Novel protein kinase C inhibitors: synthesis and PKC inhibition of beta-substituted polythiophene derivatives

Thiophene-Based Trimers and Their Bioapplications: An Overview

Certainly, the success of polythiophenes is due in the first place to their outstanding electronic properties and superior processability. Nevertheless, there are additional reasons that contribute to arouse the scientific interest around these materials. Among these, the large variety of chemical modifications that is possible to perform on the thiophene ring is a precious aspect. In particular, a turning point was marked by the diffusion of synthetic strategies for the preparation of terthiophenes: the vast richness of approaches today available for the easy customization of these structures allows the finetuning of their chemical, physical, and optical properties. Therefore, terthiophene derivatives have become an extremely versatile class of compounds both for direct application or for the preparation of electronic functional polymers. Moreover, their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization make them appealing for biology and medical research, as it testifies to the blossoming of studies in these fields in which they are involved. It is thus with the willingness to guide the reader through all the possibilities offered by these structures that this review elucidates the synthetic methods and describes the full chemical variety of terthiophenes and their derivatives. In the final part, an in-depth presentation of their numerous bioapplications intends to provide a complete picture of the state of the art.

A Review on Anticancer Activities of Thiophene and Its Analogs

Cancer is the world's second-largest cause of mortality and one of the biggest global health concerns. The prevalence and mortality rates of cancer remain high despite significant progress in cancer therapy. The search for more effective, as well as less toxic treatment methods for cancer, is at the focus of current studies. Thiophene and its derivatives have surged as an influential scaffold, which, because of their appreciable diversity in biological activities, has drawn the concerned interest of the researchers in the field of medicinal chemistry. By the affluent introduction of its derivatives, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, the adaptability of the thiophene moiety has been displayed. The nature and positioning of the substitutions significantly impacted thiophene moiety activity. This decent array in the living response account about this moiety has picked plentiful researcher's consideration to inquire about it to its peculiar potential across certain activities. In the field of cancer therapy against different cancer cells, the structure-activity relationship for each of the derivatives showed an excellent understanding of thiophene moiety. Information from the various articles revealed the key role of thiophene moiety and its derivatives to develop the vital lead compound. The essential anticancer mechanisms identified include inhibition of the topoisomerase, inhibition of tyrosine kinase, tubulin interaction and apoptosis induction through the activation of reactive oxygen species. This review is an endeavor to promote the anticancer potential of the derivatives, whether having thiophene or condensed thiophene as a core moiety or as a substituent that can lead in the future to synthesize varieties of chemotherapeutic entities in the field of cancer treatment.

Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation, Computer-Aided Docking Studies, and ADMET Prediction of 1,2,3-Triazolyl-Pyridine Hybrids as Human Aurora B Kinase Inhibitors

A novel series of 1,2,3-triazolyl-pyridine hybrids were prepared through the reaction of the triazole derivative (1) with the appropriate aldehyde (2a-g) and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium acetate in refluxed acetic acid. The chemical composition of the products was established on the basis of spectral and elemental analyses. Aurora B kinase is a protein with diverse biological actions in controlling tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting proliferation and metastasis, making it an emerging target for diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Alteration in the target protein expression causes unequal distribution of genetic information, causing HCC. The new compounds were tested for their antihepatic cancer activity, and some of them had strong efficacy against human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cell lines.

Facile synthesis and antiproliferative activity of new 3-cyanopyridines

Background

Pyridines have been reported to possess various pharmacological activities.

Results

Sodium 3-oxo-3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)prop-1-en-1-olate (2) and sodium 3-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-olate (7) were prepared and reacted with 2-cyano-N'-(1-aryl(heteryl)ethylidene)acetohydrazides 3a-d to produce 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives 5a-d and 9a-d, respectively, in good yields. Also, 3a-d reacted with sodium (2-oxocyclopentylidene)methanolate (11a) or sodium (2-oxocyclohexylidene) methanolate (11b) to yield 2-oxo-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]pyridine-3-carbonitriles 13a-d and 2-oxo-hexahydroquinoline-3-carbonitriles 13e-h, respectively. The mechanisms that account for the formation of the products are discussed. Additionally, the structures of all the newly synthesized products are confirmed, based on elemental analysis and spectral data. Several of the newly synthesized compounds are evaluated for their antitumor activity against HEPG2 and their structure activity relationship (SAR) was studied.

Conclusions

The results revealed that the pyridine derivatives 5c and 5d (IC₅₀ = 1.46, 7.08 µM, respectively) have promising antitumor activity against liver carcinoma cell line (HEPG2), compared to the reference drug, doxorubicin.

Synthesis, topoisomerase I inhibition and structure–activity relationship study of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridine derivatives

For the development of new anticancer agents, phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-furylvinyl and 2-thienylvinyl substituted derivatives on 2,4,6-position in pyridine moiety were prepared and evaluated for their topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. Among the thirteen prepared compounds, four compounds exhibited strong topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. A structure-activity relationship study indicated that the 2-thienyl-4-furylpyridine skeleton was important for topoisomerase I inhibitory activity.

Synthesis, topoisomerase I inhibition and antitumor cytotoxicity of 2,2':6',2"-, 2,2':6',3"- and 2,2':6',4"-terpyridine derivatives

For the development of new anticancer agents, 2,2':6',2"-, 2,2':6',3"- and 2,2':6',4"-terpyridine derivatives were designed and evaluated for their topoisomerase I inhibitory activity and antitumor cytotoxicity. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine derivatives were highly cytotoxic toward several human tumor cell lines, whereas 2,2':6',3"- and 2,2':6',4"-terpyridine derivatives were potent topoisomerase I inhibitors.