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Mousavi-Khatir R, Talebian S, Toosizadeh N, Olyaei GR, Maroufi N. Disturbance of neck proprioception and feed-forward motor control following static neck flexion in healthy young adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 41:160-167. [PMID: 29935422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly complex proprioceptive system provides neuromuscular control of the mobile cervical spine. Static neck flexion can induce the elongation of posterior tissues and altered afferent input from the mechanoreceptors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of prolonged static neck flexion on neck proprioception and anticipatory postural adjustments. Thirty-eight healthy participants (20 females and 18 males) between the ages of 20-35 years with no history of neck, low back, and shoulder pain enrolled in this study. Neck proprioception and anticipatory muscle activity were tested before and after 10-min static neck flexion. For assessment of neck proprioception, each participant was asked to perform 10 trials of the cervicocephalic relocation test to the neutral head position after active neck rotation to the left and right sides. Anticipatory postural adjustments were evaluated during a rapid arm flexion test. Following the flexion, the absolute and variable errors in head repositioning significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results also showed that there was a significant delay in the onset of myoelectric activity of the cervical erector spinae muscles after flexion (p = 0.001). The results of this study suggested that a 10-min static flexion can lead to changes in the neck proprioception and feed-forward control due to mechanical and neuromuscular changes in the viscoelastic cervical spine structures. These changes in sensory-motor control may be a risk factor for neck pain and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mousavi-Khatir
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Saeed Talebian
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences: Pich Shemiran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Toosizadeh
- Arizona Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Gholam Reaza Olyaei
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences: Pich Shemiran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nader Maroufi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Reeves NP, Popovich JM, Vijayanagar V, Pathak PK. Less precise motor control leads to increased agonist-antagonist muscle activation during stick balancing. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:166-174. [PMID: 27010497 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human motor control has constraints in terms of its responsiveness, which limit its ability to successfully perform tasks. In a previous study, it was shown that the ability to balance an upright stick became progressively more challenging as the natural frequency (angular velocity without control) of the stick increased. Furthermore, forearm and trunk agonist and antagonist muscle activation increased as the natural frequency of the stick increased, providing evidence that the central nervous system produces agonist-antagonist muscle activation to match task dynamics. In the present study, visual feedback of the stick position was influenced by changing where subject focused on the stick during stick balancing. It was hypothesized that a lower focal height would degrade motor control (more uncertainty in tracking stick position), thus making balancing more challenging. The probability of successfully balancing the stick at four different focal heights was determined along with the average angular velocity of the stick. Electromyographic signals from forearm and trunk muscles were also recorded. As expected, the probability of successfully balancing the stick decreased and the average angular velocity of the stick increased as subjects focused lower on the stick. In addition, changes in the level of agonist and antagonist muscle activation in the forearm and trunk was linearly related to changes in the angular velocity of the stick during balancing. One possible explanation for this is that the central nervous system increases muscle activation to account for less precise motor control, possibly to improve the responsiveness of human motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Peter Reeves
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - John M Popovich
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vilok Vijayanagar
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Pramod K Pathak
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Boucher JA, Normand MC, Descarreaux M. Trunk isometric force production parameters during erector spinae muscle vibration at different frequencies. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2013; 10:89. [PMID: 23919578 PMCID: PMC3750832 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibration is known to alter proprioceptive afferents and create a tonic vibration reflex. The control of force and its variability are often considered determinants of motor performance and neuromuscular control. However, the effect of vibration on paraspinal muscle control and force production remains to be determined. METHODS Twenty-one healthy adults were asked to perform isometric trunk flexion and extension torque at 60% of their maximal voluntary isometric contraction, under three different vibration conditions: no vibration, vibration frequencies of 30 Hz and 80 Hz. Eighteen isometric contractions were performed under each condition without any feedback. Mechanical vibrations were applied bilaterally over the lumbar erector spinae muscles while participants were in neutral standing position. Time to peak torque (TPT), variable error (VE) as well as constant error (CE) and absolute error (AE) in peak torque were calculated and compared between conditions. RESULTS The main finding suggests that erector spinae muscle vibration significantly decreases the accuracy in a trunk extension isometric force reproduction task. There was no difference between both vibration frequencies with regard to force production parameters. Antagonist muscles do not seem to be directly affected by vibration stimulation when performing a trunk isometric task. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that acute erector spinae muscle vibration interferes with torque generation sequence of the trunk by distorting proprioceptive information in healthy participants.
