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Takasu S, Watanabe R, Sugito N, Morikawa K, Iio A, Esaka Y, Akao Y. Unveiling the vitamin E profile in rice bran extracellular vesicles: evaluation of extraction and preparation methods. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:935-941. [PMID: 38556585 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale entities secreted by various cells, encapsulating various nucleic acids and proteins that play important roles in cellular activities. Although rice bran is known for its richness in phytochemicals such as tocopherol and tocotrienol, the distribution of these compounds within EVs has not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to detect and analyze the presence of vitamin E in EVs extracted from rice bran. We investigated several EV extraction methods, including rotation, vortex mixing, and ultrasonication, followed by post-extraction techniques such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and lyophilization. Vitamin E in the EVs from rice bran was analyzed using LC-FLD. This study is the first to identify tocopherol and tocotrienol in rice bran-derived EVs. Our results indicate that ultracentrifugation followed by rotation is the most effective method for the preparation of rice bran-derived EVs. Notably, the vitamin E profile in EVs varies depending on the preparation method and differs from that in rice bran extracts. The pronounced presence of vitamin E in EVs suggests unique pharmacokinetics and underscores the potential of EVs as carriers for drug delivery systems. This study not only confirms the presence of vitamin E in EVs, but also underscores the potential of EVs and their phytochemical content for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Takasu
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Risa Watanabe
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sugito
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kohei Morikawa
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akio Iio
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Esaka
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
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Nakatomi T, Itaya-Takahashi M, Horikoshi Y, Shimizu N, Parida IS, Jutanom M, Eitsuka T, Tanaka Y, Zingg JM, Matsura T, Nakagawa K. The difference in the cellular uptake of tocopherol and tocotrienol is influenced by their affinities to albumin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7392. [PMID: 37149706 PMCID: PMC10164177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is classified into tocopherol (Toc) and tocotrienol (T3) based on its side chains. T3 generally has higher cellular uptake than Toc, though the responsible mechanism remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, we hypothesized and investigated whether serum albumin is a factor that induces such a difference in the cellular uptake of Toc and T3. Adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) to serum-depleted media increased the cellular uptake of T3 and decreased that of Toc, with varying degrees among α-, β-, γ-, and δ-analogs. Such enhanced uptake of α-T3 was not observed when cells were incubated under low temperature (the uptake of α-Toc was also reduced), suggesting that Toc and T3 bind to albumin to form a complex that results in differential cellular uptake of vitamin E. Fluorescence quenching study confirmed that vitamin E certainly bound to BSA, and that T3 showed a higher affinity than Toc. Molecular docking further indicated that the differential binding energy of Toc or T3 to BSA is due to the Van der Waals interactions via their side chain. Overall, these results suggested that the affinity of Toc and T3 to albumin differs due to their side chains, causing the difference in their albumin-mediated cellular uptake. Our results give a better mechanistic insight into the physiological action of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakatomi
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mayuko Itaya-Takahashi
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yosuke Horikoshi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Isabella Supardi Parida
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mirinthorn Jutanom
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Applied Biological Molecular Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL, 33136-1019, USA
| | - Tatsuya Matsura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
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Teo CWL, Png SJY, Ung YW, Yap WN. Therapeutic effects of intranasal tocotrienol-rich fraction on rhinitis symptoms in platelet-activating factor induced allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2022; 18:52. [PMID: 35698169 PMCID: PMC9195334 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-022-00695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been suggested to be a potent inflammatory mediator in Allergic rhinitis (AR) pathogenesis. Vitamin E, an essential nutrient that comprises tocopherol and tocotrienol, is known as a potential therapeutic agent for airway allergic inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of intranasal Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on PAF-induced AR in a rat model. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups: Control, PAF-induced AR and PAF-induced AR with TRF treatment. To induce AR, 50 μl of 16 μg/ml PAF was nasally instilled into each nostril. From day 1 to 7 after AR induction, 10 μl of 16 μg/μl TRF was delivered intranasally to the TRF treatment group. Complete upper skulls were collected for histopathological evaluation on day 8. Results The average severity scores of AR were significantly higher in the PAF-induced AR rats compared to both control and PAF-induced AR with TRF treatment. The histologic examination of the nasal structures showed moderate degree of inflammation and polymorphonuclear cells infiltration in the lamina propria, mucosa damage and vascular congestion in the PAF-induced AR rats. TRF was able to ameliorate the AR symptoms by restoring the nasal structures back to normal. H&E staining demonstrated a statistically significant benefit upon TRF treatment, where minimal degree of inflammation, and a reduction in the infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, mucosa damage and vascular congestion were observed. Conclusion TRF exhibited symptomatic relief action in AR potentially due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Wei Ling Teo
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19, Synapse, 138623, Singapore, Singapore. .,Research and Development Department, KL-Kepong Oleomas (KLK Oleo), Level 8, Menara KLK, No 1, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Stephanie Jia Ying Png
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Wei Ung
- Research and Development Department, KL-Kepong Oleomas (KLK Oleo), Level 8, Menara KLK, No 1, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ney Yap
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19, Synapse, 138623, Singapore, Singapore.,Research and Development Department, KL-Kepong Oleomas (KLK Oleo), Level 8, Menara KLK, No 1, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nair RS, Billa N, Morris A. A validated reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the quantification of Gamma- tocotrienol in tocotrienol rich fractions of crude palm oil. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401317666210803155717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Palm oil and its constituents have wide applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The tocotrienol-rich fractions of crude palm oil have drawn greater research interest in recent years due to its potent health benefits. Therefore, reliable and validated analytical methods are essential for the quantification of tocotrienols.
