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Li J, Gu A, Nong XM, Zhai S, Yue ZY, Li MY, Liu Y. Six-Membered Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocyclic Anti-Tumor Agents: Synthesis and Applications. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300293. [PMID: 38010365 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stands as a serious malady, posing substantial risks to human well-being and survival. This underscores the paramount necessity to explore and investigate novel antitumor medications. Nitrogen-containing compounds, especially those derived from natural sources, form a highly significant category of antitumor agents. Among these, antitumor agents with six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles have consistently attracted the attention of chemists and pharmacologists. Accordingly, we present a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies and clinical implications of these compounds in this review. This entails an in-depth analysis of synthesis pathways for pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and quinazoline. Additionally, we explore the historical progression, targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical effectiveness of small molecule inhibitors possessing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shuyang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meng-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
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2
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Su B, Yang D, Liu B, Liu Z, Yan T, Dong R, Huang A, Wang L, Ding L. Syntheses and Preferred Structure Elucidation of
N
‐heterocyclic Imine Nickel and Cobalt Catalysts for MMA Polymerization. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Dou Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Bo Liu
- Changqing Oilfield Company Institute of technology of the second oil production plant of PetroChina Qingyang 745100 China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Production Technology Department Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum Yan'an Energy Chemical Co., Ltd. Yan'an 727599 China
| | - Tingyu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Ranran Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Aiyu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Liqin Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
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3
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Leveraging VGLUT3 Functions to Untangle Brain Dysfunctions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:475-490. [PMID: 33775453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) were long thought to be specific markers of glutamatergic excitatory transmission. The discovery, two decades ago, of the atypical VGLUT3 has thoroughly modified this oversimplified view. VGLUT3 is strategically expressed in discrete populations of glutamatergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and even GABAergic neurons. Recent reports show the subtle, but critical, implications of VGLUT3-dependent glutamate co-transmission and its roles in the regulation of diverse brain functions and dysfunctions. Progress in the neuropharmacology of VGLUT3 could lead to decisive breakthroughs in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), addiction, eating disorders, anxiety, presbycusis, or pain. This review summarizes recent findings on VGLUT3 and its vesicular underpinnings as well as on possible ways to target this atypical transporter for future therapeutic strategies.
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4
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Hitt DM, Zwicker JD, Chao CK, Patel SA, Gerdes JM, Bridges RJ, Thompson CM. Inhibition of the Vesicular Glutamate Transporter (VGLUT) with Congo Red Analogs: New Binding Insights. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:494-503. [PMID: 33398639 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) facilitates the uptake of glutamate (Glu) into neuronal vesicles. VGLUT has not yet been fully characterized pharmacologically but a body of work established that certain azo-dyes bearing two Glu isosteres via a linker were potent inhibitors. However, the distance between the isostere groups that convey potent inhibition has not been delineated. This report describes the synthesis and pharmacologic assessment of Congo Red analogs that contain one or two glutamate isostere or mimic groups; the latter varied in the interatomic distance and spacer properties to probe strategic binding interactions within VGLUT. The more potent inhibitors had two glutamate isosteres symmetrically linked to a central aromatic group and showed IC50 values ~ 0.3-2.0 μM at VGLUT. These compounds contained phenyl, diphenyl ether (PhOPh) or 1,2-diphenylethane as the linker connecting 4-aminonaphthalene sulfonic acid groups. A homology model for VGLUT2 using D-galactonate transporter (DgoT) to dock and identify R88, H199 and F219 as key protein interactions with Trypan Blue, Congo Red and selected potent analogs prepared and tested in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carroll College, 1601 N Benton Ave., Helena, MT, 59625, USA
| | - Jeffery D Zwicker
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, 643 Massachusetts St, Lawrence, KS, 66044, USA
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Sarjubhai A Patel
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - John M Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Richard J Bridges
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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5
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Li XM, Tang L, Qian ZM, He YH, Guan Z. Copper catalysis: One-pot simultaneous synthesis of quinolines and gem-diamine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Pietrancosta N, Djibo M, Daumas S, El Mestikawy S, Erickson JD. Molecular, Structural, Functional, and Pharmacological Sites for Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3118-3142. [PMID: 32474835 PMCID: PMC7261050 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) control quantal size of glutamatergic transmission and have been the center of numerous studies over the past two decades. VGLUTs contain two independent transport modes that facilitate glutamate packaging into synaptic vesicles and phosphate (Pi) ion transport into the synaptic terminal. While a transmembrane proton electrical gradient established by a vacuolar-type ATPase powers vesicular glutamate transport, recent studies indicate that binding sites and flux properties for chloride, potassium, and protons within VGLUTs themselves regulate VGLUT activity as well. These intrinsic ionic binding and flux properties of VGLUTs can therefore be modulated by neurophysiological conditions to affect levels of glutamate available for release from synapses. Despite their extraordinary importance, specific and high-affinity pharmacological compounds that interact with these sites and regulate VGLUT function, distinguish between the various modes of transport, and the different isoforms themselves, are lacking. In this review, we provide an overview of the physiologic sites for VGLUT regulation that could modulate glutamate release in an over-active synapse or in a disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS, LBM, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Mahamadou Djibo
