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Skandalis A, Selianitis D, Pispas S. PnBA-b-PNIPAM-b-PDMAEA Thermo-Responsive Triblock Terpolymers and Their Quaternized Analogs as Gene and Drug Delivery Vectors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2361. [PMID: 34301119 PMCID: PMC8309626 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the ability of thermo-responsive poly [butyl acrylate-b-N-isopropylacrylamide-b-2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate] (PnBA-b-PNIPAM-b-PDMAEA) triblock terpolymer self-assemblies, as well as of their quaternized analogs (PnBA-b-PNIPAM-b-QPDMAEA), to form polyplexes with DNA through electrostatic interactions was examined. Terpolymer/DNA polyplexes were prepared in three different amine over phosphate group ratios (N/P), and linear DNA with a 2000 base pair length was used. In aqueous solutions, the terpolymers formed aggregates of micelles with mixed PNIPAM/(Q)PDMAEA coronas and PnBA cores. The PnBA-b-PNIPAM-b-PDMAEA terpolymers' micellar aggregates were also examined as carriers for the model hydrophobic drug curcumin (CUR). The complexation ability of the terpolymer with DNA was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy by investigating ethidium bromide quenching. Fluorescence was also used for the determination of the intrinsic fluorescence of the CUR-loaded micellar aggregates. The structural characteristics of the polyplexes and the CUR-loaded aggregates were investigated by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering techniques. Polyplexes were found to structurally respond to changes in solution temperature and ionic strength, while the intrinsic fluorescence of encapsulated CUR was increased at temperatures above ambient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (D.S.)
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Borreguero AM, Muñoz M, De Haro JC, Carmona M, Rodríguez JF. Zidovudine insertion in tailor-made propylene and ethylene oxide copolymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang M, Wu B, Lu P, Tucker JD, Milazi S, Shah SN, Lu QL. Pluronic-PEI copolymers enhance exon-skipping of 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in cell culture and dystrophic mdx mice. Gene Ther 2013; 21:52-9. [PMID: 24131982 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of small-size polyethylenimine (PEI)-conjugated pluronic polycarbamates (PCMs) have been investigated for the ability to modulate the delivery of 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate RNA (2'-OMePS) in vitro and in dystrophic mdx mice. The PCMs retain strong binding capacity to negatively charged oligomer as demonstrated by agarose gel retardation assay, with the formation of condensed polymer/oligomer complexes at a wide-range weight ratio from 1:1 to 20:1. The condensed polymer/oligomer complexes form 100-300 nm nanoparticles. Exon-skipping effect of 2'-OMePS was dramatically enhanced with the use of the most effective PCMs in comparison with 2'-OMePS alone in both cell culture and in vivo, respectively. More importantly, the effective PCMs, especially those composed of moderate size (2k-5kDa) and intermediate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (7-23) of pluronics, enhanced exon-skipping of 2'-OMePS with low toxicity as compared with Lipofectamine-2000 in vitro or PEI 25k in vivo. The variability of individual PCM for delivery of antisense oligomer and plasmid DNA indicate the complexity of interaction between polymer and their cargos. Our data demonstrate the potential of PCMs to mediate delivery of modified antisense oligonucleotides to the muscle for treating muscular dystrophy or other appropriate myodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- Department of Neurology, McColl Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - B Wu
- Department of Neurology, McColl Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - P Lu
- Department of Neurology, McColl Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - J D Tucker
- 1] Department of Neurology, McColl Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA [2] Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - S Milazi
- Department of Neurology, McColl Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - S N Shah
- Department of Neurology, McColl Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Q L Lu
