1
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Gibadullin R, Morris RK, Niu J, Sidney J, Sette A, Gellman SH. Thioamide Analogues of MHC I Antigen Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25559-25569. [PMID: 37968794 PMCID: PMC10782604 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Short, synthetic peptides that are displayed by major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) can stimulate CD8 T cells in vivo to destroy virus-infected or cancer cells. The development of such peptides as vaccines that provide protective immunity, however, is limited by rapid proteolytic degradation. Introduction of unnatural amino acid residues can suppress MHC I antigen proteolysis, but the modified peptides typically display lower affinity for MHC I and/or diminished ability to activate CD8 T cells relative to native antigen. Here, we report a new strategy for modifying MHC I antigens to enhance resistance to proteolysis while preserving MHC I affinity and T cell activation properties. This approach, replacing backbone amide groups with thioamides, was evaluated in two well-characterized antigens presented by HLA-A2, a common human MHC I. For each antigen, singly modified thioamide analogues retained affinity for HLA-A2 and activated T cells specific for the native antigen, as measured via interferon-γ secretion. In each system, we identified a highly potent triply substituted thioamide antigen ("thio-antigen") that displayed substantial resistance to proteolytic cleavage. Collectively, our results suggest that thio-antigens may represent a general and readily accessible source of potent vaccine candidates that resist degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Gibadullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rylie K. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jiani Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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2
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Phan HAT, Giannakoulias SG, Barrett TM, Liu C, Petersson EJ. Rational design of thioamide peptides as selective inhibitors of cysteine protease cathepsin L. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10825-10835. [PMID: 35355937 PMCID: PMC8901119 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant levels of cathepsin L (Cts L), a ubiquitously expressed endosomal cysteine protease, have been implicated in many diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Significantly, Cts L has been identified as a potential target for the treatment of COVID-19 due to its recently unveiled critical role in SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. However, there are currently no clinically approved specific inhibitors of Cts L, as it is often challenging to obtain specificity against the many highly homologous cathepsin family cysteine proteases. Peptide-based agents are often promising protease inhibitors as they offer high selectivity and potency, but unfortunately are subject to degradation in vivo. Thioamide substitution, a single-atom O-to-S modification in the peptide backbone, has been shown to improve the proteolytic stability of peptides addressing this issue. Utilizing this approach, we demonstrate herein that good peptidyl substrates can be converted into sub-micromolar inhibitors of Cts L by a single thioamide substitution in the peptide backbone. We have designed and scanned several thioamide stabilized peptide scaffolds, in which one peptide, RS 1A, was stabilized against proteolysis by all five cathepsins (Cts L, Cts V, Cts K, Cts S, and Cts B) while inhibiting Cts L with >25-fold specificity against the other cathepsins. We further showed that this stabilized RS 1A peptide could inhibit Cts L in human liver carcinoma lysates (IC50 = 19 μM). Our study demonstrates that one can rationally design a stabilized, specific peptidyl protease inhibitor by strategic placement of a thioamide and reaffirms the place of this single-atom modification in the toolbox of peptide-based rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Anh T Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Sam G Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Taylor M Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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3
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Barrett TM, Chen XS, Liu C, Giannakoulias S, Phan HAT, Wang J, Keenan EK, Karpowicz RJ, Petersson EJ. Studies of Thioamide Effects on Serine Protease Activity Enable Two-Site Stabilization of Cancer Imaging Peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:774-779. [PMID: 32141733 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide substitutions in peptides can be used as fluorescence quenchers in protease sensors and as stabilizing modifications of hormone analogs. To guide these applications in the context of serine proteases, we here examine the cleavage of several model substrates, scanning a thioamide between the P3 and P3' positions, and identify perturbing positions for thioamide substitution. While all serine proteases tested were affected by P1 thioamidation, certain proteases were also significantly affected by other thioamide positions. We demonstrate how these findings can be applied by harnessing the combined P3/P1 effect of a single thioamide on kallikrein proteolysis to protect two key positions in a neuropeptide Y-based imaging probe, increasing its serum half-life to >24 h while maintaining potency for binding to Y1 receptor expressing cells. Such stabilized peptide probes could find application in imaging cell populations in animal models or even in clinical applications such as fluorescence-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xing S. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sam Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hoang Anh T. Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jieliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - E. Keith Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Richard J. Karpowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - E. James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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4