Objective:
This study aimed to develop a simple and economical RP-HPLC method for the quantification of gamma-tocotrienol in tocotrienol rich fractions of crude palm oil.
Methods:
An Agilent HPLC system supplied with a Diode Array detector and an auto-injector system was used for the method development, and the wavelength was set 295 nm. A reversed-phase C18 column maintained at 30 °C using a mobile phase composition of methanol: water (95:05) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was used for the analysis. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
Results and discussion:
A symmetrical peak of gamma-tocotrienol was observed at 8.7 minutes with minimal peak tailing (between 0.76 and 0.78), and an acceptable resolution above 2.0. Excellent linearity was evident with R2 values 0.9996 and 0.9991 for intra-day and inter-day respectively. The method demonstrated a high precision (%RSD values ≤ 5.8%) and accuracy (%RE<9.6%). The LOD and LOQ of gamma-tocotrienol were determined as 1.4 μg/mL and 4.2 μg/mL respectively. The system suitability studies indicate that the chromatographic parameters are well within the acceptable limit.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the developed RP-HPLC method is rapid, precise, stable and economical for the quantification of gamma-tocotrienol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nashiru Billa
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Andrew Morris
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Ng YT, Phang SCW, Tan GCJ, Ng EY, Botross Henien NP, M. Palanisamy UD, Ahmad B, Abdul Kadir K. The Effects of Tocotrienol-Rich Vitamin E (Tocovid) on Diabetic Neuropathy: A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051522. [PMID: 32456230 PMCID: PMC7284602 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress, activates inflammatory pathways and reduces nerve growth factor (NGF) among diabetic patients, which contribute to development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Tocotrienol-Rich Vitamin E (Tocovid) possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which are postulated to target these pathogeneses in order to ameliorate DPN. This study aims to evaluate the effects of Tocovid on nerve conduction parameters and serum biomarkers among diabetic patients. This multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 80 eligible participants. The intervention group (n = 39) was randomly allocated to receive 200 mg of Tocovid twice a day, and the control group (n = 41) received placebo twice a day. At the end of eight weeks, the nerve conduction parameters, as assessed by nerve conduction study, as well as serum biomarkers (NGF, malondialdehyde, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and thromboxane B2) were compared between the two groups. Compared to placebo, Tocovid significantly improves the nerve conduction velocities of all nerves (+1.25 m/s, interquartile range [IQR] 3.35, p < 0.001, median nerve; +1.60 m/s, IQR 1.80, p < 0.001, sural nerve; +0.75 m/s, IQR 2.25, p < 0.001, tibial nerve). Meanwhile, the levels of serum NGF were significantly higher in the Tocovid group as compared to placebo at eight weeks post-intervention. Participants receiving Tocovid illustrated highly significant improvement in terms of nerve conduction velocities for all nerves tested after eight weeks of supplementation. In addition, Tocovid supplementation elevated the levels of serum NGF, in which its increase is postulated to reflect enhanced neuronal functions. This novel finding suggests that Tocovid could be a disease-modifying agent targeting serum NGF to improve nerve conduction velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeek Tat Ng
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5621-1623
| | - Sonia Chew Wen Phang
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Gerald Chen Jie Tan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
| | - En Yng Ng
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Nevein Philip Botross Henien
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Uma Devi M. Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Badariah Ahmad
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Khalid Abdul Kadir
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.C.W.P.); (G.C.J.T.); (E.Y.N.); (N.P.B.H.); (U.D.M.P.); (B.A.); (K.A.K.)
