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England J, Loughna S, Rutland CS. Multiple Species Comparison of Cardiac Troponin T and Dystrophin: Unravelling the DNA behind Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:E8. [PMID: 29367539 PMCID: PMC5715711 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4030008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have frequently been used as models for human disorders and mutations. Following advances in genetic testing and treatment options, and the decreasing cost of these technologies in the clinic, mutations in both companion and commercial animals are now being investigated. A recent review highlighted the genes associated with both human and non-human dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac troponin T and dystrophin were observed to be associated with both human and turkey (troponin T) and canine (dystrophin) dilated cardiomyopathies. This review gives an overview of the work carried out in cardiac troponin T and dystrophin to date in both human and animal dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer England
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Siobhan Loughna
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
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Cabrera-Serrano M, Junckerstorff RC, Atkinson V, Sivadorai P, Allcock RJ, Lamont P, Laing NG. Novel CHKB mutation expands the megaconial muscular dystrophy phenotype. Muscle Nerve 2014; 51:140-3. [PMID: 25187204 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the choline kinase beta (CHKB) gene are associated with a congenital muscular dystrophy with giant mitochondria at the periphery of muscle fibers. METHODS We describe a patient of Italian origin in whom whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation, c.648C>A, p.(Tyr216*), in exon 5 of CHKB. RESULTS The patient presented with limb-girdle weakness and hypotonia from birth with mental retardation, and had sudden and transient deteriorations of muscle strength with acute intercurrent illnesses. Previously undescribed sarcolemmal overexpression of utrophin was noted in the muscle biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Pathological features broaden the description of the entity and provide new insight in the pathogenic mechanisms. This case highlights the usefulness of next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of rare and incompletely understood conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Cabrera-Serrano
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QQ Block, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Galbiati F, Volonte D, Chu JB, Li M, Fine SW, Fu M, Bermudez J, Pedemonte M, Weidenheim KM, Pestell RG, Minetti C, Lisanti MP. Transgenic overexpression of caveolin-3 in skeletal muscle fibers induces a Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9689-94. [PMID: 10931944 PMCID: PMC16926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.160249097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It recently was reported that Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and mdx mice have elevated levels of caveolin-3 expression in their skeletal muscle. However, it remains unknown whether increased caveolin-3 levels in DMD patients contribute to the pathogenesis of DMD. Here, using a genetic approach, we test this hypothesis directly by overexpressing wild-type caveolin-3 as a transgene in mice. Analysis of skeletal muscle tissue from caveolin-3- overexpressing transgenic mice reveals: (i) a dramatic increase in the number of sarcolemmal muscle cell caveolae; (ii) a preponderance of hypertrophic, necrotic, and immature/regenerating skeletal muscle fibers with characteristic central nuclei; and (iii) down-regulation of dystrophin and beta-dystroglycan protein expression. In addition, these mice show elevated serum creatine kinase levels, consistent with the myo-necrosis observed morphologically. The Duchenne-like phenotype of caveolin-3 transgenic mice will provide an important mouse model for understanding the pathogenesis of DMD in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caveolin 3
- Caveolins
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Creatine Kinase/blood
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Dystroglycans
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Female
- Hindlimb/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Necrosis
- Phenotype
- Rotation
- Sarcolemma/pathology
- Transgenes/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- F Galbiati
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Pathology, Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Neuropathology and Pathology, and The Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Lefaucheur JP, Sébille A. The cellular events of injured muscle regeneration depend on the nature of the injury. Neuromuscul Disord 1995; 5:501-9. [PMID: 8580732 DOI: 10.1016/0960-8966(95)00012-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cellular events of muscle degeneration and regeneration and their time course were studied in two experimental models of muscle injury mice; (i) the denervation-devascularization (DD) of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, which is an ischaemic lesion; (ii) the injection of notexin (NOT), a snake venom, in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, resulting in a toxic lesion. Compared to the ischaemic lesion, the toxic lesion was characterized by a more extensive inflammatory infiltrate and a shortened phase of phagocytosis of the damaged myofibres. This allowed the proliferation and differentiation of muscle precursor cells (mpc) to take place earlier and may be further promoted by growth factors released by inflammatory cells. Compared to DD-EDL, NOT-TA showed also a greater conservation of the basement membranes of the necrotic myofibres, that can support the fusion of mpc into myotubes, and a better microvascularization. The onset of muscle regeneration is tightly related to the events which occur during the phase of degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lefaucheur