- Department of Neurology, McColl Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Du Z, Chen M, He Q, Zhou Y, Jin T. Polymerized spermine as a novel polycationic nucleic acid carrier system. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:437-43. [PMID: 22683452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spermine, an endogenous amino-group bearing monomer that condenses DNA in sperm, was used as the basic building block to form polycationic nucleic acid carriers via condensation with one of three linker molecules - bischloroformate, succinyl chloride, and glyoxal. The three cationic polymers, polyspermine carbamate (PSP-Carb), polyspermine amide (PSP-Amide) and polyspermine imine (PSP-Imine) were examined for their degradability, cytotoxicity, ability to condense nucleic acids to nanoparticles, and ability to transfect genes or siRNA to cells. PSP-Carb and PSP-Amide exhibited a half-life of more than 2 months when incubated in aqueous buffers at 37°C, while the half-life of PSP-Imine was 11h. Relative cytotoxicity of the polymers, as measured by COS-7 and HepG2 cell viability, was in the order of PSP-Carb>PSP-Amide>PSP-Imine. Each cationic polymer condensed the luciferase plasmid to nanoparticles of 150-200 nm diameters and with a zeta potential of +15-30 mV when the mass ratio of polymer-to-DNA was over 8/1. The three polycationic carriers showed similar luciferase transfection activity in COS-7 cells, while the transfection efficiency of PSP-Carb was significantly higher than that of the other two in HepG2 cells. PSP-Amide exhibited significantly higher gene silencing activity in COS-7 cells, suggesting the linkage structures play an important role in the activity of the polyspermine-based nucleic acid carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiu Du
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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5
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Wang M, Tucker JD, Lu P, Wu B, Cloer C, Lu Q. Tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate cross-linked low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine as gene delivery carriers in cell culture and dystrophic mdx mice. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:837-45. [PMID: 22443086 DOI: 10.1021/bc200674e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched poly(ester amine)s (PEAs) were successfully synthesized by Michael addition reaction between tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate (TAEI) and low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (LPEI, M(w) 0.8k, 1.2k, and 2.0k) and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as gene carriers. PEAs effectively condensed plasmid DNA with particle sizes below 200 nm and surface charges between 11.5 and 33.5 mV under tested doses [at the ratios 2-10:1 of polymer/pDNA(w/w)]. The PEAs showed significantly lower cytotoxicities when compared with PEI 25k in two different cell lines. The PEAs (C series) composed of PEI 2k showed higher transgene expression compared to PEAs of PEI 0.8k (A series) or 1.2k (B series). Highest gene transfection efficiency in CHO, C2C12 myoblast, and human skeletal muscle (HSK) cell lines was obtained with TAEI/PEI-2K (C12) at a ratio of 1:2. Both C12, C14(TAEI/PEI-2K at a ratio of 1:4) demonstrated 5-8-fold higher gene expression as compared with PEI 25k in mdx mice in vivo through intramuscular administration. No obvious muscle damage was observed with these new polymers. Higher transfection efficiency and lower toxicity indicate the potential of the biodegradable PEAs as safe and efficient transgene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- Department of Neurology, McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28231, USA.
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Wang M, Lu P, Wu B, Tucker JD, Cloer C, Lu Q. High efficiency and low toxicity of polyethyleneimine modified Pluronics (PEI–Pluronic) as gene delivery carriers in cell culture and dystrophic mdx mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15625c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bisethylnorspermine lipopolyamine as potential delivery vector for combination drug/gene anticancer therapies. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1927-38. [PMID: 20577786 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To design novel synthetic gene delivery system in which the carrier molecule functions dually as a carrier and a cytotoxic agent targeting dysregulated polyamine metabolism in cancer. METHODS Bisethylnorspermine (BENSpm) lipopolyamine was synthesized and its toxicity evaluated by MTS assay in MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells. Transfection activity was determined using luciferase plasmid DNA. RESULTS Asymmetrical lipid analogue of polyamine anticancer drug BENSpm was synthesized using nucleophilic ring opening of azetidinium ion. The synthesized LipoBENSpm showed cytotoxicity comparable to that of parent BENSpm in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 but mediated 3-4 orders magnitude higher transfection activity. Importantly, cytostatic activity of BENSpm, typically in a low muM range, falls within a relevant and typical concentration range required for efficient gene delivery. CONCLUSIONS These findings make gene delivery vectors based on BENSpm promising candidates for combination drug/gene approaches to the treatment of cancer.