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, LCBPT, UMR 8601, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Daumas
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 boulevard Lasalle, Verdun, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey D Erickson
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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7
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Thompson CM, Chao CK. VGLUT substrates and inhibitors: A computational viewpoint. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183175. [PMID: 31923412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) bind and move glutamate (Glu) from the cytosol into the lumen of synaptic vesicles using a H+-electrochemical gradient (ΔpH and Δψ) generated by the vesicular H+-ATPase. VGLUTs show very low Glu binding and to date, no three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. Prior studies have attempted to identify the key residues involved in binding VGLUT substrates and inhibitors using homology models and docking experiments. Recently, the inward and outward oriented crystal structures of d-galactonate transporter (DgoT) emerged as possible structure templates for VGLUT. In this review, a new homology model for VGLUT2 based on DgoT has been developed and used to conduct docking experiments to identify and differentiate residues and binding orientations involved in ligand interactions. This review describes small molecule-ligand interactions including docking using a VGLUT2 homology model derived from DgoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Thompson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
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8
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Wang C, Ding Q, Zheng Q, Bao P, Peng Y. An efficient route to quinoline-2-carboxylates via a rhodium-catalyzed oxidative [5+1] annulation of 2-vinylanilines with α-diazocarbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Jia X, Lü S, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Luo L. A dual removable activating group enabled the Povarov reaction of N-arylalanine esters: synthesis of quinoline-4-carboxylate esters. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2931-2937. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00446j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dual removable activating group enabled Povarov reaction of N-arylalanine esters was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Shiwei Lü
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yu Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Liangliang Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
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10
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Liu G, Qian J, Hua J, Cai F, Li X, Liu L. An economical synthesis of substituted quinoline-2-carboxylates through the potassium persulfate-mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling of N-aryl glycine derivatives with olefins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1147-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Nan GM, Liu W. Metal-free one-pot synthesis of quinoline-2,4-carboxylates via a molecular iodine-catalyzed three-component reaction of arylamines, ethyl glyoxylate, and α-ketoesters. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Carrigan CN, Patel SA, Cox HD, Bolstad ES, Gerdes JM, Smith WE, Bridges RJ, Thompson CM. The development of benzo- and naphtho-fused quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylic acids as vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) inhibitors reveals a possible role for neuroactive steroids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:850-4. [PMID: 24424130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substituted quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylates (QDCs) are conformationally-restricted mimics of glutamate that were previously reported to selectively block the glutamate vesicular transporters (VGLUTs). We find that expanding the QDC scaffold to benzoquinoline dicarboxylic acids (BQDC) and naphthoquinoline dicarboxylic acids (NQDCs) improves inhibitory activity with the NQDCs showing IC50∼70 μM. Modeling overlay studies showed that the polycyclic QDCs resembled steroid structures and led to the identification and testing of estrone sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone sulfate that blocked the uptake of l-Glu by 50%, 70% and 85% of control, respectively. Pregnanolone sulfate was further characterized by kinetic pharmacological determinations that demonstrated competitive inhibition and a Ki of ≈20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Carrigan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Sarjubhai A Patel
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Holly D Cox
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Erin S Bolstad
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - John M Gerdes
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Wesley E Smith
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Richard J Bridges
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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13
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Iron-catalyzed three-component tandem process: a novel and convenient synthetic route to quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylates from arylamines, glyoxylic esters, and α-ketoesters. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Van Liefferinge J, Massie A, Portelli J, Di Giovanni G, Smolders I. Are vesicular neurotransmitter transporters potential treatment targets for temporal lobe epilepsy? Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:139. [PMID: 24009559 PMCID: PMC3757300 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (VNTs) are small proteins responsible for packing synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters thereby determining the amount of neurotransmitter released per vesicle through fusion in both neurons and glial cells. Each transporter subtype was classically seen as a specific neuronal marker of the respective nerve cells containing that particular neurotransmitter or structurally related neurotransmitters. More recently, however, it has become apparent that common neurotransmitters can also act as co-transmitters, adding complexity to neurotransmitter release and suggesting intriguing roles for VNTs therein. We will first describe the current knowledge on vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1/2/3), the vesicular excitatory amino acid transporter (VEAT), the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1/2), the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) in the brain. We will focus on evidence regarding transgenic mice with disruptions in VNTs in different models of seizures and epilepsy. We will also describe the known alterations and reorganizations in the expression levels of these VNTs in rodent models for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in human tissue resected for epilepsy surgery. Finally, we will discuss perspectives on opportunities and challenges for VNTs as targets for possible future epilepsy therapies.