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Liu C, Barrett TM, Chen X, Ferrie JJ, Petersson EJ. Fluorescent Probes for Studying Thioamide Positional Effects on Proteolysis Reveal Insight into Resistance to Cysteine Proteases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2059-2062. [PMID: 30950552 PMCID: PMC7021225 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide substitutions of the peptide backbone have been shown to reduce proteolytic degradation, and this property can be used to generate competitive protease inhibitors and to stabilize peptides toward degradation in vivo. Here, we present a straightforward sensor design that allows a systematic study of the positional effects of thioamide substitution by using real-time fluorescence. Thioamide scanning in peptide substrates of five papain family cysteine proteases demonstrates that a thioamide at or near the scissile bond can slow proteolysis in all cases, but that the magnitude of the effects varies with position and protease in spite of high sequence homology. Mechanistic investigation of papain proteolysis reveals that the thioamide effects derive from reductions in both affinity (KM ) and turnover number (kcat ). Computational modeling allows these effects to be understood based on disruption of key enzyme-substrate hydrogen bonds, providing a model for future rational use of thioamides to confer cysteine protease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Taylor M Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John J Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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5
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Chen X, Mietlicki-Baase EG, Barrett TM, McGrath LE, Koch-Laskowski K, Ferrie JJ, Hayes MR, Petersson EJ. Thioamide Substitution Selectively Modulates Proteolysis and Receptor Activity of Therapeutic Peptide Hormones. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16688-16695. [PMID: 29130686 PMCID: PMC7744120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide hormones are attractive as injectable therapeutics and imaging agents, but they often require extensive modification by mutagenesis and/or chemical synthesis to prevent rapid in vivo degradation. Alternatively, the single-atom, O-to-S modification of peptide backbone thioamidation has the potential to selectively perturb interactions with proteases while preserving interactions with other proteins, such as target receptors. Here, we use the validated diabetes therapeutic, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and the target of clinical investigation, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), as proof-of-principle peptides to demonstrate the value of thioamide substitution. In GLP-1 and GIP, a single thioamide near the scissile bond renders these peptides up to 750-fold more stable than the corresponding oxopeptides toward cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase 4, the principal regulator of their in vivo stability. These stabilized analogues are nearly equipotent with their parent peptide in cyclic AMP activation assays, but the GLP-1 thiopeptides have much lower β-arrestin potency, making them novel agonists with altered signaling bias. Initial tests show that a thioamide GLP-1 analogue is biologically active in rats, with an in vivo potency for glycemic control surpassing that of native GLP-1. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate the potential for thioamides to modulate specific protein interactions to increase proteolytic stability or tune activation of different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Elizabeth G. Mietlicki-Baase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Current Address: Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, G10G Farber Hall, NY 14214
| | - Taylor M. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lauren E. McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kieran Koch-Laskowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John J. Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - E. James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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6
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De Zotti M, Peggion C, Biondi B, Crisma M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Endothioxopeptides: A conformational overview. Biopolymers 2016; 106:697-713. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
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7
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Newberry RW, VanVeller B, Raines RT. Thioamides in the collagen triple helix. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:9624-7. [PMID: 25967743 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To probe noncovalent interactions within the collagen triple helix, backbone amides were replaced with a thioamide isostere. This subtle substitution is the first in the collagen backbone that does not compromise thermostability. A triple helix with a thioamide as a hydrogen bond donor was found to be more stable than triple helices assembled from isomeric thiopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Newberry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA.