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Millili PG, Yin DH, Fan H, Naik UP, Sullivan MO. Formulation of a peptide nucleic acid based nucleic acid delivery construct. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:445-55. [PMID: 20131756 DOI: 10.1021/bc900328j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery biomaterials need to be designed to efficiently achieve nuclear delivery of plasmid DNA. Polycations have been used to package DNA and other nucleic acids within submicrometer-sized particles, offering protection from shear-induced or enzymatic degradation. However, cytotoxicity issues coupled with limited in vivo transfection efficiencies minimize the effectiveness of this approach. In an effort to improve upon existing technologies aimed at delivering nucleic acids, an alternative approach to DNA packaging was explored. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) were used to directly functionalize DNA with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains that provide a steric layer and inhibit multimolecular aggregation during complexation. DNA prePEGylation by this strategy was predicted to enable the formation of more homogeneous and efficiently packaged polyplexes. In this work, DNA-PNA-peptide-PEG (DP3) conjugates were synthesized and self-assembled with 25 kDa poly(ethylenimine) (PEI). Complexes with small standard deviations and average diameters ranging 30-50 nm were created, with minimal dependence of complex size on N/P ratio (PEI amines to DNA phosphates). Furthermore, PEI-DNA interactions were altered by the derivatization strategy, resulting in tighter compaction of the PEI-DP3 complexes in comparison to PEI-DNA complexes. Transfection experiments in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells revealed comparable transfection efficiencies but reduced cytotoxicities of the PEI-DP3 complexes relative to PEI-DNA complexes. The enhanced cellular activities of the PEI-DP3 complexes were maintained following the removal of free PEI from the PEI-DP3 formulations, whereas the cellular activity of the conventional PEI-DNA formulations was reduced by free PEI removal. These findings suggest that DNA prePEGylation by the PNA-based strategy might provide a way to circumvent cytotoxicity and formulation issues related to the use of PEI for in vivo gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Millili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, and Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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Bałczewski P, Żurawiński R, Mikina M, Dudziński B. Synthesis of polyamino nitriles, en route to acylpolyamine neurotoxins, via the regioselective michael cyanoethylation of unprotected polyamines. Unusual behaviour of 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Kramer RA, Bröhmer MC, Forkel NV, Bannwarth W. A New Robust and Versatile Tetradentate Linker for Amides To be Cleaved under Mild Conditions by Unusual Complexation of the Amide Nitrogen to Cu++. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Trachsel A, de Saint Laumer JY, Haefliger O, Herrmann A. Parameters Influencing the Release of Tertiary Alcohols from the Surface of “Spherical” Dendrimers and “Linear” Stylomers by Neighbouring-Group-Assisted Hydrolysis of 2-Carbamoylbenzoates. Chemistry 2009; 15:2846-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Yamashita A, Kanda D, Katoono R, Yui N, Ooya T, Maruyama A, Akita H, Kogure K, Harashima H. Supramolecular control of polyplex dissociation and cell transfection: Efficacy of amino groups and threading cyclodextrins in biocleavable polyrotaxanes. J Control Release 2008; 131:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Levine M, Kenesky CS, Zheng S, Quinn J, Breslow R. Synthesis and catalytic properties of diverse chiral polyamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2008; 49:5746-5750. [PMID: 19794811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral polyamines can be utilized for a variety of potential applications, ranging from asymmetric catalysis to nonviral gene delivery systems for DNA and RNA. They can also be utilized to solubilize carbon nanotubes. Thus, methods for the straightforward synthesis of chiral polyamines are needed. We present herein two synthetic strategies for accessing chiral polyamines. The potential of these chiral amines to catalyze two organic reactions with a high degree of chiral induction was also explored.Text: Chiral polyamines have been utilized for a variety of applications. First, polyamines are polycationic at neutral pH; as such, they interact strongly with both DNA and RNA.1 They can therefore be utilized as effective nonviral gene delivery agents.2 Second, chiral polyamines are efficient catalysts for various organic transformations.3 Polyamines have also been used to solubilize carbon nanotubes.4 Finally, chiral polyamines are excellent ligands for many transition metals.5 Due to their numerous applications, high-yielding synthetic strategies for their preparation are in great demand. We present herein two synthetic strategies for accessing chiral polyamines, and the potential of these chiral amines to catalyze two organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Levine