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Musa I, Khaza’ai H, Abdul Mutalib MS, Yusuf F, Sanusi J, Chang SK. Effects of oil palm tocotrienol rich fraction on the viability and morphology of astrocytes injured with glutamate. FOOD BIOSCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Shibata A, Kobayashi T, Asai A, Eitsuka T, Oikawa S, Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K. High purity tocotrienols attenuate atherosclerotic lesion formation in apoE-KO mice. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 48:44-50. [PMID: 28759786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that tocotrienol (T3) has antiatherogenic effects. However, the T3 preparations used in those studies contained considerable amounts of tocopherol (Toc), which might affect the biological activity of T3. There is little information on the effect of highly purified T3 on atherosclerosis formation. This study investigated the effect of high-purity T3 on atherosclerotic lesion formation and the underlying mechanisms. Male apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-KO) mice were fed a cholesterol-containing diet either alone or supplemented with T3 concentrate (Toc-free T3) or with α-Toc for 12 weeks. ApoE-KO mice fed the 0.2% T3-supplemented diet showed reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic root. The 0.2% T3 diet induced Slc27a1 and Ldlr gene expression levels in the liver, whereas the α-Toc-supplemented diet did not affect those expression levels. T3 was predominantly deposited in fat tissue in the T3 diet-fed mice, whereas α-Toc was preferentially accumulated in liver in the α-Toc diet-fed mice. Considered together, these data demonstrate that dietary T3 exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect in apoE-KO mice. The characteristic tissue distribution and biological effects of T3, that are substantially different from those of Toc, may contribute to the antiatherogenic properties of T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shibata
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Teiko Kobayashi
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0023, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0023, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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Rahman TA, Hassim NF, Zulkafli N, Muid S, Kornain NK, Nawawi H. Atheroprotective effects of pure tocotrienol supplementation in the treatment of rabbits with experimentally induced early and established atherosclerosis. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:31525. [PMID: 27799085 PMCID: PMC5088347 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is the main cause of coronary artery disease -related deaths worldwide. The atheroprotective properties of pure tocotrienols (T3) in the absence of alpha-tocopherol (α-TCP) in vitamin E has not been extensively examined. Aim To determine the atheroprotective properties of T3 in early and established atherosclerosis rabbits. Methods Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups, B1 and B2 which represent early [fed 1% high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 2 weeks] and established (fed 1% HCD for 8 weeks) atherosclerosis. Each group was subdivided into three intervention arms: 1) T3–4 mg/kg, 2) T3–15 mg/kg and 3) vehicle without T3 (T3 negative) for 8 weeks. Serial fasting blood samples were obtained for lipid profile, and whole lengths of aorta were used to determine tissue markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and plaque stability. Results In B1, atherosclerotic lesion in T3–4 mg/kg group was significantly reduced (p=0.008), while aortic tissue expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-12) was reduced in T3–4 mg/kg compared to T3-negative rabbits group (0.2±0.1 vs. 28.5±3.1%; 3.0±1.6 vs. 14.0±1.7%; and 5.2±2.2 vs. 27.7±0.8%, respectively, p<0.05). T3–15 mg/kg group showed reduction in VCAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6 and MMP-12 (3.9±1.9 vs. 28.5±3.1%; 10.3±0.5 vs. 59.8±8.5%; 2.6±1.7 vs. 14.0±1.7%; and 16.2±3.2 vs. 27.7 0.8%, respectively, p<0.05). In B2, T3–4 mg/kg group reduced aortic tissue expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, IL-6, MMP-12 and MMP-9 compared to T3-negative rabbits group (29.9±2.4 vs. 55.3±1.3%; 26.7±1.5 vs. 60.5±7.6%; 15.7±0.7 vs. 27.7±4.8%; 34.8±2.7 vs. 46.5±3.4%; and 25.89±3.9 vs. 45.9±1.7%, respectively, p<0.05). T3–15 mg/kg group showed reduced VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6, MMP-12 and MMP-9 (20.5±3.3 vs. 35.6±2.5%; 24.9±1.3 vs. 55.3±1.3%; 29.9±6.7 vs. 60.5±7.6; 11.3±2.2 vs. 27.7±4.8%; 23.0±1.7 vs. 46.5±3.4%; and 17.6±1.9 vs. 45.9±1.7%, respectively, p<0.05. Conclusion These findings suggest the possible atheroprotective role T3 plays as an adjunct supplementation to standard treatment in the prevention of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuhairah Abdul Rahman
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Suhaila Muid