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Atelier de Régéneration Neuromusculaire, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Pastoret C, Sebille A. Age-related differences in regeneration of dystrophic (mdx) and normal muscle in the mouse. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18:1147-54. [PMID: 7659109 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mdx mouse, a genetic homologue of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), has been attributed with a greater regenerative capacity of its skeletal muscles. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that muscles of mdx mice regenerate better than those of nondystrophic animals. We studied muscle regeneration resulting from a denervation-devascularization injury (DD) of extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) at 3 weeks and 2 months in mdx and wild-type (C57BL/10) mice. Histological and morphometrical studies of muscle regeneration were made from 3 to 180 days later. When DD was performed in 3-week-old C57BL/10 mice, the percentages of nonperipheral nuclei in regenerated fibers decreased progressively over 3 months. This decrease did not occur in animals where DDs were performed at 2 months, suggesting that two different populations of muscle precursor cells are mobilized in muscle regeneration in mice at these two ages. Moreover, mdx EDL muscle regenerated similarly to the controls for up to 60 postoperative days, as shown by distribution of mean diameters and percentage of nonperipheral nuclei of muscle fibers. After 60 postoperative days, necrosis/regeneration characteristics of mdx muscles recurred, suggesting that mdx-regenerated muscle fibers remain susceptible to degeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Denervation
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/physiopathology
- Mutation
- Regeneration/physiology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pastoret
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
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Wilson LA, Cooper BJ, Dux L, Dubowitz V, Sewry CA. Expression of utrophin (dystrophin-related protein) during regeneration and maturation of skeletal muscle in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1994; 20:359-67. [PMID: 7808586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1994.tb00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of utrophin, the autosomal homologue of dystrophin, has been studied in the canine X-linked model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophic muscle has been shown to exhibit abnormal sarcolemmal expression of utrophin, in addition to the normal expression at the neuromuscular junction, in peripheral nerves, vascular tissues and regenerating fibres. To establish whether this abnormal presence of utrophin in dystrophic muscle is a consequence of continued expression following regeneration, or is attributable to a disease related up-regulation, the expression of utrophin was compared immunocytochemically with that of dystrophin, beta-spectrin and neonatal myosin in regenerating normal and dystrophic canine muscle, following necrosis induced by the injection of venom from the snake Notechis iscutatis. In normal regenerating muscle, sarcolemmal utrophin and dystrophin were detected concomitantly from 2-3 d post-injection, prior to the expression of beta-spectrin. Down-regulation of utrophin was apparent in some fibres from 7 d, and it was no longer present on the extra-junctional sarcolemma by 14 d. Neonatal myosin was still present in all fibres at this stage, but dystrophin and beta-spectrin had been fully restored. In dystrophic regenerating muscle, down-regulation of utrophin occurred from 7 d, although it persisted on some fibres until 28 d, longer than in normal muscle. At 42 d, however, utrophin in dystrophic muscle was only detected in a population of small fibres thought to represent a second cycle of regeneration, with no immunolabelling of mature fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Wilson
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK
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Fanin M, Pegoraro E, Angelini C. Absence of dystrophin and spectrin in regenerating muscle fibers from Becker dystrophy patients. J Neurol Sci 1994; 123:88-94. [PMID: 8064327 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)90208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied muscle biopsies from 36 Becker muscular dystrophy patients, and correlated dystrophin negative fibers with regenerating and degenerating myofibers. Dystrophin immunohistochemistry was used to identify dystrophin-negative and dystrophin-positive fibers. Immunohistochemical staining for fetal myosin and acid ATPase identified regenerating fibers, and calcium glioxalate and beta-spectrin staining identified necrotic fibers. All Becker biopsies contained detectable dystrophin in the majority of muscle fibers. 13 cases (36%) showed no dystrophin negative fibers, 9 cases (25%) showed a generalized, markedly decreased immunostaining pattern, and 14 cases (39%) showed a subset of dystrophin negative fibers (0.3-8% of total). Most dystrophin-negative fibers in Becker muscle were judged to be in the process of regeneration, and not in degeneration. No correlation was observed between the age of the patients and number of dystrophin negative fibers. We conclude that the absence of dystrophin and spectrin labeling in some BMD myofibers is associated with regeneration, probably due to incomplete expression of dystrophin secondary to myofibers immaturity. Our results might be explained by a developmental delayed expression of these two proteins, or by abnormal assembling in membrane's components during regeneration in dystrophy. Furthermore, our results rationalize the recently reported finding of some dystrophin-negative fibers in polymyositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fanin
- Neurology Department, University of Padua, Italy
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Dux L, Cooper BJ, Sewry CA, Dubowitz V. Notechis scutatus venom increases the yield of proliferating muscle cells from biopsies of normal and dystrophic canine muscle--a possible source for myoblast transfer studies. Neuromuscul Disord 1993; 3:23-9. [PMID: 8329886 DOI: 10.1016/0960-8966(93)90038-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The injection of 1 micrograms Notechis scutatus (Australian tiger snake) venom (notexin) induces localized necrosis in the muscles of normal and dystrophic dogs. Biopsies taken from the muscles on the second day of postnecrotic regeneration provide about 8-16 x 10(6) cells capable of proliferation per g tissue, about 100 fold more than the untreated adult dog muscles. Muscle specific markers, such as the capacity of the cells to fuse, surface labelling with N-CAM antibodies (Leu-19 and 5.1.H11), and immunostaining with desmin, indicated that over 90% of the cultivated cells are indeed myogenic. The method is a safe and cost effective way to generate large amounts of proliferating muscle cells from biopsies of adult animals, which could provide a useful step in the therapeutic efforts in inherited muscle diseases by the implantation of normal myoblasts or genetically corrected myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dux
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
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