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, New York 10027, USA
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Cinelli MA, Morrell A, Dexheimer TS, Scher ES, Pommier Y, Cushman M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 14-substituted aromathecins as topoisomerase I inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4609-19. [PMID: 18630891 DOI: 10.1021/jm800259e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aromathecin or "rosettacin" class of topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitors is effectively a "composite" of the natural products camptothecin and luotonin A and the synthetic indenoisoquinolines. The aromathecins have aroused considerable interest following the isolation and total synthesis of 22-hydroxyacuminatine, a rare cytotoxic natural product containing the 12 H-5,11a-diazadibenzo[ b, h]fluoren-11-one system. We have developed two novel syntheses of this system and prepared a series of 14-substituted aromathecins as novel antiproliferative topoisomerase I poisons. These inhibitors are proposed to act via an intercalation and "poisoning" mechanism identical to camptothecin and the indenoisoquinolines. Many of these compounds possess greater antiproliferative activity and anti-top1 activity than the parent unsubstituted compound (rosettacin) and previously synthesized aromathecins, as well as greater top1 inhibitory activity than 22-hydroxyacuminatine. In addition to potentially aiding solubility and localization to the DNA-enzyme complex, nitrogenous substituents located at the 14-position of the aromathecin system have been proposed to project into the major groove of the top1-DNA complex and hydrogen-bond to major-groove amino acids, thereby stabilizing the ternary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue CancerCenter, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Chen GS, Bhagwat BV, Liao PY, Chen HT, Lin SB, Chern JW. Specific stabilization of DNA triple helices by indolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6,12-dione derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1769-72. [PMID: 17239588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of indolo[2,1-b]quinazolinone containing aminoalkylamino side chains were synthesized as specific DNA triplex stabilizing agents. The aminoalkylamino side chains are essential for triplex stabilization. The position-8 fluorine atom or a methyl group to the nitrogen adjacent to the planar core can enhance triplex stability by 6 degrees C and the effect is additive. Conformational analysis reveals that the orientation of the side chain underlies the ability of this compound to stabilize a DNA triplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Shiahuy Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Sha-Lu 43301, Taiwan, ROC
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Ilies MA, Seitz WA, Johnson BH, Ezell EL, Miller AL, Thompson EB, Balaban AT. Lipophilic Pyrylium Salts in the Synthesis of Efficient Pyridinium-Based Cationic Lipids, Gemini Surfactants, and Lipophilic Oligomers for Gene Delivery. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3872-87. [PMID: 16789743 DOI: 10.1021/jm0601755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several new classes of pyridinium cationic lipids were synthesized and tested as gene delivery agents. They were obtained through a procedure that generates simultaneously the heterocyclic ring and the positively charged nitrogen atom, using lipophilic pyrylium salts as key intermediates that react with primary amines, yielding pyridinium salts. The choice of the appropriately substituted primary amine, diamine or polyamine, allows the design of the shape of the final lipids, gemini surfactants, or lipophilic polycations. We report also a comprehensive structure-activity relationship study that identified the most efficient structural variables at the levels of the hydrophobic anchor, linker, and counterion for these classes of pyridinium cationic lipids. This study was also aimed at finding the best liposomal formulation for the new transfection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Antoniu Ilies
- Texas A & M University at Galveston, MARS, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551, USA