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Hapizah Nawawi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Imam MU, Ismail M, Ooi DJ, Azmi NH, Sarega N, Chan KW, Bhanger MI. Are bioactive-rich fractions functionally richer? Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:585-93. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.995586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Umar Imam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,
| | - Maznah Ismail
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, and
| | - Der Jiun Ooi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,
| | - Nur Hanisah Azmi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,
| | - Nadarajan Sarega
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,
| | - Kim Wei Chan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ex Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants against Fenton Reaction-Mediated Oxidation of Biological Lipid Substrates. Biochem Res Int 2015; 2015:728621. [PMID: 26933511 PMCID: PMC4735996 DOI: 10.1155/2015/728621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical-mediated oxidation is often linked to various degenerative diseases. Biological substrates with lipids as major components are susceptible to oxygen-derived lipid peroxidation due to their composition. Lipid peroxide products act as biomarkers in evaluating the antioxidant potential of various plants and functional foods. The study focused on evaluation of the antioxidant potential of two extracts (methanol and 80% methanol) of four medicinal plants, Andrographis paniculata, Costus speciosus, Canthium parviflorum, and Abrus precatorius, against Fenton reaction-mediated oxidation of three biological lipid substrates; cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and brain homogenate. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method. Also, the correlation between the polyphenol, flavonoid content, and the antioxidant activity in biological substrates was analyzed. Results indicated highest antioxidant potential by 80% methanol extract of Canthium parviflorum (97.55%), methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata (72.15%), and methanol extract of Canthium parviflorum (49.55%) in cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and brain, respectively. The polyphenol and flavonoid contents of methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata in cholesterol (r = 0.816) and low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.948) and Costus speciosus in brain (r = 0.977, polyphenols, and r = 0.949, flavonoids) correlated well with the antioxidant activity. The findings prove the antioxidant potential of the selected medicinal plants against Fenton reaction in biological lipid substrates.
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Katengua-Thamahane E, Marnewick JL, Ajuwon OR, Chegou NN, Szűcs G, Ferdinandy P, Csont T, Csonka C, Van Rooyen J. The combination of red palm oil and rooibos show anti-inflammatory effects in rats. J Inflamm (Lond) 2014; 11:41. [PMID: 25598708 PMCID: PMC4297406 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-014-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red palm oil (RPO) and rooibos have been shown to exhibit cardioprotective properties. RPO is rich in essential fatty acids and fat soluble antioxidants while rooibos contains polyphenolic compounds with a unique composition of flavonoids. They exert their biological effects in different cellular compartments. Therefore the combination of these two natural food compounds has the potential to enhance the spectrum of available dietary antioxidants in different cellular compartments, which could result in an enhanced protection against certain pathological conditions such as inflammation. METHODS Male Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were supplemented with RPO, rooibos or their combination for 28 days. The Langendorff system and the lipoposaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model were used to establish if RPO and rooibos, when supplemented alone or in combination, will reverse the negative effects of LPS on cardiac function at baseline. The effect of dietary intervention was also investigated on modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and myocardial tissue. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The LPS resulted in induction of systemic inflammation as evidenced by increased levels of IL-1β in plasma of LPS-treated rats compared to their non-treated control counterparts. Dietary supplementation and LPS treatment did not have an effect on baseline cardiac functional parameters. However, the elevation of IL-1β levels in plasma of LPS-induced rats consuming either RPO or rooibos alone were paralleled with increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. The combination of rooibos and RPO was associated with enhanced endogenous production of myocardial IL-10 in LPS-induced rats. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that RPO and rooibos when supplemented individually showed anti-inflammatory effect at systemic level while their combination exhibited an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect in the myocardial tissue. Therefore, the findings in the current study argue that the combination of these two natural food substances could be beneficial in clinically relevant conditions where inflammation plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Katengua-Thamahane
