Cytotoxic effects of NSL-1406, a new thienopyrimidine derivative, on leukocytes and osteoclasts

A Review on Anticancer Activities of Thiophene and Its Analogs

Cancer is the world's second-largest cause of mortality and one of the biggest global health concerns. The prevalence and mortality rates of cancer remain high despite significant progress in cancer therapy. The search for more effective, as well as less toxic treatment methods for cancer, is at the focus of current studies. Thiophene and its derivatives have surged as an influential scaffold, which, because of their appreciable diversity in biological activities, has drawn the concerned interest of the researchers in the field of medicinal chemistry. By the affluent introduction of its derivatives, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, the adaptability of the thiophene moiety has been displayed. The nature and positioning of the substitutions significantly impacted thiophene moiety activity. This decent array in the living response account about this moiety has picked plentiful researcher's consideration to inquire about it to its peculiar potential across certain activities. In the field of cancer therapy against different cancer cells, the structure-activity relationship for each of the derivatives showed an excellent understanding of thiophene moiety. Information from the various articles revealed the key role of thiophene moiety and its derivatives to develop the vital lead compound. The essential anticancer mechanisms identified include inhibition of the topoisomerase, inhibition of tyrosine kinase, tubulin interaction and apoptosis induction through the activation of reactive oxygen species. This review is an endeavor to promote the anticancer potential of the derivatives, whether having thiophene or condensed thiophene as a core moiety or as a substituent that can lead in the future to synthesize varieties of chemotherapeutic entities in the field of cancer treatment.

Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base

A novel Schiff base was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and theoretical methods. A potentially active agent 4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylimino)naphthalen-1(4H)-one (PINQ) was designed and synthesized. The synthesis was carried out by a condensation reaction of 1-4-naphthoquinone and 2-amino-4-methyl phenol. The spectral and structural properties of the PINQ molecule were investigated by elemental analysis, 1H- and 13C-NMR, FT-IR and Uv-vis spectroscopies. The energetic, atomic, electronic, molecular, vibrational and magnetic data were theoretically obtained using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP level with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Chemical shifts were calculated using gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. UV-vis spectrum for the title compound was also obtained by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The theoretical and experimental results were compared and interpreted. The theoretical data obtained from 1H- and 13C-NMR, FT-IR and Uv-vis spectroscopies were quite compatible with experimental ones.

OCLI-023, a Novel Pyrimidine Compound, Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro and Alveolar Bone Resorption In Vivo

An abnormal increase in osteoclast differentiation and activation results in various bone-resorptive diseases, including periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. Chemical compounds containing pyrimidine ring have been shown to regulate a variety of biological processes. Therefore, in order to identify an antiresorptive agent, we synthesized a series of pyrimidine ring-containing chemical compounds, and found that OCLI-023 suppressed the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts in vitro. OCLI-023 directly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced differentiation of bone marrow macrophages into osteoclasts, without a cytotoxic response. OCLI-023 also downregulated the RANKL-induced mRNA expression of osteoclast markers as well as inhibited the formation of actin rings and resorption pits. OCLI-023 attenuated the RANKL-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling pathways. In a mouse model of periodontitis, ligature induced an increase of distance between cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest (ABC) in the second molar, and OCLI-023 significantly reduced it. Histological analysis showed ligature-induced increase of osteoclast numbers was also significantly reduced by OCLI-023. These data demonstrated the inhibitory effect of OCLI-023 on osteoclast differentiation and activity of osteoclasts in vitro, as well as on ligature-induced bone loss in vivo, and OCLI-023 can be proposed as a novel anti-resorptive compound.

Design, synthesis, characterization, quantum-chemical calculations and anti-inflammatory activity of novel series of thiophene derivatives

Interaction of 1-(4-morpholinophenyl)ethanone 1 with either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate 2 afforded Knoevenagel-Cope product 3. In subsequent treatment of 3 with sulfur, the 2-aminothiophene derivatives (4a, 4b) are formed under basic conditions. The solvent-free reaction of thiophene derivative 4a with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazine derivative 6. The base catalyzed condensation of 2-aminothiophene derivative (4a) with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded N-(thieno-2-yl) cyanoacetamide derivative 7. The latter was used to synthesize different heterocyclic derivatives comprising, pyridine and coumarin rings. Also, several substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines have been prepared from reaction of 2-aminothiophene-3-carbonitrile 4b with some electrophilic reagents. The structure of the newly compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data. The molecular modeling of the synthesized compounds has been drawn and their molecular parameters were calculated. Also, valuable information is obtained from calculation of the molecular parameters including electronegativity, net dipole moment of the compounds, total energy, electronic energy, binding energy, HOMO and LUMO energy. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the tested compounds was performed in albino rats by producing carrageenan induced paw oedema and measuring the zone of inflammation at different time intervals i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4h after carrageenan injection. Results indicated that most of the tested compounds showed moderate to good activity comparable to indomethacin. Also, compound 16 with additional morpholine ring beside the thiophene ring inhibits carrageenan induced paw oedema more than the standard indomethacin drug at all the time scales studied. Thus, compound 16 is considered as a promising compound for further modification to obtain clinically useful anti-inflammatory agent.

