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Van Poucke C, Verdegem E, Mangelinckx S, Stevens CV. Synthesis and unambiguous NMR characterization of linear and branched N-alkyl chitosan derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122131. [PMID: 38710547 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan, sourced from abundant chitin-rich waste streams, emerges as a promising candidate in the realm of future functional materials and chemicals. While showing numerous advantageous properties, chitosan sometimes falls short of competing with today's non-renewable alternatives. Chemical derivatization, particularly through N-alkylation, proves promising in enhancing hydrophobic functionalities. This study synthesizes fifteen chitosan derivatives (degree of substitution = 2-10 %) using an improved reductive amination method. Next, selective depolymerization through acid hydrolysis reduced the chain rigidity imposed by the polymer backbone. This facilitated unambiguous structural characterization of the synthesized compounds using a combination of common NMR techniques. Two potential side reactions are identified for the first time, emphasizing the need for detailed structural information to unlock the true potential of these derivatives in future applications. HYPOTHESIS: The increase in chain mobility induced by the selective depolymerization of aliphatic N-alkyl chitosan derivatives allows for an unambiguous NMR characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Van Poucke
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evert Verdegem
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Garreau C, Gablin C, Léonard D, Delair T, Sudre G, Trombotto S. Regiospecific Grafting of Chitosan Oligomers Brushes onto Silicon Wafers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148013. [PMID: 35887359 PMCID: PMC9322837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of surfaces using chitosan oligomers is of great interest for a wide range of applications in biomaterial and biomedical fields, as chitosan oligomers can provide various functional properties including biocompatibility, wetting, adhesion, and antibacterial activity. In this study, an innovative process for the regiospecific chemical grafting of reducing-end-modified chitosan oligomers brushes onto silicon wafers is described. Chitosan oligomers (COS) with well-defined structural parameters (average DP ~19 and DA ~0%) and bearing a 2,5-anhydro-d-mannofuranose (amf) unit at the reducing end were obtained via nitrous acid depolymerization of chitosan. After a silanization step where silicon wafers were modified with aromatic amine derivatives, grafting conditions were studied to optimize the reductive amination between aldehydes of amf-terminated COS and aromatic amines of silicon wafers. Functionalized surfaces were fully characterized by AFM, ATR-FTIR, ellipsometry, contact angle measurement, and ToF-SIMS techniques. Smooth surfaces were obtained with a COS layer about 3 nm thick and contact angle values between 72° and 76°. Furthermore, it was shown that the addition of the reducing agent NaBH3CN could positively improve the COS grafting density and/or led to a better stability of the covalent grafting to hydrolysis. Finally, this study also showed that this grafting process is also efficient for chitosan oligomers of higher DA (i.e., ~21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Garreau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Corinne Gablin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Didier Léonard
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Thierry Delair
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Guillaume Sudre
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Trombotto
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang B, Wang L, Qu Y, Lu J, Xia W. Chitosan oligosaccharides exert neuroprotective effects via modulating the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway in a Parkinsonian model. Food Funct 2022; 13:5838-5853. [PMID: 35545086 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is a threat to patients due to the inability to prevent or decelerate disease progression. Currently, most clinical drugs for the treatment of PD are synthetic drugs that always present undesirable adverse or toxic effects. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is a natural oligosaccharide that has been considered relatively safe and studied in the therapeutic effects on different types of neuronal disorders. In this study, we separated four COS monomers (COSs) including chitobiose (COS2), chitotriose (COS3), chitotetraose (COS4) and chitopentaose (COS5) to explore their structure-activity relationship in PD mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Techniques including TLC, HPLC, MS, and NMR were applied to investigate the purity and structure of the COSs. After the oral administration of COSs, behavior indexes, pathological indexes, cytokines, and expression of proteins in the nigrostriatal pathway of the mice were analyzed. The results showed that the four COSs were fully deacetylated and the purity was >90%. Additionally, the neurobehavioral deficits of the PD mice were improved by treatment with COSs. The results further proved that COSs could protect the TH-labelled dopaminergic neurons via reducing the overexpression of α-synuclein, alleviating neuroinflammation, and activating the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway to reduce apoptosis. COS3 exhibited a better effect on protecting dopaminergic neurons; however, COS2 provided a better effect on reducing the overexpression of α-synuclein. To conclude, the neuroprotective activity makes COSs a viable candidate as an ingredient for healthcare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yufei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Jingyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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4
