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Yin VP, Thummel CS, Bashirullah A. Down-regulation of inhibitor of apoptosis levels provides competence for steroid-triggered cell death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:85-92. [PMID: 17591924 PMCID: PMC2064425 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200703206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone triggers the destruction of larval salivary glands during Drosophila metamorphosis through a transcriptional cascade that converges on reaper (rpr) and head involution defective (hid) induction, resulting in caspase activation and cell death. We identify the CREB binding protein (CBP) transcriptional cofactor as essential for salivary gland cell death. We show that CBP acts 1 d before the onset of metamorphosis in apparent response to a mid-third instar ecdysone pulse, when CBP is necessary and sufficient for down-regulation of the Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1). It is only after DIAP1 levels are reduced that salivary glands become competent to die through rpr/hid-mediated cell death. Before this time, high levels of DIAP1 block salivary gland cell death, even in the presence of ectopic rpr expression. This study shows that naturally occurring changes in inhibitor of apoptosis levels can be critical for regulating cell death during development. It also provides a molecular mechanism for the acquisition of competence in steroid signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viravuth P Yin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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2
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Arama E, Bader M, Srivastava M, Bergmann A, Steller H. The two Drosophila cytochrome C proteins can function in both respiration and caspase activation. EMBO J 2006; 25:232-43. [PMID: 16362035 PMCID: PMC1356363 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome C has two apparently separable cellular functions: respiration and caspase activation during apoptosis. While a role of the mitochondria and cytochrome C in the assembly of the apoptosome and caspase activation has been established for mammalian cells, the existence of a comparable function for cytochrome C in invertebrates remains controversial. Drosophila possesses two cytochrome c genes, cyt-c-d and cyt-c-p. We show that only cyt-c-d is required for caspase activation in an apoptosis-like process during spermatid differentiation, whereas cyt-c-p is required for respiration in the soma. However, both cytochrome C proteins can function interchangeably in respiration and caspase activation, and the difference in their genetic requirements can be attributed to differential expression in the soma and testes. Furthermore, orthologues of the apoptosome components, Ark (Apaf-1) and Dronc (caspase-9), are also required for the proper removal of bulk cytoplasm during spermatogenesis. Finally, several mutants that block caspase activation during spermatogenesis were isolated in a genetic screen, including mutants with defects in spermatid mitochondrial organization. These observations establish a role for the mitochondria in caspase activation during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Arama
- Strang Laboratory of Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maya Bader
- Strang Laboratory of Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayank Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hermann Steller
- Strang Laboratory of Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Zoog SJ, Schiller JJ, Wetter JA, Chejanovsky N, Friesen PD. Baculovirus apoptotic suppressor P49 is a substrate inhibitor of initiator caspases resistant to P35 in vivo. EMBO J 2002; 21:5130-40. [PMID: 12356729 PMCID: PMC129042 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7594736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases play a critical role in the execution of metazoan apoptosis and are thus attractive therapeutic targets for apoptosis-associated diseases. Here we report that baculovirus P49, a homolog of pancaspase inhibitor P35, prevents apoptosis in invertebrates by inhibiting an initiator caspase that is P35 insensitive. Consequently P49 blocked proteolytic activation of effector caspases at a unique step upstream from that affected by P35 but downstream from inhibitor of apoptosis Op-IAP. Like P35, P49 was cleaved by and stably associated with its caspase target. Ectopically expressed P49 blocked apoptosis in cultured cells from a phylogenetically distinct organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Furthermore, P49 inhibited human caspase-9, demonstrating its capacity to affect a vertebrate initiator caspase. Thus, P49 is a substrate inhibitor with a novel in vivo specificity for a P35-insensitive initiator caspase that functions at an evolutionarily conserved step in the caspase cascade. These data indicate that activated initiator caspases provide another effective target for apoptotic intervention by substrate inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Zoog
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School and College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 and
Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel 50250 Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Corresponding author at: Institute for Molecular Virology, R.M.Bock Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1596, USA e-mail:
| | - Jennifer J. Schiller
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School and College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 and
Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel 50250 Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Corresponding author at: Institute for Molecular Virology, R.M.Bock Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1596, USA e-mail:
| | | | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School and College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 and
Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel 50250 Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Corresponding author at: Institute for Molecular Virology, R.M.Bock Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1596, USA e-mail:
| | - Paul D. Friesen
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School and College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 and
Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel 50250 Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Corresponding author at: Institute for Molecular Virology, R.M.Bock Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1596, USA e-mail:
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Gorski S, Marra M. Programmed cell death takes flight: genetic and genomic approaches to gene discovery in Drosophila. Physiol Genomics 2002; 9:59-69. [PMID: 12006672 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00114.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential and wide-spread physiological process that results in the elimination of cells. Genes required to carry out this process have been identified, and many of these remain the subjects of intense investigation. Here, we describe PCD, its functions, and some of the consequences when it goes awry. We review PCD in the model system, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, with a particular emphasis on cell death gene discovery resulting from both genetics and genomics-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gorski
- Genome Sequence Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4E6.
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Arnoult D, Tatischeff I, Estaquier J, Girard M, Sureau F, Tissier JP, Grodet A, Dellinger M, Traincard F, Kahn A, Ameisen JC, Petit PX. On the evolutionary conservation of the cell death pathway: mitochondrial release of an apoptosis-inducing factor during Dictyostelium discoideum cell death. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:3016-30. [PMID: 11598188 PMCID: PMC60152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.10.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in apoptosis in multicellular organisms by releasing apoptogenic factors such as cytochrome c that activate the caspases effector pathway, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) that is involved in a caspase-independent cell death pathway. Here we report that cell death in the single-celled organism Dictyostelium discoideum involves early disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) that precedes the induction of several apoptosis-like features, including exposure of the phosphatidyl residues at the external surface of the plasma membrane, an intense vacuolization, a fragmentation of DNA into large fragments, an autophagy, and the release of apoptotic corpses that are engulfed by neighboring cells. We have cloned a Dictyostelium homolog of mammalian AIF that is localized into mitochondria and is translocated from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm and the nucleus after the onset of cell death. Cytoplasmic extracts from dying Dictyostelium cells trigger the breakdown of isolated mammalian and Dictyostelium nuclei in a cell-free system, and this process is inhibited by a polyclonal antibody specific for Dictyostelium discoideum apoptosis-inducing factor (DdAIF), suggesting that DdAIF is involved in DNA degradation during Dictyostelium cell death. Our findings indicate that the cell death pathway in Dictyostelium involves mitochondria and an AIF homolog, suggesting the evolutionary conservation of at least part of the cell death pathway in unicellular and multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arnoult
- EMI U-9922 (INSERM-Université Paris VII), CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 75018 Paris, France
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Abstract
Key components of the programmed cell death pathway are conserved between Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and humans. The search for additional homologs has been facilitated by the availability of the entire genomic sequence for each of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N Tittel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hermann Steller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. E-mail:
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