Synthesis of Potent Anticancer Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives

As part of our program to identify novel cytotoxic agents, various series of hexahydrocycloocta[4,5]thieno[2,3- d] pyrimidines and pyrimidin-4-ones substituted by aryl at the C-2 position together with phenylethylamino, substituted amino, hydrazinyl or arylidenhydrazinyl substituents at the C-4 position were synthesised. These compounds were prepared as bioisosteres of gefitinib, an antitumour drug used for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. All compounds exhibited antitumour activity against (HCT 116) cell line in vitro. Eight compounds (IC50: 3.89, 4.65, 6.63, 6.94, 7.89, 9.53, 12.00 and 12.30 μg mL−1 respectively) exhibited 4.3 to 1.3 fold more potent antitumour activity than imatinib (IC50: 16.93 μg mL−1). Also, a docking study of the newly synthesised compounds with the active site of CDK2 was described.

2-Aminothiophenes as building blocks in heterocyclic synthesis: synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a new class of pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrimidine, quinoline and pyridin-2-one derivatives

Multisubstituted 2-aminothiophenes 1a-c can be readily cyanoacylated via reaction with cyanoacetic acid in presence of acetic anhydride under a microwave irradiation to form the corresponding cyanoacetamides 2a-c, which condensed with DMF-DMA to form the corresponding enamines 4 that reacted with hydrazine hydrate to yield the aminopyrazoles 5. Moreover the cyanoacetamides 2a-c reacted with a variety of arylidenmalononitrile to afford a novel pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrimidine derivatives 12a-o. In addition the enamines 4a,b reacted with malononitrile to afford the pyrido[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrimidine derivatives 19a,b. The cyanoacetamides 2a,b reacted also with salicylaldehyde to afford the quinoline derivatives 24a,b. Moreover the cyanoacetamides 2a,b reacted with the enaminones 25a-c to form the corresponding Pyridin-2-one derivatives 29a-c. Reactions of 2a,c with bezenediazonium chloride afford the arylhydrazones 30a,b that reacted with chloroacetonitrile to form the acyclic product 31 which could not be further cyclized to the corresponding 4-aminopyrazole. The X-ray crystallographic analyses of seven products could be obtained thus establishing with certainty the proposed structures in this work. Most of the synthesized compounds in this investigation were tested and evaluated as antimicrobial agents.

Synthesis of Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidines, Thieno[2,3-d]Triazinones and Thieno[2,3-e]Diazepinones of Anticipated Anti-Cancer Activity

A novel series of 4-aminohexahydrocycloocta[4,5]thieno[2,3- d]pyrimidines, hexahydrocycloocta[4,5]thieno[2,3- d]-1,2,3-triazin-4-one and its N-3 substituted derivatives in addition to 3-aryl hexahydrocycloocta[4,5] thieno[2,3- e]-1,4-diazepin-5-ones were synthesised. Also, 2-(N-ethylcarbamothioylamino) hexahydrocycloocta[b] thiophene-3-carbonitrile and 19-imino tetradecahydrocycloocta[4’,5'] thieno[2’,3’:4,5]pyrimido[1,6- a] cycloocta[4,5]thieno [3,2- e]pyrimidine-9-thione were prepared. Almost all the synthesised compounds exhibited anti-tumour activity against human colon carcinoma (HCT 116) cell line in vitro. Five compounds (IC50: 15.92, 22.59, 25.85, 27.40 and 29.70 μM, respectively) exhibited 2.16 to 1.15 fold more potent antitumour activity than imatinib (IC50: 34.40 μM).

Effect of novel synthetic evodiamine analogue on sexual behavior in male rats

Currently phosphodiestrase5 (PDE5) inhibitors are the first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction. Drugs such as sildenafil and tadalafil are available as PDE5 inhibitors which are potent and reversible but lack selectivity with side effects such as headache, facial flushing, dyspepsia, and visual disturbances. We herein report for the first time novel condensed thienopyrimidines as evodiamine analogue and their effect on sexual behavior in male rats hitherto unreported. Novel synthetic evodiamine significantly showed improvement in male rat copulatory behavior. The test compound MKAC9 could be of promising importance in the treatment of sexual disorders like desire disorder or erectile dysfunction.FigureEvodiamine analogue on sexual behavior in male rats.

Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of some novel thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines

Several 2-unsubstituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines have been prepared from 2-aminothiophene-3-carboxylic acid esters and their carbonitrile analogs. Some triazolo-thienopyrimidine and 2-thioxothienopyrimidine representatives have also been synthesized using thermal and microwave (MW) irradiation techniques. Structures of the prepared compounds were elucidated on the basis of IR, NMR, 2D NMR and mass spectral data. The biological activity of some selected synthesized compounds was also examined.