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Panichaporn W, Hiengkaew V, Thanungkul S, Vachalathiti R, Emasithi A. Postural Stability and Visual Verticality Perception of Neck Disturbance of the Middle-aged during Quiet Standing. J Phys Ther Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wanvisa Panichaporn
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University: 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Vimonwan Hiengkaew
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University: 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sumethee Thanungkul
- Center of Biomedical Instrument Research and Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University
| | - Roongtiwa Vachalathiti
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University: 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Emasithi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University
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Directional postural responses induced by vibrotactile stimulations applied to the torso. Exp Brain Res 2012; 222:471-82. [PMID: 22968737 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that torso-based vibrotactile feedback significantly reduces postural sway in balance-compromised adults during quiet standing and in response to perturbations. This study aimed to determine whether vibrotactile stimulations applied to different torso locations induced directional postural responses and whether torso cutaneous information contributes to body representation. Eleven healthy young adults equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the torso were asked to maintain an upright posture with closed eyes. Six vibrators (tactors) were placed on the torso in contact with the skin over the left and right external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles at the L4/L5 level. Each tactor was randomly activated four times per location at a frequency of 250 Hz for a period of 5 s. The IMU results indicated that vibration applied individually over the internal oblique and erector spinae muscles induced a postural shift of about one degree oriented in the direction of the stimulation, while simultaneous activation of all tactors and activation of tactors over external oblique muscles produced insignificant postural effects. The root mean square of the sway signal was significantly higher during vibration than before or after. However, the center of pressure displacement, measured by a force plate, was uninfluenced by any vibration. These results suggest a multi-joint postural response including a torso inclination associated with vibration-induced changes in cutaneous information. The directional aspect of vibration-induced postural shifts suggests that cutaneous information from the stimulated areas contributes to proprioception and upper body spatial representation.
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Postural control in response to an external perturbation: effect of altered proprioceptive information. Exp Brain Res 2011; 217:197-208. [PMID: 22198575 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of altered proprioception on anticipatory (APAs) and compensatory (CPAs) postural adjustments and their interaction. Nine healthy adults were exposed to external perturbations induced at the shoulder level while standing with intact or altered proprioception induced by bilateral Achilles tendon vibration. Visual information was altered (eyes open or closed) in both the conditions. Electrical activity of eight trunk and leg muscles and center of pressure (COP) displacements were recorded and quantified within the time intervals typical for APAs and CPAs. The results showed that when proprioceptive information was altered in eyes-open conditions, anticipatory muscle activity was delayed. Moreover, altered proprioceptive information resulted in smaller magnitudes of compensatory muscle activity as well as smaller COP displacements after the perturbation in both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. The outcome of the study provides information on the interaction between APAs and CPAs in the presence of altered proprioception.
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Palluel E, Ceyte H, Olivier I, Nougier V. Anticipatory postural adjustments associated with a forward leg raising in children: effects of age, segmental acceleration and sensory context. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:2546-54. [PMID: 18789757 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age, segmental acceleration and sensory context on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in a forward leg raising task. METHODS Three groups of 11 children, aged 8, 10 and 12, and 12 adults, aged 20 to 26, were instructed to perform this movement at maximal (MAXIMAL) and sub-maximal segmental accelerations and in normal (CONTROL), no vision (NV) and perturbed proprioception conditions (VIB). The generation and calibration of APAs were examined through the centre of foot pressure displacements: The onset, duration and amplitude of APAs were particularly explored. The EMG activity of the tibialis anterior (TA(stance)) and gastrocnemius medialis (G(stance)) of the stance leg was also recorded. RESULTS Two phases were clearly identified on the ML axis: A thrust and an unloading phase. Effect of age: At 8 and 10, (1) the unloading duration was shorter, and (2) the onset of APAs on the ML axis appeared later than in 12-year-old children and in adults. Effect of the segmental acceleration: (1) a greater amplitude of the thrust and unloading phases, (2) a shorter unloading duration, and (3) a later onset of ML APAs and of the TA(stance) activity were observed at maximal acceleration in all groups. Effect of the sensory context: No difference was found between the CONTROL and NV conditions. When the proprioceptive feedback was altered, (1) the thrust and unloading durations increased, and (2) the onset of the APAs on the ML axis occurred earlier. CONCLUSION All children exhibited an anticipatory behaviour, but the adults' behaviour was reached at 12 only. Our results also indicated a change in the generation and calibration of APAs in the VIB condition, suggesting that proprioceptive information is essential for both dimensions of the APAs. SIGNIFICANCE The development of the APAs was not related to the segmental acceleration and to the sensory context of the forthcoming movement in children aged 8-12. It is very likely that the participants built up an internal representation of this movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Palluel
- Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG, Equipe " Santé, Plasticité, Motricité", UMR 5525, Université Joseph Fourier-CNRS, Grenoble, 38 706 La Tronche cédex, France.