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8
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Nelli YR, Antunes S, Salaün A, Thinon E, Massip S, Kauffmann B, Douat C, Guichard G. Isosteric Substitutions of Urea to Thiourea and Selenourea in Aliphatic Oligourea Foldamers: Site-Specific Perturbation of the Helix Geometry. Chemistry 2014; 21:2870-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Torsello M, Orian L, De Zotti M, Saini R, Formaggio F, Polimeno A. Energetics of oxo- and thio-dipeptide formation via amino acid condensation: a systematic computational analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17515-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Goldberg JM, Chen X, Meinhardt N, Greenbaum DC, Petersson EJ. Thioamide-based fluorescent protease sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2086-93. [PMID: 24472041 PMCID: PMC3985465 DOI: 10.1021/ja412297x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Thioamide
quenchers can be paired with compact fluorophores to
design “turn-on” fluorescent protease substrates. We
have used this method to study a variety of serine-, cysteine-, carboxyl-,
and metallo-proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, thermolysin,
papain, and calpain. Since thioamides quench some fluorophores red-shifted
from those naturally occurring in proteins, this technique can be
used for real time monitoring of protease activity in crude preparations
of virtually any protease. We demonstrate the value of this method
in three model applications: (1) characterization of papain enzyme
kinetics using rapid-mixing experiments, (2) selective monitoring
of cleavage at a single site in a peptide with multiple proteolytic
sites, and (3) analysis of the specificity of an inhibitor of calpain
in cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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11
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De Poli M, Clayden J. Thionoglycine as a multifunctional spectroscopic reporter of screw-sense preference in helical foldamers. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 12:836-43. [PMID: 24336870 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42167h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A single thionoglycine (glycine thioamide, -HNCH2C(=S)-) residue inserted into a peptide foldamer provides both a pair of germinal protons for use as a (1)H NMR stereochemical probe and a chromophore giving rise to a well defined Cotton effect in CD. Comparison of the response of these two features to a local helically chiral environment validates them as independent methods for quantifying the conformational screw-sense preference of a helical oligomer, in this case a peptide made of repeated Aib units. The sign of the Cotton effect provides a measure of the sign of the screw-sense preference, while both the chemical shift separation of the anisochronous signals of the glycine CH2 group and the magnitude of the Cotton effect give an estimate of the helicity excess of the oligomer. The thionoglycine unit is readily introduced synthetically by a thionation of a BocGlyAibOMe dipeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Poli
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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12
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Highly Efficient Synthesis of Ureas and Carbamates from Amides by Iodosylbenzene-Induced Hofmann Rearrangement. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Bach A, Eildal JNN, Stuhr-Hansen N, Deeskamp R, Gottschalk M, Pedersen SW, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Cell-Permeable and Plasma-Stable Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the Postsynaptic Density-95/N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Interaction. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1333-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1013924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bach
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas N. N. Eildal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Stuhr-Hansen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Deeskamp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Gottschalk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren W. Pedersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders S. Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Yang D, Liu GJ, Jiao ZG, Zhang DW, Luo Z, Song KS, Chen MQ. Disulfide Bond Creates a Small Connecting Loop in Aminoxy Peptide Backbone. Chemistry 2008; 14:10297-302. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Reiner A, Wildemann D, Fischer G, Kiefhaber T. Effect of Thioxopeptide Bonds on α-Helix Structure and Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8079-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8015044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiner
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität München and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany and the Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dirk Wildemann
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität München and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany and the Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität München and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany and the Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Kiefhaber
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität München and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany and the Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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16
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Myers AC, Kowalski JA, Lipton MA. Facile incorporation of urea pseudopeptides into protease substrate analogue inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5219-22. [PMID: 15380231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure that employs a one-pot, oxidative Hofmann rearrangement to incorporate a urea linkage into peptide backbones is detailed herein. This methodology was used to replace the scissile peptide bonds of [Leu5]enkephalin and a hexapeptide HIV-1 protease substrate. The [Leu5]enkephalin analogue was found to inhibit cleavage of hippurylhistidylleucine (HHL) by porcine kidney angiotensin-converting enzyme (PK-ACE) with a 0.88 mM IC50 value, comparable to the Michaelis constant of [Leu5]enkephalin with the same enzyme. The HIV-1 protease substrate analogue was shown to inhibit HIV-1 protease with an IC50=34 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Myers
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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17
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Kazmaier U, Ackermann S. A straightforward approach towards thiazoles and endothiopeptides via Ugi reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3184-7. [PMID: 16106299 DOI: 10.1039/b507028g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothiopeptides can easily be obtained via Ugi reaction using thio acids as acid components. If isonitriles with an acetal group are applied, the endothiopeptides can directly be converted into thiazoles using TMSCl-NaI under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uli Kazmaier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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18
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Frank R, Jakob M, Thunecke F, Fischer G, Schutkowski M. Ein-Atom-Substitution in Peptiden: Bildung eines photoschaltbaren Elements im Peptidrückgrat durch Thioxylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(20000317)112:6<1163::aid-ange1163>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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