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Bicalho LA, Covas JA, Canevarolo SV. Online optical monitoring of polymer melting in a twin‐screw extruder. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Assumpção Bicalho
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais—PPG‐CEMUniversidade Federal de São Carlos—UFSCar São Carlos Brazil
| | - José António Covas
- Departamento de Engenharia de Polímeros/IPCUniversidade do Minho Guimarães Portugal
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2
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Melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs - An integrated review. Int J Pharm 2017; 535:68-85. [PMID: 29102700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, hot melt extrusion (HME) has emerged as a successful technology for a broad spectrum of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. As indicated by multiple publications and patents, HME is mainly used for the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. This review is focused on the recent reports on the solubility enhancement via HME and provides an update for the manufacturing/scaling up aspects of melt extrusion. In addition, drug characterization methods and dissolution studies are discussed. The application of process analytical technology (PAT) tools and use of HME as a continuous manufacturing process may shorten the drug development process; as a result, the latter is becoming the most widely utilized technique in the pharmaceutical industry. The advantages, disadvantages, and practical applications of various PAT tools such as near and mid-infrared, ultraviolet/visible, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopies are summarized, and the characteristics of other techniques are briefly discussed. Overall, this review also provides an outline for the currently marketed products and analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of HME application in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Hitzer P, Bäuerle T, Drieschner T, Ostertag E, Paulsen K, van Lishaut H, Lorenz G, Rebner K. Process analytical techniques for hot-melt extrusion and their application to amorphous solid dispersions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4321-4333. [PMID: 28343348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are often poorly soluble in water. As a result the bioavailability of the API in the human body is reduced. One approach to overcome this restriction is the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), e.g., by hot-melt extrusion (HME). Thus, the poorly soluble crystalline form of the API is transferred into a more soluble amorphous form. To reach this aim in HME, the APIs are embedded in a polymer matrix. The resulting amorphous solid dispersions may contain small amounts of residual crystallinity and have the tendency to recrystallize. For the controlled release of the API in the final drug product the amount of crystallinity has to be known. This review assesses the available analytical methods that have been recently used for the characterization of ASDs and the quantification of crystalline API content. Well-established techniques like near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy (NIR and MIR, respectively), Raman spectroscopy, and emerging ones like UV/VIS, terahertz, and ultrasonic spectroscopy are considered in detail. Furthermore, their advantages and limitations are discussed with regard to general practical applicability as process analytical technology (PAT) tools in industrial manufacturing. The review focuses on spectroscopic methods which have been proven as most suitable for in-line and on-line process analytics. Further aspects are spectroscopic techniques that have been or could be integrated into an extruder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hitzer
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Faculty Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Tim Bäuerle
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Faculty Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Drieschner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Faculty Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Edwin Ostertag
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Faculty Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Paulsen
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co.KG, Knollstr. 50, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Holger van Lishaut
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co.KG, Knollstr. 50, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Günter Lorenz
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Faculty Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Rebner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Faculty Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstr. 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany.
