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Walkling-Ribeiro M, Jacob T, Ahrné L. Impact of pulsed electric field intensity on the cream separation efficiency from bovine milk and physico-chemical properties of the cream. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114074. [PMID: 38395577 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature (9-12 °C) pulsed electric field (PEF) was investigated in milk before cream separation at different intensities (9-27 kV/cm, 66 μs, 16-28 kJ/L) regarding its potential to render processing more sustainable, retain a high physico-chemical quality, enhance functional properties, and gently modify the structure of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Cream volume per L milk were most efficiently increased by 31 % at the lowest PEF intensity in comparison to untreated milk and cream (P < 0.05). Untreated and PEF-treated milk and obtained cream were assessed with compositional (fat, protein, casein, lactose, and total solids content) and particle size distribution analyses, showing no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) and, thus, indicating retention of 'native-like' product quality. Overrun and stability of cream, whipped for 20 and 60 s at 15000 rpm using a high-shear mixer, were improved most notably by the lowest and the highest PEF intensities, achieving up to 69 % enlarged overrun and up to 22 % higher stability, respectively (P < 0.05), than in untreated whipped cream. Protein component analyses for milk and cream were carried out by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Noticeable differences between untreated and PEF-treated milk were not observed, but the SDS-PAGE results for cream showed noticeably different bands for some of the protein components, indicating structural changes in MFGM-, whey-, and phospho-proteins due to PEF and/or separator processing effects. More intense bands of xanthine oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, butyrophilin, bovine serum albumine, adipophilin (ADPH), and glycoproteins PAS6/7 were observed specifically at 21 kV/cm. Gentle electroporation of both MFGM layers by PEF was determined based on the changes in MFGM monolayer components, such as ADPH and PAS 6/7, exhibiting intensified bands. PEF intensity-dependent impact on the structure of MFGM and casein, leading to a reconfiguration of the cream matrix due to different structuring interactions among proteins, among milk fat globules, and between fat and protein components, was suggested. Overall, low-temperature PEF applied at different intensities showed great potential for gentle, efficient, and functional properties-tailored dairy processing and may also enable effective extraction of highly bioactive ingredients from dairy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Walkling-Ribeiro
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Jacob
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Institut Agro Dijon, 26 Boulevard Dr Petitjean, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lilia Ahrné
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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2
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Wang S, Li Y, Yan G, Yuan D, Ji B, Zhou F, Li Y, Zhang L. Thickening mechanism of recombined dairy cream stored at 4 °C: Changes in the composition and structure of milk protein under different sterilization intensities. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:903-914. [PMID: 36549627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work elucidates the mechanism involved in the effect of varying sterilization intensities on RDC thickening via comparative analysis of the changes in the composition and structure of RDC interfacial protein after storage at 4 °C and at 25 °C. The results showed that pasteurized RDCs (75 °C for 16 s, 90 °C for 5 min) and high-temperature sterilized RDCs (105 °C for 3 min, 115 °C for 7 min and 121 °C for 7 min) did not thicken during storage at 25 °C, and had lower viscosities and higher Ca2+ concentrations than those stored at 4 °C. Whey protein (WP) aggregates were found to have been adsorbed at the interface of high-temperature treated RDCs stored at 4 °C, leading to the aggregation of fat globules and, consequently, reversible thickening. However, high-temperature sterilized RDCs underwent into irreversible thickening at 10 d, 7 d and 3 d. This phenomenon was attributed to the large amount of heat-induced whey protein and κ-casein complex that was absorbed on the oil-water interface, with Ca2+ bonded to form bridging flocculation, which altered the secondary structure of the interfacial protein to one with increased β-sheet content and decreased random coil content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guosen Yan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoping Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Liebing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Formulation and evaluation of cold-extruded chocolate ganache for three-dimensional food printing. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Ghribi AM, Zouari M, Attia H, Besbes S. Study of protein / k-carrageenan mixture's effect on low-fat whipping cream formulation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Han J, Zhou X, Cao J, Wang Y, Sun B, Li Y, Zhang L. Microstructural evolution of whipped cream in whipping process observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1437630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xilong Zhou
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunna Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bokang Sun
- Research and Development Department, Ningxia Saishang Dairy Industry Co.Ltd.No.5, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Liebing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Jukkola A, Rojas OJ. Milk fat globules and associated membranes: Colloidal properties and processing effects. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 245:92-101. [PMID: 28457499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The composition and physical-chemical properties of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a subject that has gained increased interest in the field of food colloids, mainly because the nutritional and technological value of the MFGM. In fact, related changes in integrity and structure during milk processing pose a huge challenge as far as efforts directed to isolate the components of the fat globule membrane. MFGM characteristics and potential utilization are subjects of dissension. Thus, the effects of processing and the colloidal interactions that exist with other milk constituents need to be better understood in order to exploit milk fat and MFGM, their functionality as colloids as well as those of their components. These are the main subjects of this review, which also reports on the results of recent inquiries into MFGM structure and colloidal behavior.