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Amphiphilic chitosan-polyaminoxyls loaded with daunorubicin: Synthesis, antioxidant activity, and drug delivery capacity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:965-979. [PMID: 34751143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The binding of aminoxyls to polymers extends their potential use as antioxidants and EPR-reporting groups and opens up new horizons for tailoring new smart materials. In this work, we synthesized and characterized non-sulfated and N-sulfated water-soluble amphiphilic chitosans with a critical micelle concentration of 0.02-0.05 mg/mL that contain 13-18% of aminoglycosides bound with various aminoxyls. Chitosan-polyaminoxyls (CPAs) formed micelles with hydrodynamic radii Rh of ca. 100 nm. The EPR spectra of CPAs were found to depend on the rigidity of the aminoxyl-polymer bond and structural changes caused by sulfation. CPAs demonstrated antioxidant capacity/activity in three tests against reactive oxygen species (ROS) of various nature. The charge of micelles and structure of aminoxyls significantly affected their antioxidant properties. CPAs were low toxic against tumor (HepG2, HeLa, A-172) and non-cancerous (Vero) cells (IC50 > 0.8 mM of aminoglycosides). Sulfated CPAs showed better water solubility and the ability of binding and retaining the anti-tumor antibiotic daunorubicin (DAU). DAU-loaded micelles of CPAs (CPAs-DAU) demonstrated a 1.5-4-fold potentiation of DAU cytotoxicity against several cell lines. CPAs-DAU micelles were found to affect the cell cycle in a manner markedly different from that of free DAU. Our results demonstrated the ability of CPAs to act as bioactive drug delivery vehicles.
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5
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Basa S, Nampally M, Honorato T, Das SN, Podile AR, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM. The Pattern of Acetylation Defines the Priming Activity of Chitosan Tetramers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1975-1986. [PMID: 31895979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of chitosans depends on their degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of acetylation (DA). However, information could also be carried by the pattern of acetylation (PA): the sequence of β-1,4-linked glucosamine (deacetylated/D) and N-acetylglucosamine (acetylated/A) units. To address this hypothesis, we prepared partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides from a chitosan polymer (DA = 35%, DPw = 905) using recombinant chitosan hydrolases with distinct substrate and cleavage specificities. The mixtures were separated into fractions DP4-DP12, which were tested for elicitor and priming activities in rice cells. We confirmed that both activities were influenced by DP, but also observed apparent DA-dependent priming activity, with the ADDD+DADD fraction proving remarkably effective. We then compared all four monoacetylated tetramers prepared using different chitin deacetylases and observed significant differences in priming activity. This demonstrates for the first time that PA influences the biological activity of chitosans, which can now be recognized as bona fide information-carrying molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Basa
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Malathi Nampally
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Talita Honorato
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Subha N Das
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany.,University of Hyderabad , Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Hyderabad , India
| | - Appa R Podile
- University of Hyderabad , Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Hyderabad , India
| | - Nour E El Gueddari
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
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6
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Li K, Green AR, Dinges MM, Larive CK. 1H NMR characterization of chitin tetrasaccharide in binary H 2O:DMSO solution: Evidence for anomeric end-effect propagation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:744-749. [PMID: 30771389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides, composed of homogeneous β(1 → 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) sequences, is a well-known elicitor of plant immune defense, and also occur as structural elements of chitosan and nodulation (Nod) factor. Detailed microstructure characterization is required for understanding the function mode of these bioactive molecules. Herein, experimental conditions for detection and elucidation of the 1H NMR resonances of amide groups in chitin oligosaccharides are presented. The binary mixture of 70% H2O: 30% DMSO‑d6 was found to be the optimal solvent for amide proton measurements in homogeneous GlcNAc sequences, facilitating differentiation of the local chemical microenvironments of all four amide groups of the chitin tetrasaccharide. Experimental evidence that anomeric end-effect triggers amide proton resonance differentiation at the adjacent residue has potential to provide important insights into the solution structure of chitin and other amino sugars containing GlcNAc sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Meredith M Dinges
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Cynthia K Larive
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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7
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Ahmad M, Manzoor K, Singh S, Ikram S. Chitosan centered bionanocomposites for medical specialty and curative applications: A review. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:200-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Fong D, Grégoire-Gélinas P, Cheng AP, Mezheritsky T, Lavertu M, Sato S, Hoemann CD. Lysosomal rupture induced by structurally distinct chitosans either promotes a type 1 IFN response or activates the inflammasome in macrophages. Biomaterials 2017; 129:127-138. [PMID: 28340358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a family of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine polysaccharides with poorly understood immune modulating properties. Here, functional U937 macrophage responses were analyzed in response to a novel library of twenty chitosans with controlled degree of deacetylation (DDA, 60-98%), molecular weight (1 to >100 kDa), and acetylation pattern (block vs. random). Specific chitosan preparations (10 or 190 kDa 80% block DDA and 3, 5, or 10 kDa 98% DDA) either induced macrophages to release CXCL10 and IL-1ra at 5-50 μg/mL, or activated the inflammasome to release IL-1β and PGE2 at 50-150 μg/mL. Chitosan induction of these factors required lysosomal acidification. CXCL10 production was preceded by lysosomal rupture as shown by time-dependent co-localization of galectin-3 and chitosan and slowed autophagy flux, and specifically depended on IFN-β paracrine activity and STAT-2 activation that could be suppressed by PGE2. Chitosan induced a type I IFN paracrine response or inflammasome response depending on the extent of lysosomal rupture and cytosolic foreign body invasion. This study identifies the structural motifs that lead to chitosan-driven cytokine responses in macrophages and indicates that lysosomal rupture is a key mechanism that determines the endogenous release of either IL-1ra or IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre P Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Tal Mezheritsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Caroline D Hoemann