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Danna-Dos-Santos A, Degani AM, Latash ML. Flexible muscle modes and synergies in challenging whole-body tasks. Exp Brain Res 2008; 189:171-87. [PMID: 18521583 PMCID: PMC2557102 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-008-1413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We used the idea of hierarchical control to study multi-muscle synergies during a whole-body sway task performed by a standing person. Within this view, at the lower level of the hierarchy, muscles are united into groups (M-modes). At the higher level, gains at the M-modes are co-varied by the controller in a task-specific way to ensure low variability of important physical variables. In particular, we hypothesized that (1) the composition of M-modes could adjust and (2) an index of M-mode co-variation would become weaker in more challenging conditions. Subjects were required to perform a whole-body sway at 0.5 Hz paced by a metronome. They performed the task with eyes open and closed, while standing on both feet or on one foot only, with and without vibration applied to the Achilles tendons. Integrated indices of muscle activation were subjected to principal component analysis to identify M-modes. An increase in the task complexity led to an increase in the number of principal components that contained significantly loaded indices of muscle activation from 3 to 5. Hence, in more challenging tasks, the controller manipulated a larger number of variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to define the Jacobian of the system mapping small changes in M-mode gains onto shifts of the center of pressure (COP) in the anterior-posterior direction. Further, the variance in the M-mode space across sway cycles was partitioned into two components, one that did not affect an average across cycles COP coordinate and the other that did (good and bad variance, respectively). Under all conditions, the subjects showed substantially more good variance than bad variance interpreted as a multi-M-mode synergy stabilizing the COP trajectory. An index of the strength of the synergy was comparable across all conditions, and there was no modulation of this index over the sway cycle. Hence, our first hypothesis that the composition of M-modes could adjust under challenging conditions has been confirmed while the second hypothesis stating that the index of M-mode co-variation would become weaker in more challenging conditions has been falsified. We interpret the observations as suggesting that adjustments at the lower level of the hierarchy-in the M-mode composition-allowed the subjects to maintain a comparable level of stabilization of the COP trajectory in more challenging tasks. The findings support the (at least) two-level hierarchical control scheme of whole-body movements.
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Santos MJ, Aruin AS. Role of lateral muscles and body orientation in feedforward postural control. Exp Brain Res 2007; 184:547-59. [PMID: 17912508 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The study investigates the role of lateral muscles and body orientation in anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). Subjects stood in front of an aluminum pendulum and were required to stop it with their right or left hand. An experimenter released the pendulum inducing similar body perturbations in all experimental series. The perturbation directions were manipulated by having the subjects standing on the force platform with different body orientations in relation to the pendulum movements. Consequently, perturbations were induced in sagittal, oblique, and frontal planes. Ground reaction forces and bilateral EMG activity of dorsal, ventral, and lateral trunk and leg muscles were recorded and quantified within the time intervals typical of APAs. Anticipatory postural adjustments were seen in all experimental conditions; their magnitudes depended on the body orientation in relation to the direction of perturbation. When the perturbation was produced in the lateral and oblique planes, APAs in the gluteus medius muscles were greater on the side opposite to the side of perturbation. Conversely, simultaneous anticipatory activation of the external obliques, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae muscles was observed on the side of perturbation when it was induced in the lateral plane. The results of the present study provide additional information on the directional specificity of anticipatory activation of ventral and dorsal muscles. The findings provide new data on the role of lateral muscles in feedforward postural control and stress the importance of taking into consideration their role in the control of upright posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio J Santos
- Department of Physical Therapy (MC 898), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor St (4th floor), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Hodges PW. Changes in postural activity of the trunk muscles following spinal manipulative therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:240-8. [PMID: 17452118 DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) is common in the management of low back pain (LBP) and has been associated with changes in muscle activity, but evidence is conflicting. This study investigated the effect of SMT on trunk muscle activity in postural tasks in people with and without LBP. In 20 subjects (10 with LBP and 10 controls), EMG recordings were made with fine-wire electrodes inserted into transversus (TrA), obliquus internus (OI), and externus (OE) abdominis. Rectus abdominis (RA) and anterior deltoid EMG was recorded with surface electrodes. Standing subjects rapidly flexed an arm in response to a light, before and after a small amplitude end range rotational lumbar mobilization at L4-5. In controls, there was no change in trunk muscle EMG during the postural perturbation after SMT. In LBP subjects there was an increase in the postural response of OI and an overall increase in OE EMG. There was no change in TrA or RA EMG. These results indicate that SMT changes the functional activity of trunk muscles in people with LBP, but has no effect on control subjects. Importantly, SMT increased the activity of the oblique abdominal muscles with no change in the deep trunk muscle TrA, which is often the target of exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela L Ferreira