- />Experimental Antioxidant Research Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville, Western Cape 7535 South Africa
| | - Jeanine L Marnewick
- />Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville, Western Cape 7535 South Africa
| | - Olawale R Ajuwon
- />DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Novel N Chegou
- />DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Dom ter 9, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Dom ter 9, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
- />Pharmahungary Group, Hajnoczy u 6, Szeged, 6722 Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Dom ter 9, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Csaba Csonka
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Dom ter 9, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Jacques Van Rooyen
- />Experimental Antioxidant Research Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville, Western Cape 7535 South Africa
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Muhammad N, Luke DA, Shuid AN, Mohamed N, Soelaiman IN. Tocotrienol supplementation in postmenopausal osteoporosis: evidence from a laboratory study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1338-43. [PMID: 24212841 PMCID: PMC3798611 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(10)08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated bone loss that occurs in postmenopausal women has been linked to oxidative stress and increased free radicals. We propose the use of antioxidants to prevent and reverse postmenopausal osteoporosis. This study aimed to examine the effects of tocotrienol, a vitamin E analog, on bone loss due to estrogen deficiency. Our previous study showed that tocotrienol increased the trabecular bone volume and trabecular number in ovariectomized rats. In the current study, we investigated the effects of tocotrienol supplementation on various biochemical parameters in a postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 32 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. The baseline group was sacrificed at the start of the study, and another group was sham operated. The remaining rats were ovariectomized and either given olive oil as a vehicle or treated with tocotrienol at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. After four weeks of treatment, blood was withdrawn for the measurement of interleukin-1 (IL1) and interleukin-6 (IL6) (bone resorbing cytokines), serum osteocalcin (a bone formation marker) and pyridinoline (a bone resorption marker). RESULTS Tocotrienol supplementation in ovariectomized rats significantly reduced the levels of osteocalcin, IL1 and IL6. However, it did not alter the serum pyridinoline level. CONCLUSION Tocotrienol prevented osteoporotic bone loss by reducing the high bone turnover rate associated with estrogen deficiency. Therefore, tocotrienol has the potential to be used as an anti-osteoporotic agent in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norliza Muhammad
- Universiti Kebangsaan, UKM Medical Faculty Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Pharmacology Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Makpol S, Yeoh TW, Ruslam FAC, Arifin KT, Yusof YAM. Comparative effect of Piper betle, Chlorella vulgaris and tocotrienol-rich fraction on antioxidant enzymes activity in cellular ageing of human diploid fibroblasts. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:210. [PMID: 23948056 PMCID: PMC3847057 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) undergo a limited number of cellular divisions in culture and progressively reach a state of irreversible growth arrest, a process termed cellular ageing. Even though beneficial effects of Piper betle, Chlorella vulgaris and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) have been reported, ongoing studies in relation to ageing is of interest to determine possible protective effects that may reverse the effect of ageing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of P. betle, C. vulgaris and TRF in preventing cellular ageing of HDFs by determining the activity of antioxidant enzymes viz.; catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase. Methods Different passages of HDFs were treated with P. betle, C. vulgaris and TRF for 24 h prior to enzymes activity determination. Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA β-gal) expression was assayed to validate cellular ageing. Results In cellular ageing of HDFs, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were reduced, but SOD activity was heightened during pre-senescence. P. betle exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity by reducing SA β-gal expression, catalase activities in all age groups, and SOD activity. TRF exhibited a strong antioxidant activity by reducing SA β-gal expression, and SOD activity in senescent HDFs. C. vulgaris extract managed to reduce SOD activity in senescent HDFs. Conclusion P. betle, C. vulgaris, and TRF have the potential as anti-ageing entities which compensated the role of antioxidant enzymes in cellular ageing of HDFs.