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15
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Synthesis, spectroscopy and computational studies of selected hydroxyquinoline carboxylic acids and their selected fluoro-, thio-, and dithioanalogues. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Ahmed SK, Etoga JLG, Patel SA, Bridges RJ, Thompson CM. Use of the hydantoin isostere to produce inhibitors showing selectivity toward the vesicular glutamate transporter versus the obligate exchange transporter system x(c)(-). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4358-62. [PMID: 21669531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence was acquired prior to suggest that the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) but not other glutamate transporters were inhibited by structures containing a weakly basic α-amino group. To test this hypothesis, a series of analogs using a hydantoin (pK(a)∼9.1) isostere were synthesized and analyzed as inhibitors of VGLUT and the obligate cystine-glutamate transporter (system x(c)(-)). Of the hydantoin analogs tested, a thiophene-5-carboxaldehyde analog 2l and a bis-hydantoin 4b were relatively strong inhibitors of VGLUT reducing uptake to less than 6% of control at 5mM but few inhibited system x(c)(-) greater than 50% of control. The benzene-2,4-disulfonic acid analog 2b and p-diaminobenzene analog 2e were also good hydantoin-based inhibitors of VGLUT reducing uptake by 11% and 23% of control, respectively, but neither analog was effective as a system x(c)(-) inhibitor. In sum, a hydantoin isostere adds the requisite chemical properties needed to produce selective inhibitors of VGLUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaleem Ahmed
- Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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18
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Pietrancosta N, Kessler A, Favre-Besse FC, Triballeau N, Quentin T, Giros B, El Mestikawy S, Acher FC. Rose Bengal analogs and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6922-33. [PMID: 20708942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) allow the loading of presynaptic glutamate vesicles and thus play a critical role in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Rose Bengal (RB) is the most potent known VGLUT inhibitor (Ki 25 nM); therefore we designed, synthesized and tested in brain preparations, a series of analogs based on this scaffold. We showed that among the two tautomers of RB, the carboxylic and not the lactonic form is active against VGLUTs and generated a pharmacophore model to determine the minimal structure requirements. We also tested RB specificity in other neurotransmitter uptake systems. RB proved to potently inhibit VMAT (Ki 64 nM) but weakly VACHT (Ki>9.7 microM) and may be a useful tool in glutamate/acetylcholine co-transmission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris 06, France
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19
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Conformationally-restricted amino acid analogues bearing a distal sulfonic acid show selective inhibition of system x(c)(-) over the vesicular glutamate transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:2680-3. [PMID: 20303751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A panel of amino acid analogs and conformationally-restricted amino acids bearing a sulfonic acid were synthesized and tested for their ability to preferentially inhibit the obligate cysteine-glutamate transporter system x(c)(-) versus the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT). Several promising candidate molecules were identified: R/S-4-[4'-carboxyphenyl]-phenylglycine, a biphenyl substituted analog of 4-carboxyphenylglycine and 2-thiopheneglycine-5-sulfonic acid both of which reduced glutamate uptake at system x(c)(-) by 70-75% while having modest to no effect on glutamate uptake at VGLUT.
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20
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Ogita K, Hirata K, Bole DG, Yoshida S, Tamura Y, Leckenby AM, Ueda T. Inhibition of vesicular glutamate storage and exocytotic release by Rose Bengal. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Chaudhry FA, Boulland JL, Jenstad M, Bredahl MKL, Edwards RH. Pharmacology of neurotransmitter transport into secretory vesicles. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:77-106. [PMID: 18064412 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric disorders appear to involve a disturbance of chemical neurotransmission, and the mechanism of available therapeutic agents supports this impression. Postsynaptic receptors have received considerable attention as drug targets, but some of the most successful agents influence presynaptic processes, in particular neurotransmitter reuptake. The pharmacological potential of many other presynaptic elements, and in particular the machinery responsible for loading transmitter into vesicles, has received only limited attention. The similarity of vesicular transporters to bacterial drug resistance proteins and the increasing evidence for regulation of vesicle filling and recycling suggest that the pharmacological potential of vesicular transporters has been underestimated. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological effects of psychostimulants and therapeutic agents on transmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh A Chaudhry
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 1125, Blindern, Oslo, 0317, Norway.