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada; FRQ-S Biomedical Research Group/ Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales, École Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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9
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Sen' VD, Sokolova EM, Neshev NI, Kulikov AV, Pliss EM. Low molecular chitosan–(poly)nitroxides: Synthesis and evaluation as antioxidants on free radical-induced erythrocyte hemolysis. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Tegl G, Öhlknecht C, Vielnascher R, Kosma P, Hofinger-Horvath A, Guebitz GM. Commercial cellulases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum enable a large-scale production of chito-oligosaccharides. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChito-oligosaccharides (COSs) are a substance class of high interest due to various beneficial bioactive properties. However, detailed mechanistic and application-related investigations are limited due to the poor availability of COSs with defined structural properties. Here, we present the large-scale production of COSs with defined degree of N-acetylation using a commercial cellulase preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The enzyme preparation was found to exclusively produce COSs lacking of acetyl groups while MS/MS analysis indicated a cellobiohydrolase to be the responsible for hydrolysis with the enzyme preparation. MS and NMR analysis proved the low content of acetyl groups in the COS mix and oligomers with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2–6 were obtained. The low cost enzyme source was further exploited for large-scale production in a 20 g batch and resulted a COSs yield of 40%. An inexpensive enzyme source for the production of bioactive COSs was successfully implemented and thorough product analysis resulted in well-defined COSs. This strategy could improve the access to this substance class for a more detailed investigation of its various biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Tegl
- 1Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria, Tel.: (+43) 1 47654 97412
| | - Christoph Öhlknecht
- 2Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Robert Vielnascher
- 2Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- 3ACIB – Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- 4Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas Hofinger-Horvath
- 4Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Geog M. Guebitz
- 2Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- 3ACIB – Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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11
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Tegl G, Öhlknecht C, Vielnascher R, Rollett A, Hofinger-Horvath A, Kosma P, Guebitz GM. Cellobiohydrolases Produce Different Oligosaccharides from Chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2284-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Tegl
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christoph Öhlknecht
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Robert Vielnascher
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Alexandra Rollett
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Andreas Hofinger-Horvath
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- ACIB − Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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12
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Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Qin Y, Li B, Wang X, Li P. Separation and scavenging superoxide radical activity of chitooligomers with degree of polymerization 6-16. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:826-30. [PMID: 22884433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The separation of chitooligomers (COS) with well-defined degree of polymerization (DP) is of interest to further study their bioactivity. However, there has been no report on separation of chitooligomers with DP>6 and the activity of these oligomers is unknown. This paper focuses on separating COS with DP>6 and five fractions were separated from the prepared fully deacetylated chitooligomers mixture by CM Sepharose Fast Flow column and analyzed by HPLC, which mainly contained glucosamine oligomers with DP6-7 (41.31%, 50.22%), DP7-8 (22.47%, 70.13%), DP9-10 (53.06%, 27.99%), DP10-12 (18.45%, 49.36%, 22.31%), and DP>12, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging activity of each fraction was investigated. The oligomers with DP ranging from 10 to 12 exhibited higher scavenging activity than other fractions and in combination with the DP distribution of fractions, it was further concluded that the chitooligomers with DP11 was likely to be optimal for scavenging superoxide radical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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13
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Kinetics of de-N-acetylation of the chitin disaccharide in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Carbohydr Res 2012; 352:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Ngo DN, Kim MM, Kim SK. Protective effects of aminoethyl-chitooligosaccharides against oxidative stress in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:624-31. [PMID: 22326422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects of aminoethyl-chitooligosaccharides (AE-COS) on oxidative stress in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells). The inhibitory effects of AE-COS on DNA and protein oxidation were studied in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, free radical scavenging effect of AE-COS were determined in RAW264.7 cells by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) intensity and intracellular glutathione (GSH) level. AE-COS also inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in human myeloid cells (HL-60). These results suggest that AE-COS acts as a potential free radical scavenger in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Nghiep Ngo