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Aan GJ, Zainudin MSA, Karim NA, Ngah WZW. Effect of the tocotrienol-rich fraction on the lifespan and oxidative biomarkers in Caenorhabditis elegans under oxidative stress. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:599-604. [PMID: 23778402 PMCID: PMC3654308 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(05)04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to determine the effect of the tocotrienol-rich fraction on the lifespan and oxidative status of C. elegans under oxidative stress. METHOD Lifespan was determined by counting the number of surviving nematodes daily under a dissecting microscope after treatment with hydrogen peroxide and the tocotrienol-rich fraction. The evaluated oxidative markers included lipofuscin, which was measured using a fluorescent microscope, and protein carbonyl and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, which were measured using commercially available kits. RESULTS Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress significantly decreased the mean lifespan of C. elegans, which was restored to that of the control by the tocotrienol-rich fraction when administered before or both before and after the hydrogen peroxide. The accumulation of the age marker lipofuscin, which increased with hydrogen peroxide exposure, was decreased with upon treatment with the tocotrienol-rich fraction (p<0.05). The level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine significantly increased in the hydrogen peroxide-induced group relative to the control. Treatment with the tocotrienol-rich fraction before or after hydrogen peroxide induction also increased the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine relative to the control. However, neither hydrogen peroxide nor the tocotrienol-rich fraction treatment affected the protein carbonyl content of the nematodes. CONCLUSION The tocotrienol-rich fraction restored the lifespan of oxidative stress-induced C. elegans and reduced the accumulation of lipofuscin but did not affect protein damage. In addition, DNA oxidation was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goon Jo Aan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur City Campus, 50300 Kuala Lumpur/Malaysia.
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Physiological effects and tissue distribution from large doses of tocotrienol in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1805-8. [PMID: 22972347 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation to an AIN93G-based diet of tocotrienol (T3) for 13 weeks administered to Fischer 344/slc rats showed a safety profile with no side effects. Dose-dependent T3 levels were detected in many tissues. Under the present experimental conditions, a continuous intake of the T3 concentrate would be safe in the rats as long as the T3 content was less than 0.20% of the dietary intake.
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Effects of Low-Dose versus High-Dose γ-Tocotrienol on the Bone Cells Exposed to the Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:680834. [PMID: 22956976 PMCID: PMC3432387 DOI: 10.1155/2012/680834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis can disrupt the bone formation activity of osteoblasts which can lead to osteoporosis. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of γ-tocotrienol on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities, and apoptosis of osteoblast exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Osteoblasts were treated with 1, 10, and 100 μM of γ-tocotrienol for 24 hours before being exposed to 490 μM (IC50) H2O2 for 2 hours. Results showed that γ-tocotrienol prevented the malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation induced by H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. As for the antioxidant enzymes assays, all doses of γ-tocotrienol were able to prevent the reduction in SOD and CAT activities, but only the dose of 1 μM of GTT was able to prevent the reduction in GPx. As for the apoptosis assays, γ-tocotrienol was able to reduce apoptosis at the dose of 1 and 10 μM. However, the dose of 100 μM of γ-tocotrienol induced an even higher apoptosis than H2O2. In conclusion, low doses of γ-tocotrienol offered protection for osteoblasts against H2O2 toxicity, but itself caused toxicity at the high doses.
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Vasanthi HR, Parameswari RP, Das DK. Multifaceted role of tocotrienols in cardioprotection supports their structure: function relation. GENES & NUTRITION 2012; 7:19-28. [PMID: 21604025 PMCID: PMC3250529 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tocotrienols are a class of vitamin E which modulates several mechanisms associated with cardioprotection, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotection. Unlike other Vitamin E-like compounds, tocotrienols possess inimitable properties. Quite a lot of studies have determined the cardioprotective abilities of tocotrienols and have been shown to possess novel hypocholesterolemic effects together with an ability to reduce the atherogenic apolipoprotein and lipoprotein plasma levels. In addition, tocotrienol has been suggested to have an antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, and anti-tumor effect indicating that tocotrienol may serve as an effective agent in the prevention and/or treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The bioactivity exhibited is due to the structural characteristics of tocotrienols. Rich sources of tocotrienols which include rice bran, palm oil, and other edible oils exhibit protective effect against cardiovascular disorders. The conclusions drawn from the early literature that vitamin E group of compounds provides an inevitable role in cardioprotection is sustained in many more recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Vasanthi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, Puducherry India
| | - R. P. Parameswari
- Herbal and Indian Medicine Research Laboratory, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Dipak K. Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110 USA
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alpha-Tocopherol attenuates the cytotoxic effect of delta-tocotrienol in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:214-9. [PMID: 20493172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that tocotrienol (T3) is superior to tocopherol (Toc) for cancer chemoprevention. However, there is little information on whether Toc influences the anticancer property of T3. In this study, we investigated the influence of Toc on the cytotoxic effects of delta-T3 in DLD-1 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Toc, especially alpha-Toc, attenuated delta-T3-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in DLD-1 cells, whereas Toc alone did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect. delta-T3-induced cell cycle arrest and proapoptotic gene/protein expression (e.g., p21, p27, and caspases) were abrogated by alpha-Toc. Furthermore, coadministration of alpha-Toc decreased delta-T3 uptake into DLD-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that alpha-Toc is not only less cytotoxic to cancer cells, but it also reduces the cytotoxicity of delta-T3 by inhibiting its cellular uptake.