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Patel SA, Nagy JO, Bolstad ED, Gerdes JM, Thompson CM. Tetrapeptide inhibitors of the glutamate vesicular transporter (VGLUT). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5125-8. [PMID: 17662605 PMCID: PMC2001293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylic acids (QDCs) bearing lipophilic substituents in the 6- or 7-position were shown to be inhibitors of the glutamate vesicular transporter (VGLUT). Using the arrangement of the QDC lipophilic substituents as a template, libraries of X(1)X(2)EF and X(1)X(2)EW tetrapeptides were synthesized and tested as VGLUT inhibitors. The peptides QIEW and WNEF were found to be the most potent. Further stereochemical deconvolution of these two peptides showed dQlIdElW to be the best inhibitor (K(i)=828+/-252 microM). Modeling and overlay of the tetrapeptide inhibitors with the existing pharmacophore showed that H-bonding and lipophilic residues are important for VGLUT binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarjubhai A Patel
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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23
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Traditional and modern approaches to the synthesis of quinoline systems by the Skraup and Doebner-Miller methods. (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-006-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Bole DG, Ueda T. Inhibition of Vesicular Glutamate Uptake by Rose Bengal-Related Compounds: Structure–Activity Relationship. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:363-9. [PMID: 16018580 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-2610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicular accumulation of glutamate is a vital initial step in glutamate transmission. We have previously shown that Rose Bengal, a polyhalogenated fluorescein analog, is a potent inhibitor of glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles. Here, we report the structural features of Rose Bengal required for this inhibition. Various Rose Bengal-related compounds, with systematic structural variations, were tested. Results indicate that the four iodo groups and the phenyl group attached to the xanthene moiety are critical for potent inhibitory activity. Replacement of these groups with two iodo groups and an alkyl group, respectively, results in substantial reduction in potency. Of further interest in creating high potency is the critical nature of the oxygen atom which links the two benzene rings of xanthene. Thus, the phenyl group and multiple iodo groups, as well as the bridging oxygen of xanthene, are crucial elements of Rose Bengal required for its potent inhibitory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Bole
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0669, USA
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Shigeri Y, Seal RP, Shimamoto K. Molecular pharmacology of glutamate transporters, EAATs and VGLUTs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:250-65. [PMID: 15210307 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamate serves as a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and is stored in synaptic vesicles by an uptake system that is dependent on the proton electrochemical gradient (VGLUTs). Following its exocytotic release, glutamate activates fast-acting, excitatory ionotropic receptors and slower-acting metabotropic receptors to mediate neurotransmission. Na+-dependent glutamate transporters (EAATs) located on the plasma membrane of neurons and glial cells rapidly terminate the action of glutamate and maintain its extracellular concentration below excitotoxic levels. Thus far, five Na+-dependent glutamate transporters (EAATs 1-5) and three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs 1-3) have been identified. Examination of EAATs and VGLUTs in brain preparations and by heterologous expression of the various cloned subtypes shows these two transporter families differ in many of their functional properties including substrate specificity and ion requirements. Alterations in the function and/or expression of these carriers have been implicated in a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. EAATs have been implicated in cerebral stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, HIV-associated dementia, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and malignant glioma, while VGLUTs have been implicated in schizophrenia. To examine the physiological role of glutamate transporters in more detail, several classes of transportable and non-transportable inhibitors have been developed, many of which are derivatives of the natural amino acids, aspartate and glutamate. This review summarizes the development of these indispensable pharmacological tools, which have been critical to our understanding of normal and abnormal synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shigeri
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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Shigeri Y, Shimamoto K. [Pharmacology of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs and VGLUTs)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2003; 122:253-64. [PMID: 12939543 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.122.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). It contributes not only to fast synaptic neurotransmission but also to complex physiological processes like plasticity, learning, and memory. Glutamate is synthesized in the cytoplasm and stored in synaptic vesicles by a proton gradient-dependent uptake system (VGLUTs). Following its exocytotic release, glutamate activates different kinds of glutamate receptors and mediates excitatory neurotransmission. To terminate the action of glutamate and maintain its extracellular concentration below excitotoxic levels, glutamate is quickly removed by Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters (EAATs). Recently, three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-3) and five Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters (EAAT1-5) were identified. VGLUTs and EAATs are thought to play important roles in neuronal disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, and Huntington's disease. In this review, the development of new compounds to regulate the function of VGLUTs and EAATs will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shigeri
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.
