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Xu G, Hartman TL, Wargo H, Turpin JA, Buckheit RW, Cushman M. Synthesis of alkenyldiarylmethane (ADAM) non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with non-identical aromatic rings. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:283-90. [PMID: 11741777 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The existing methods for the synthesis of alkenyldiarylmethane (ADAM) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors proceed from symmetrical benzophenones and therefore result in products with identical aromatic rings. New methods have therefore been devised for the preparation of stereochemically defined ADAMs with non-identical aromatic rings. The new routes rely on palladium-catalyzed reactions, including Sonogashira, Suzuki, Stille, and hydroarylation methodology. Several of the new ADAMs inhibited the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 in cell culture and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Casimiro-Garcia A, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, Stup TL, Turpin JA, Buckheit RW, Cushman M. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of cosalane analogues incorporating nitrogen in the linker chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:191-200. [PMID: 10968278 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of an amido group or an amino moiety into the alkenyl linker chain of cosalane (1) provided a new series of analogues 3-8. The new compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in cell culture. The replacement of the 1' and 2' carbons in the linker chain of I by an amido group was generally tolerated. The length of the linker chain and the stereochemistry of the substituent at C-3 of the steroidal ring had significant effects on the antiviral activity and potency. Incorporation of an amino moiety into the linker completely abolished the anti-HIV activity. There are several steps in the HIV replication cycle that have been proposed as targets for the development of therapeutic agents (De Clercq, E. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 2491; De Clercq, E. Pure Appl. Chem. 1998, 70, 567). However, currently approved anti-HIV drugs are only directed against the viral enzymes reverse transcriptase or protease (Carpenter. C. C. J.; Fischl, M. A.; Hammer, S. M.; Hirsch, M. S.; Jacobsen, D. M.; Katzenstein, D. A.; Montaner, J. S. G.; Richman, D. D.; Saag, M. S.; Schooley, R. T.; Thompson, M. A.; Vella, S.; Yeni, P. G.; Volberding, P. A. JAMA 1998, 280, 78). Drugs capable of interfering with other steps of the virus life cycle will be highly valuable in the antiretroviral therapy of AIDS, as they will have different patterns of resistance mutations than the drugs currently used clinically. In addition, their utilization in combination with other therapeutic agents could provide more potent drug 'cocktails' capable of completely suppressing virus replication. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the discovery of clinically useful anti-HIV agents possessing novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casimiro-Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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4
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Ruell JA, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, Stup TL, Turpin JA, Buckheit, RW, Cushman M. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Cosalane Analogues with Substituted Benzoic Acid Rings Attached to the Pharmacophore through Methylene and Amide Linkers. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo990177f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Ruell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Myriam Witvrouw
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Tracy L. Stup
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Jim A. Turpin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Robert W. Buckheit,
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Virology Research Group, Serquest, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701
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Cushman M, Insaf S, Paul G, Ruell JA, De Clercq E, Schols D, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, Schaeffer CA, Turpin JA, Williamson K, Rice WG. Extension of the polyanionic cosalane pharmacophore as a strategy for increasing anti-HIV potency. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1767-77. [PMID: 10346929 DOI: 10.1021/jm980727m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anti-HIV agent cosalane inhibits both the binding of gp120 to CD4 as well as an undefined postattachment event prior to reverse transcription. Several cosalane analogues having an extended polyanionic "pharmacophore" were designed based on a hypothetical model of the binding of cosalane to CD4. The analogues were synthesized, and a number of them displayed anti-HIV activity. One of the new analogues was found to possess enhanced potency as an anti-HIV agent relative to cosalane itself. Although the new analogues inhibited both HIV-1 and HIV-2, they were more potent as inhibitors of HIV-1 than HIV-2. Mechanism of action studies indicated that the most potent of the new analogues inhibited fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane at lower concentrations than it inhibited attachment, suggesting inhibition of fusion as the primary mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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