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Budin SB, Othman F, Louis SR, Bakar MA, Das S, Mohamed J. The effects of palm oil tocotrienol-rich fraction supplementation on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and the vascular wall of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:235-44. [PMID: 19330251 PMCID: PMC2666447 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of palm oil tocotrienol-rich fractions on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Animals were divided into three groups: (i) normal non-diabetic (NDM), (ii) diabetic treated (tocotrienol-rich fractions - TRF) and (iii) diabetic untreated (non-TRF). The treatment group received oral administration of tocotrienol-rich fractions (200 mg/kg body weight) daily for eight weeks. The normal non-diabetic and the diabetic untreated groups were fed standard rat feed. Blood glucose and lipid profiles, oxidative stress markers and morphological changes of the thoracic aorta were evaluated. RESULTS Tocotrienol-rich fractions treatment reduced serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin concentrations. The tocotrienol-rich fractions group also showed significantly lower levels of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride, as compared to the untreated group. The tocotrienol-rich fractions group had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as compared to the untreated group. Superoxide dismutase activity and levels of vitamin C in plasma were increased in tocotrienol-rich fractions-treated rats. The levels of plasma and aorta malondealdehyde + 4-hydroxynonenal (MDA + 4-HNE) and oxidative DNA damage were significant following tocotrienol-rich fractions treatment. Electron microscopic examination showed that the normal morphology of the thoracic aorta was disrupted in STZ-diabetic rats. Tocotrienol-rich fractions supplementation resulted in a protective effect on the vessel wall. CONCLUSION These results show that tocotrienol-rich fractions lowers the blood glucose level and improves dyslipidemia. Levels of oxidative stress markers were also reduced by administration of tocotrienol-rich fractions. Vessel wall integrity was maintained due to the positive effects mediated by tocotrienol-rich fractions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/administration & dosage
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/ultrastructure
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Cholesterol/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Dietary Supplements
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Palm Oil
- Plant Oils/administration & dosage
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Streptozocin
- Tocotrienols/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Balkis Budin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan – Malaysia
| | - Faizah Othman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - Malaysia
| | - Santhana Raj Louis
- Division of Electron Microscope, Institute for Medical Research - Malaysia
| | - Mokhtar Abu Bakar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - Malaysia. Tel.: 603 40405645,
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - Malaysia
| | - Jamaludin Mohamed
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan – Malaysia
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Liu D, Shi J, Posada LR, Kakuda Y, Xue SJ. Separating Tocotrienols from Palm Oil by Molecular Distillation. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120802303840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tumor anti-angiogenic effect and mechanism of action of δ-tocotrienol. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:330-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Tocotrienols, a class of vitamin E analogs, modulate several mechanisms associated with the aging process and aging-related diseases. Most studies compare the activities of tocotrienols with those of tocopherols ("classical vitamin E"). However, some biological effects were found to be unique for tocotrienols. Although the absorption mechanisms are essentially the same for all vitamin E analogs, tocotrienols are degraded to a greater extent than tocopherols. The levels of tocotrienols in the plasma of animals and humans were estimated to reach low micromolar concentrations. One hallmark in the origin of disease and aging is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tocotrienols possess excellent antioxidant activity in vitro and have been suggested to suppress ROS production more efficiently than tocopherols. In addition, tocotrienols show promising nonantioxidant activities in various in vitro and in vivo models. Most notable are the interactions of tocotrienols with the mevalonate pathway leading to the lowering of cholesterol levels, the prevention of cell adhesion to endothelial cells, and the suppression of tumor cell growth. Furthermore, glutamate-induced neurotoxicity is suppressed in the presence of tocotrienols. This review summarizes the main antioxidant and nonantioxidant effects of tocotrienols and assesses their potential as health-maintaining compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaffer
- Institute of Pharmacology (ZAFES Member), Biocenter Niederursel, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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