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27
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Rosenberg E, Spada F, Sugden K, Martin B, Milone L, Gobetto R, Viale A, Fiedler J. Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding affinities of water-soluble benzoheterocycle triosmium clusters. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)02097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Denton T, Seib T, Bridges R, Thompson C. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of trans-3,4-conformationally-restricted glutamate and pyroglutamate analogues as novel EAAT2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3209-13. [PMID: 12372536 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Select trans-4,5-[bi]cyclohexenylglutamic and pyroglutamic acids (3,4-substituted glutamates) were synthesized in three steps and were screened as potential inhibitors of the sodium dependent excitatory amino acid transporters 2 (EAAT2) and 3 (EAAT3), the chloride dependent glial cystine/glutamate exchanger system x(c)(-), and the glutamate vesicular transport system (VGLUT). Two glutamate analogues and one pyroglutamate analogue were found to inhibit EAAT2 with activity comparable to dihydrokainate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Denton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA
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29
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Carrigan CN, Bartlett RD, Esslinger CS, Cybulski KA, Tongcharoensirikul P, Bridges RJ, Thompson CM. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of substituted quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylic acids as inhibitors of vesicular glutamate transport. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2260-76. [PMID: 12014964 DOI: 10.1021/jm010261z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular glutamate transport (VGLUT) system selectively mediates the uptake of L-glutamate into synaptic vesicles. Uptake is linked to an H+-ATPase that provides coupling among ATP hydrolysis, an electrochemical proton gradient, and glutamate transport. Substituted quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylic acids (QDCs), prepared by condensation of dimethyl ketoglutaconate (DKG) with substituted anilines and subsequent hydrolysis, were investigated as potential VGLUT inhibitors in synaptic vesicles. A brief panel of substituted QDCs was previously reported (Carrigan et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 2607-2612)(1) and showed that certain substituents led to more potent competitive inhibitors of VGLUT. Using these compounds as leads, an expanded series of QDC analogues were prepared either by condensation of DKG with novel anilines or via aryl-coupling (Suzuki or Heck) to dimethyl 6-bromoquinolinedicarboxylate. From the panel of almost 50 substituted QDCs tested as inhibitors of the VGLUT system, the 6-PhCH=CH-QDC (K(i) = 167 microM), 6-PhCH2CH2-QDC (K(i) = 143 microM), 6-(4'-phenylstyryl)-QDC (K(i) = 64 microM), and 6-biphenyl-4-yl-QDC (K(i) = 41 microM) were found to be the most potent blockers. A preliminary assessment of the key elements needed for binding to the VGLUT protein based on the structure-activity relationships for the panel of substituted QDCs is discussed herein. The substituted QDCs represent the first synthetically derived VGLUT inhibitors and are promising templates for the development of selective transporter inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Carrigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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Denton TT, Thompson CM, Cooper AJ. Analysis of conformationally restricted alpha-ketoglutarate analogues as substrates of dehydrogenases and aminotransferases. Anal Biochem 2001; 298:265-74. [PMID: 11700982 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Five synthetic, conformationally restricted alpha-ketoglutarate analogues were tested as substrates of a variety of dehydrogenases and aminotransferases. The compounds were found not to be detectable substrates of glutamate dehydrogenase, L-leucine dehydrogenase, L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamine transaminase K, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. However, two thermostable aminotransferases were identified that catalyze transamination between several L-amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine, glutamate) and the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues of interest. Transamination between L-glutamate (or L-phenylalanine) and the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues was found to be 0.13 to 1.08 micromol/h/mg at 45 degrees C. The products resulting from transamination between L-phenylalanine and the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues were separated by reverse-phase HPLC, and the newly formed amino acid analogues were analyzed by LC-MS in an ion selective mode. In each case, the ions obtained were consistent with the expected product and a representative example is provided. The possibility existed that although the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues are not substrates of the dehydrogenases and most of the aminotransferases investigated, they might be good inhibitors. Weak inhibition of aminotransferases and glutamate dehydrogenase was found with some of the alpha-ketoglutarate analogues. The newly available thermostable aminotransferases may have general utility in the synthesis of bulky L-amino acids from the corresponding alpha-keto acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Denton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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