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Wahl P, Hörl G, Kaiser D, Sacher S, Rupp C, Shlieout G, Breitenbach J, Koscher G, Khinast J. In-line measurement of residence time distribution in melt extrusion via video analysis. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.R. Wahl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH; Graz 8010 Austria
| | - G. Hörl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH; Graz 8010 Austria
| | - D. Kaiser
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH; Graz 8010 Austria
| | - S. Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH; Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Ch. Rupp
- Abbott Laboratory GmbH; Hannover 30173 Germany
| | - G. Shlieout
- Abbott Laboratory GmbH; Hannover 30173 Germany
| | | | - G. Koscher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH; Graz 8010 Austria
| | - J.G. Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH; Graz 8010 Austria
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology; Graz 8010 Austria
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Xu E, Wu Z, Li J, Pan X, Sun Y, Long J, Xu X, Jin Z, Jiao A. Residence Time Distribution for Evaluating Flow Patterns and Mixing Actions of Rice Extruded with Thermostable α-Amylase. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Netchacovitch L, Thiry J, De Bleye C, Chavez PF, Krier F, Sacré PY, Evrard B, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Vibrational spectroscopy and microspectroscopy analyzing qualitatively and quantitatively pharmaceutical hot melt extrudates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:21-33. [PMID: 25704954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the last decade, more and more Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) candidates have poor water solubility inducing low bioavailability. These molecules belong to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) classes II and IV. Thanks to Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME), it is possible to incorporate these candidates in pharmaceutical solid forms. Indeed, HME increases the solubility and the bioavailability of these drugs by encompassing them in a polymeric carrier and by forming solid dispersions. Moreover, in 2004, the FDA's guidance initiative promoted the usefulness of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools when developing a manufacturing process. Indeed, the main objective when developing a new pharmaceutical process is the product quality throughout the production chain. The trend is to follow this parameter in real-time in order to react immediately when there is a bias. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, NIR and Raman, are useful to analyze processes in-line. Moreover, off-line Raman microspectroscopy is more and more used when developing new pharmaceutical processes or when analyzing optimized ones by combining the advantages of Raman spectroscopy and imaging. It is an interesting tool for homogeneity and spatial distribution studies. This review treats about spectroscopic techniques analyzing a HME process, as well off-line as in-line, presenting their advantages and their complementarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Netchacovitch
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - J Thiry
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - C De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - P-F Chavez
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - F Krier
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - P-Y Sacré
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - B Evrard
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Ph Hubert
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - E Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
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Delgado-Nieblas C, Zazueta-Morales J, Gallegos-Infante J, Aguilar-Palazuelos E, Camacho-Hernández I, Ordorica-Falomir C, Pires de Melo M, Carrillo-López A. Elaboration of functional snack foods using raw materials rich in carotenoids and dietary fiber: effects of extrusion processing. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014.915892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Laske S, Witschnigg A, Selvasankar RK, Holzer C. Measuring the residence time distribution in a twin screw extruder with the use of NIR-spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Laske
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Andreas Witschnigg
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ramesh Kumar Selvasankar
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
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RazaviAghjeh MK, Nazockdast H, Assempour H. Determination of the Residence Time Distribution in Twin Screw Extruders via Free Radical Modification of PE. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to introduce an inline method for measuring the residence time distribution (RTD) of twin screw extruders on the basis of information obtained from the melt free radical modification of polyethylene in a modular intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruder. The trend of increasing rate of the extruder total torque resulted from replacing the neat polyethylene feed by a mixture of polyethylene and reactants which are chemically capable of creating chainbranching and/or crosslinking reactions was considered as the main information source for evaluating the RTD of the extruder. The RTD results were compared with those obtained from the tracer pulse input method, and good agreement was found. It was also demonstrated that, the present in-line RTD measuring technique has reliability of following the effect of feeding rate, screw speed and reactant concentration on the RTD of the twin screw extruders. It was found that, increasing the feeding rate results in decreasing the minimum residence time, and results in a narrower RTD. At constant feeding rate increasing the screw speed decreased the minimum residence time and broadened the RTD. The results also showed that, reactant concentration and variation of the viscosity along the screw have not appreciable effect on the twin screw extruders RTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. RazaviAghjeh
- Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Nazockdast
- Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Assempour
- Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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System Parameters and Product Properties Responses During Extrusion of Fura from Millet-Soybean Mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0189-7241(15)30017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fonseca GE, Dubé MA, Penlidis A. A Critical Overview of Sensors for Monitoring Polymerizations. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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In-line colour monitoring during food extrusion: Sensitivity and correlation with product colour. Food Res Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Plunkett A, Ainsworth P. The influence of barrel temperature and screw speed on the retention of l-ascorbic acid in an extruded rice based snack product. J FOOD ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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