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Graziano A, Bianco F, D'Amico A, Moroni I, Messina S, Bruno C, Pegoraro E, Mora M, Astrea G, Magri F, Comi GP, Berardinelli A, Moggio M, Morandi L, Pini A, Petillo R, Tasca G, Monforte M, Minetti C, Mongini T, Ricci E, Gorni K, Battini R, Villanova M, Politano L, Gualandi F, Ferlini A, Muntoni F, Santorelli FM, Bertini E, Pane M, Mercuri E. Prevalence of congenital muscular dystrophy in Italy: a population study. Neurology 2015; 84:904-11. [PMID: 25653289 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We provide a nationwide population study of patients with congenital muscular dystrophy in Italy. METHODS Cases were ascertained from the databases in all the tertiary referral centers for pediatric neuromuscular disorders and from all the genetic diagnostic centers in which diagnostic tests for these forms are performed. RESULTS The study includes 336 patients with a point prevalence of 0.563 per 100,000. Mutations were identified in 220 of the 336 (65.5%). The cohort was subdivided into diagnostic categories based on the most recent classifications on congenital muscular dystrophies. The most common forms were those with α-dystroglycan glycosylation deficiency (40.18%) followed by those with laminin α2 deficiency (24.11%) and collagen VI deficiency (20.24%). The forms of congenital muscular dystrophy related to mutations in SEPN1 and LMNA were less frequent (6.25% and 5.95%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides for the first time comprehensive epidemiologic information and point prevalence figures for each of the major diagnostic categories on a large cohort of congenital muscular dystrophies. The study also reflects the diagnostic progress in this field with an accurate classification of the cases according to the most recent gene discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Graziano
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Flaviana Bianco
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Adele D'Amico
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Isabella Moroni
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Sonia Messina
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Claudio Bruno
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Marina Mora
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Guja Astrea
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Francesca Magri
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Angela Berardinelli
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Lucia Morandi
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Antonella Pini
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Roberta Petillo
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Giorgio Tasca
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Mauro Monforte
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Carlo Minetti
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Tiziana Mongini
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Enzo Ricci
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Ksenija Gorni
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Roberta Battini
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Marcello Villanova
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Luisa Politano
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Francesca Gualandi
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Enrico Bertini
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Marika Pane
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
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24
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Brockington M, Blake DJ, Prandini P, Brown SC, Torelli S, Benson MA, Ponting CP, Estournet B, Romero NB, Mercuri E, Voit T, Sewry CA, Guicheney P, Muntoni F. Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:1198-209. [PMID: 11592034 PMCID: PMC1235559 DOI: 10.1086/324412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2001] [Accepted: 09/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders presenting in infancy with muscle weakness, contractures, and dystrophic changes on skeletal-muscle biopsy. Structural brain defects, with or without mental retardation, are additional features of several CMD syndromes. Approximately 40% of patients with CMD have a primary deficiency (MDC1A) of the laminin alpha2 chain of merosin (laminin-2) due to mutations in the LAMA2 gene. In addition, a secondary deficiency of laminin alpha2 is apparent in some CMD syndromes, including MDC1B, which is mapped to chromosome 1q42, and both muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB) and Fukuyama CMD (FCMD), two forms with severe brain involvement. The FCMD gene encodes a protein of unknown function, fukutin, though sequence analysis predicts it to be a phosphoryl-ligand transferase. Here we identify the gene for a new member of the fukutin protein family (fukutin related protein [FKRP]), mapping to human chromosome 19q13.3. We report the genomic organization of the FKRP gene and its pattern of tissue expression. Mutations in the FKRP gene have been identified in seven families with CMD characterized by disease onset in the first weeks of life and a severe phenotype with inability to walk, muscle hypertrophy, marked elevation of serum creatine kinase, and normal brain structure and function. Affected individuals had a secondary deficiency of laminin alpha2 expression. In addition, they had both a marked decrease in immunostaining of muscle alpha-dystroglycan and a reduction in its molecular weight on western blot analysis. We suggest these abnormalities of alpha-dystroglycan are caused by its defective glycosylation and are integral to the pathology seen in MDC1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brockington
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Blake
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Prandini
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C. Brown
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Torelli
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Benson
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P. Ponting
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Estournet
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Norma B. Romero
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Voit
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Sewry
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Pascale Guicheney
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London; MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Pédiatrie, Réanimation Infantile et Rééducation Neuro-respiratoire, Garches, France; Inserm U 523, Institut De Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Histopathology, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
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