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7
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Matsumiya K, Horiguchi S, Kosugi T, Mutoh TA, Nambu Y, Nishimura K, Matsumura Y. Effects of heat treatment and homogenization on milk fat globules and proteins in whipping creams. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Long Z, Zhao M, Sun-Waterhouse D, Lin Q, Zhao Q. Effects of sterilization conditions and milk protein composition on the rheological and whipping properties of whipping cream. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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10
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Effect of modified whey protein concentrate on physical properties and stability of whipped cream. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Zhao Q, Kuang W, Long Z, Fang M, Liu D, Yang B, Zhao M. Effect of sorbitan monostearate on the physical characteristics and whipping properties of whipped cream. Food Chem 2013; 141:1834-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Monoacylglycerols in dairy recombined cream: II. The effect on partial coalescence and whipping properties. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Kováčová R, Štětina J, Čurda L. Influence of processing and κ-carrageenan on properties of whipping cream. J FOOD ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Bazmi A, Relkin P. Effects of processing conditions on structural and functional parameters of whipped dairy emulsions containing various fatty acid compositions. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3566-74. [PMID: 19620637 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bazmi
- Food Science and Technology Group, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51666 Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Arboleya JC, Ridout MJ, Wilde PJ. Rheological behaviour of aerated palm kernel oil/water emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Relkin P, Sourdet S, Smith A, Goff H, Cuvelier G. Effects of whey protein aggregation on fat globule microstructure in whipped-frozen emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Tual A, Bourles E, Barey P, Houdoux A, Desprairies M, Courthaudon JL. Effect of surfactant sucrose ester on physical properties of dairy whipped emulsions in relation to those of O/W interfacial layers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 295:495-503. [PMID: 16213513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dairy foams were manufactured on a pilot plant with various sucrose ester contents. Oil-in-water emulsions were produced by high-pressure homogenisation of anhydrous milk fat (20 wt%) with an aqueous phase containing skim milk powder (6.5 wt%), sucrose (15 wt%), hydrocolloids (2 wt%), and sucrose esters. Sucrose ester content was varied from 0 to 0.35 wt%. Firmness and stability of dairy foams were determined. The fraction of protein associated with emulsion fat droplets and the compression isotherms of those droplets were determined as a function of sucrose ester content. With less than 0.1 wt% sucrose ester, no foam could be produced. The most firm and stable foams were obtained with ca. 0.1 wt% sucrose ester. The fraction of protein associated with emulsion droplets suddenly falls from 60% at a sucrose ester content lower than 0.1125% down to ca. 10-20% for higher surfactant content. Compression isotherms of emulsion droplets at the air-water interface show that, in the presence of surfactant, emulsion droplets disrupt and spread at the interface whilst without surfactant they become dispersed. This means that the presence of sucrose ester causes some destabilisation of fat droplet interfacial layers. There is hence an optimal sucrose ester content that allows some destabilisation of the oil-water interface without concomitant protein displacement from that interface. Consequently, with the recipe and manufacturing process used to produce dairy foams, there exists a compromise in sucrose ester content with regards to manufacture and shelf-life of dairy foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tual
- Degussa Food Ingredients, Application Service Center, 50500 Baupte, France
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18