- Division of Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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De Nunzio AM, Nardone A, Schieppati M. Head stabilization on a continuously oscillating platform: the effect of a proprioceptive disturbance on the balancing strategy. Exp Brain Res 2005; 165:261-72. [PMID: 15856203 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-2297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When standing and balancing on a continuously and predictably moving platform, body equilibrium relies on both anticipatory control and proprioceptive feedback. We have vibrated different postural muscles of the body to assess any effect of confounding the proprioceptive input on balance during such unstable conditions. Low and high platform oscillation frequencies were used, because different strategies are used to withstand the two perturbations. Eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) conditions were also tested, to assess whether the stabilizing effect of vision is independent from the proprioceptive disturbance. Subjects (n = 14) performed two series of trials, EO and EC: (1) quiet erect stance, (2) stance on the platform translating at 0.2 or 0.6 Hz sinusoidally in the anteroposterior (A-P) direction (dynamic conditions). Continuous bilateral vibration (90 Hz) was produced by two vibrators fixed to the following homonymous muscles: dorsal neck, quadriceps, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and triceps surae. Acquisition of body segments' displacement began 10 s after the start of platform translation. From markers fixed to head, hip, and malleolus, we computed the A-P oscillation of head and hip, body orientation in space, and cross-correlation (CC) and time-delay between malleolus and head trajectories. The results were (a) the head A-P oscillation was smaller with EO than EC, under both quiet stance and dynamic conditions; (b) vibration of tibialis and triceps surae, but not of other muscles, slightly increased head and body A-P oscillation with EC under dynamic conditions; (c) at 0.2 Hz but not at 0.6 Hz, for all visual and vibration conditions, there was a significant association between head and feet; (d) at 0.2 Hz, EC, neck muscle vibration increased this association, whereas vibration of the other muscles induced a major time delay in the oscillation of head compared with feet; (e) vibration of either neck or tibialis induced forward body leaning, while vibration of either triceps surae or biceps femoris induced backward leaning, with both EO and EC, under both static and dynamic conditions; (f) the head A-P oscillation, however, under dynamic conditions was not dependent on body leaning. The relatively scarce effects of proprioceptive disturbance on head stabilization and multijoint coordination (in spite of effects on body orientation similar to those observed during stance) speak for a major role of anticipatory control in the dynamic equilibrium task. However, the significant vibration-induced time delay in segments' coordination at low translation frequency, EC, suggests that the normally patterned Ia input promotes continuous adjustments of the feed-forward control mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro M De Nunzio
- Posture and Movement Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (IRCCS), Scientific Institute of Veruno, 28010 Veruno (Novara), Italy
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Slijper H, Latash ML. The effects of muscle vibration on anticipatory postural adjustments. Brain Res 2004; 1015:57-72. [PMID: 15223367 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the influence of changes in sensory information related to postural stability on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in standing subjects. Subjects performed fast arm movements and a load release task while standing on a stable force platform or on an unstable board. We manipulated sensory information through vibration of the Achilles tendons and additional finger touch (contact forces under 1 N). Changes in the background activity of leg, trunk, and arm muscles and displacements of the center of pressure (COP) were quantified within time intervals typical for APAs. In the arm movement task, leg and trunk muscles showed a significant drop in the APAs with finger touch, while the vibration and standing on the unstable board each led to an increase in the APA magnitude. In the load release task, ventral muscles decreased their APA activity with touch, while dorsal muscles showed increased inhibition during APAs. During vibration, dorsal and ventral muscles showed increased excitation and inhibition during APAs, respectively. An additional analysis of APAs at a joint level, has shown that in both tasks, an index related to the co-activation of agonist-antagonist muscle pairs (C-index) was modulated with touch, vibration, and stability particularly in leg muscles. Small changes in the other index related to reciprocal activation (R-index) were found only in trunk muscles. Light touch and vibration induced opposing changes in the C-index, suggesting their opposite effects on the stabilization of a reference point or vertical. We conclude that the central nervous system deploys patterns of adjustments in which increased co-contraction of distal muscles and reciprocal adjustments in trunk muscles are modified to ensure equilibrium under postural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Slijper
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Fujiwara K, Maeda K, Toyama H. Influences of illusionary position perception on anticipatory postural control associated with arm flexion. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2003; 13:509-17. [PMID: 14573366 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-6411(03)00083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of illusionary perception on anticipatory postural control associated with arm flexion with subjects in a standing position, using vibration stimulation of the Achilles' tendon. Arm flexion was performed five times under each of the following conditions: (1) quiet standing, (2) vibration of the Achilles' tendon at 100 Hz frequency and 1.5 mm amplitude with the trunk fixed by a stopper during quiet standing, and (3) a perceived standing position during vibration. The reproduced positions were located forward by about 20% of the foot length compared with the quiet standing position; these positions showed no significant differences among the five trials. In the first trial of arm flexion during vibration, the biceps femoris began activating approximately 40 ms before the anterior deltoid. The same time difference between activation of the two muscles was observed in the reproduced condition. As the vibration trials were repeated, this activation timing approached the value in the quiet standing condition. In both the biceps femoris and erector spinae, the mean amplitude of electromyogram for the first 50 ms after the start of activation did not differ significantly among the three conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuo Fujiwara
- Department of Human Movement and Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
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