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Nagarajan M, Xiao X, Antony S, Kohlhagen G, Pommier Y, Cushman M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors featuring polyamine side chains on the lactam nitrogen. J Med Chem 2004; 46:5712-24. [PMID: 14667224 DOI: 10.1021/jm030313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The indenoisoquinolines are a class of noncamptothecin topoisomerase I inhibitors that display significant cytotoxicity in human cancer cell cultures. They offer a number of potential advantages over the camptothecins, including greater chemical stability, formation of more persistent cleavage complexes, and induction of a unique pattern of DNA cleavage sites. Molecular modeling has suggested that substituents on the indenoisoquinoline lactam nitrogen would protrude out of the DNA duplex in the ternary cleavage complex through the major groove. This indicates that relatively large substituents in that location would be tolerated without compromising biological activity. As a strategy for increasing the potencies and potential therapeutic usefulness of the indenoisoquinolines, a series of compounds was synthesized containing polyamine side chains on the lactam nitrogen. The rationale for the synthesis of these compounds was that the positively charged ammonium cations would increase DNA affinity through electrostatic binding to the negatively charged DNA backbone, and the polyamines might also facilitate cellular uptake by utilization of polyamine transporters. The key step in the synthesis involved the condensation of Schiff bases, containing protected amine side chains, with substituted homophthalic anhydrides, to afford cis-3-aryl-4-carboxy-1-isoquinolones. These isoquinolones were then converted to indenoisoquinolines with thionyl chloride. Although monoamines were much more potent than the lead compound, no significant increase in potency was observed through incorporation of additional amino groups in the side chain. However, one of the monoamine analogues, which features a bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino group in the side chain, proved to be one of the most cytotoxic indenoisoquinoline synthesized to date, with a GI50 mean-graph midpoint (MGM) of 0.07 microM in the NIH human cancer cell culture screen, and topoisomerase I inhibitory activity comparable to that of camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukaman Nagarajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Li Y, Zhang R, Chen H, Zhang J, Suzuki R, Ohdaira T, Feldstein MM, Jean YC. Depth Profile of Free Volume in a Mixture and Copolymers of Poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone) and Poly(ethylene glycol) Studied by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1856-64. [PMID: 14606919 DOI: 10.1021/bm034292i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effect of hydrogen bonding on the depth profile of the free-volume in a mixture (weight ratio of 65:35) of poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and the copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PVP-PEGDA) and monomethacrylate (PVP-PEGMMA) was studied using positron annihilation spectroscopy. Doppler broadening energy spectra of annihilation radiation and positron annihilation lifetime were measured as a function of positron incident energy (0-30 keV). Significant variations of the free-volume depth profile in terms of the S parameter, ortho-positronium lifetime, intensity, and lifetime distribution are observed as a result of the hydrogen-bonding replacement of covalent bonds. The polymer mixture with hydrogen bonding through two sides of PEG short chains has a larger free volume and a wider distribution than the comb-structured PVP-PEGMMA and the network structured PVP-PEGDA. A longer ortho-positronium lifetime is observed near the surface than in the bulk. This is interpreted in terms of surface effect, free volume, and hydrogen bonding for drug delivery applications of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Dubruel P, De Strycker J, Westbroek P, Bracke K, Temmerman E, Vandervoort J, Ludwig A, Schacht E. Synthetic polyamines as vectors for gene delivery. POLYM INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Jayaraman
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Charles M. Roth
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Formation of hybrid polymethylene–poly(oxyethylene) macrocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Vassis S, Karigiannis G, Balayiannis G, Militsopoulou M, Mamos P, Francis GW, Papaioannou D. Simple syntheses of N-alkylated spermidine fragments and analogues of the spermine alkaloid kukoamine A. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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