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Bolling JC, Duncan SE, Eigel WN, Waterman KM. Processing Effects on Physicochemical Properties of Creams Formulated with Modified Milk Fat. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:1342-51. [PMID: 15778301 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type of thermal process [high temperature, short time pasteurization (HTST) or ultra-high temperature pasteurization (UHT)] and homogenization sequence (before or after pasteurization) were examined for influence on the physicochemical properties of natural cream (20% milk fat) and creams formulated with 20% low-melt, fractionated butteroil emulsified with skim milk, or buttermilk and butter-derived aqueous phase. Homogenization sequence influenced physicochemical makeup of the creams. Creams homogenized before pasteurization contained more milk fat surface material, higher phospholipid levels, and less protein at the milk fat interface than creams homogenized after pasteurization. Phosphodiesterase I activity was higher (relative to protein on lipid globule surface) when cream was homogenized before pasteurization. Creams formulated with skim milk and modified milk fat had relatively more phospholipid adsorbed at the milk fat interface. Ultra-high-temperature-pasteurized natural and reformulated creams were higher in viscosity at all shear rates investigated compared with HTST-pasteurized creams. High-temperature, short time-pasteurized natural cream was more viscous than HTST-pasteurized reformulated creams at most shear rates investigated. High-temperature, short time-pasteurized creams had better emulsion stability than UHT-pasteurized creams. Cream formulated with buttermilk had creaming stability most comparable to natural cream, and cream formulated with skim milk and modified butteroil was least stable to creaming. Most creams feathered in a pH range of 5.00 to 5.20, indicating that they were moderately stable to slightly unstable emulsions. All processing sequences yielded creams within sensory specifications with the exception of treatments homogenized before UHT pasteurization and skim milk formulations homogenized after UHT pasteurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bolling
- Bolling Steel Co., 5933 German Rd., Salem, VA 24153, USA
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19
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Martinet V, Valentini C, Casalinho J, Schorsch C, Vaslin S, Courthaudon JL. Composition of Interfacial Layers in Complex Food Emulsions Before and After Aeration: Effect of Egg to Milk Protein Ratio. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:30-9. [PMID: 15591364 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whipped emulsions were prepared at pilot scale from fresh milk, whole egg, and other ingredients, for example, sugars and stabilizers (starch, polysaccharides). Egg content was varied: 4 recipes were studied differing in their egg to milk protein ratio (0, 0.25, 0.38, and 0.68). Protein and fat contents were kept constant by adjusting the recipes with skim-milk powder and fresh cream. Emulsions were prepared by high-pressure homogenization and whipped on a pilot plant. Particle-size distribution determined by laser-light scattering showed an extensive aggregation of fat globules in both mix and whipped emulsions, regardless of recipe. Amount of protein adsorbed at the oil-water interface and protein composition of adsorbed layer were determined after isolation of fat globules. Protein load is strongly increased by the presence of egg in formula. Values obtained for the whipped emulsions were dramatically lower than those obtained for the mix by a factor of 2 to 3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE indicated a preferential adsorption of egg proteins over milk proteins at the oil-water interface, regardless of recipe. This phenomenon was more marked in aerated than in unaerated emulsions, showing evidence for desorption of some milk proteins during whipping. Egg proteins stabilize mainly the fat globule surface and ensure emulsion stability before whipping. Air bubble size distribution in whipped emulsions was measured after 15 d storage. When the egg to milk protein ratio is decreased to 0.25, large air cells appear in whipped emulsions during storage, indicating mousse destabilization. The present work allows linking the protein composition of adsorbed layers at the fat globule surface to mousse formula and mousse stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Martinet
- Inserm U 646, Groupe de Physico-chimie des Colloïdes et des Interfaces, Université d'Angers, F-49100 Angers, France
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21
