of this class of heteroaromatic cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo García-Cuadrado
- Departamento de Química Organica, Universidad de Alcala, 28871-Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Ihmels H, Faulhaber K, Vedaldi D, Dall'Acqua F, Viola G. Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-stranded DNA. Part 2: The Annelated Quinolizinium Ion as a Structural Motif in DNA Intercalators†. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81:1107-15. [PMID: 15934789 DOI: 10.1562/2005-01-25-ir-427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA intercalators represent an important class of compounds with a high potential as DNA-targeting drugs. In this review it is demonstrated that annelated quinolizinium derivatives such as coralyne and derivatives thereof intercalate into DNA and that this structural motif allows several variations of the substitution pattern without loss of intercalating properties. The commonly applied methods for the evaluation of the DNA association, mainly spectroscopic studies, are pointed out. In addition, studies on the biological activities of annelated quinolizinium derivatives, such as topoisomerase poisoning or cell toxicity, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ihmels
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
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Fontana A, Benito EJ, Martín MJ, Sánchez N, Alajarín R, Vaquero JJ, Alvarez-Builla J, Lambel-Giraudet S, Leonce S, Pierré A, Caignard D. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of pyridazino[1',6':1,2]pyrido[3,4-b]indol-5-inium derivatives as anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2611-4. [PMID: 12182872 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several new pyridazino[1',6':1,2]pyrido[3,4-b]indol-5-inium derivatives were synthesised from beta-carboline derivatives and their cytotoxic activity and effect on the cell cycle were evaluated against L1210 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fontana
- Departamento de Qui;mica Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Vaquero JJ, Alvarez-Builla J. Cycloimmonium salts and their ylides and related compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1521-4478(00)80006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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10
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Synthesis and reactions of 2-bis(methylthio)methylene-1-methyl-3-oxoindole: A facile access to benzo- and heterocyclo-fused carbazoles and indoles. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Barchín BM, Valenciano J, Cuadro AM, Julio Alvarez-Builla, and, Vaquero JJ. Use of the Stille Coupling Reaction on Heteroaromatic Cations: Synthesis of Substituted Quinolizinium Salts. Org Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ol990626y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo M. Barchín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Valenciano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Cuadro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan J. Vaquero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Molina A, Vaquero JJ, Garcia-Navio JL, Alvarez-Builla J, de Pascual-Teresa B, Gago F, Rodrigo MM. Novel DNA Intercalators Based on the Pyridazino[1‘,6‘:1,2]pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-inium System. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo982216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Molina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Vaquero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Garcia-Navio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez-Builla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María M. Rodrigo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Martínez-Barrasa V, Burgos C, Izquierdo M, Alvarez-Builla J, Vaquero JJ. The first example of an intramolecular Westphal reaction. Synthesis of a new aza-quinolizinium type system. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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