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Hotrum NE, Cohen Stuart MA, van Vliet T, van Aken GA. Spreading of partially crystallized oil droplets on an air/water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Scott LL, Duncan SE, Sumner SS, Waterman KM, Kaylegian KE. Influence of emulsifying component composition on creams formulated with fractionated milkfat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:5933-5940. [PMID: 13129297 DOI: 10.1021/jf034104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dairy systems formulated with fractionated milkfat and milk-derived components have compositional differences that may affect functionality and nutritional aspects as compared to natural dairy products. The composition of 20% milkfat creams formulated with emulsifying components (skim milk, sweet buttermilk, and butter-derived aqueous phase) and low- or medium-melt fractionated butteroil was compared with natural cream. Cream separation temperatures (49 and 55 degrees C) and processing conditions (commercial and pilot plant) in obtaining emulsifying components were examined for effect on content of surface active agents. Individual fatty acids, lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, protein levels, and types varied with components. Separation temperature influenced the cholesterol level in the aqueous phase. A commercially produced aqueous phase contained less total lipid, protein, cholesterol, and phospholipid than aqueous phase obtained in the pilot plant. Milkfat globule membrane concentration of emulsifying components affected phospholipid and cholesterol content of formulated creams. Butteroil type affected cholesterol levels and cream formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Scott
- Archer Daniels Midlands Co., 4666 Faries Parkway, Decatur, IL 62526, USA
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23
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Shim SY, Ahn J, Kwak HS. Functional Properties of Cholesterol-Removed Whipping Cream Treated by β-Cyclodextrin. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:2767-72. [PMID: 14507012 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to examine the changes in functional properties of cholesterol-removed whipping cream by beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) treatment. The cholesterol removal rate reached over 90% in cream before whipping in all conditions (different stirring time and speed) applied. The apparent viscosity of beta-CD treated cream after whipping increased with increased stirring time and speed. Comparatively, the overrun percentage reached to 150%, and foam instability was measured as 2.5 ml deformed cream with lower stirring time (10 min) and speed (400 rpm). The thiobarbituric acid value of cholesterol-removed whipping cream increased from 0.08 to 0.14 stored at 4 degrees C during 4 wk; however, no difference was found compared with that of control. Above results indicated that beta-CD treatment process for cholesterol removal did not show a profound adverse effect on functional properties of cream after whipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Shim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea 143-747
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Taborda G, Molina E, Martínez-Castro I, Ramos M, Amigo L. Composition of the water-soluble fraction of different cheeses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:270-276. [PMID: 12502420 DOI: 10.1021/jf0258104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Volatile and nonvolatile compounds present in the water-soluble fraction (WSF) and water-soluble fraction with molecular weight lower than 1000 Da (WSF < 1000 Da) of six Spanish cheeses, Cabrales, Idiazábal, Mahón, Manchego, Roncal, and a goat's milk cheese, were analyzed. Different nitrogen fractions (determined by Kjeldahl method), caseins (by capillary electrophoresis), peptides and amino acids (by HPLC), and volatile components (by dynamic headspace coupled to GC-MS) as well as mineral content in the cheese fractions were analyzed and compared. The different nitrogen and volatile compounds identified in the WSF were characteristic of each cheese variety. Cabrales cheese displayed the highest content of free amino acids and the highest quantity and variety of volatile compounds. The WSF < 1000 Da fraction was less representative, especially for volatile compounds, as some of the components were lost in the ultrafiltration. Alcohols were better recovered than ketones and esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Taborda
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC) and Instituto de Química Orgánica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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