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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15
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Novoa-Carballal R, Fernandez-Megia E, Riguera R. Dynamics of chitosan by (1)h NMR relaxation. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2079-86. [PMID: 20593894 DOI: 10.1021/bm100447f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of chitosan (CS) in solution have been studied by (1)H NMR relaxation [longitudinal (T(1)) and transverse (T(2)) relaxation times and NOE] as a function of the degrees of acetylation (DA, 1-70) and polymerization (DP, 10-1200), temperature (278-343 K), concentration (0.1-30 g/L), and ionic strength (50-400 mM). This analysis points to CS as a semirigid polymer with increased flexibility at higher DA in agreement with reduced electrostatic repulsions between protonated amino groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoleculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias S.N. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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NGO DAINGHIEP, KIM MOONMOO, QIAN ZHONGJI, JUNG WONKYO, LEE SANGHOON, KIM SEKWON. FREE RADICAL-SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CHITIN OLIGOSACCHARIDES LEAD TO ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT IN LIVE CELLS. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Popa-Nita S, Lucas JM, Ladavière C, David L, Domard A. Mechanisms Involved During the Ultrasonically Induced Depolymerization of Chitosan: Characterization and Control. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1203-11. [DOI: 10.1021/bm8014472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simina Popa-Nita
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223 IMP, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, Bât. ISTIL, 15, bd. A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Lucas
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223 IMP, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, Bât. ISTIL, 15, bd. A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Ladavière
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223 IMP, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, Bât. ISTIL, 15, bd. A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent David
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223 IMP, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, Bât. ISTIL, 15, bd. A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alain Domard
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223 IMP, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, Bât. ISTIL, 15, bd. A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Trombotto S, Ladavière C, Delolme F, Domard A. Chemical preparation and structural characterization of a homogeneous series of chitin/chitosan oligomers. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1731-8. [PMID: 18547106 DOI: 10.1021/bm800157x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a homogeneous series of chitin/chitosan oligomers (chito-oligomers) with the same distribution of degrees of polymerization (DP) ranging from 2 to 12, but with various average degrees of N-acetylation (DA) from 0 to 90% is described. This DA-series was obtained according to a two-step chemical process involving (i) the production of a well-defined mixture of glucosamine (GlcN) oligomers obtained by acid hydrolysis of a fully N-deacetylated chitosan and after selective precipitations of the hydrolysis products, and (ii) the partial N-acetylation of the GlcN units of these oligomers from a hydro-alcoholic solution of acetic anhydride in a controlled manner. The characterization of this series of samples with different DAs by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allowed us to determine their average DA and identify the main oligomer structures constituting each mixture. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF MS was particularly helpful to study the distribution evolution of the diverse oligomers as a function of DA for the main DPs from 3 to 7. The modeling of these distributions by means of a binomial law displayed that the chemical N-acetylation of low DP GlcN oligomers, produced in a homogeneous medium, occurs randomly along the oligosaccharide chains in accordance with a statistical (Bernoullian) arrangement. In this case, the relative proportion of each chito-oligomer present in the mixture can be estimated precisely as a function of DA considering oligomers of same DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Trombotto
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, UMR CNRS 5223 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Domaine scientifique de La Doua, Bâtiment ISTIL, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Bodnar M, Hartmann JF, Borbely J. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2521-7. [PMID: 16153088 DOI: 10.1021/bm0502258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation describes the synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable nanoparticles based on chitosan for biomedical applications. Natural di- and tricarboxylic acids were used for intramolecular cross-linking of the chitosan linear chains. The condensation reaction of carboxylic groups and pendant amino groups of chitosan was performed by using water-soluble carbodiimide. This method allows the formation of polycations, polyanions, and polyampholyte nanoparticles. The prepared nanosystems were stable in aqueous media at low pH, neutral, and mild alkaline conditions. The structure of products was determined by NMR spectroscopy, and the particle size was identified by laser light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. It was found that particle size depends on the pH, but at a given pH, it was independent of the ratio of cross-linking and the cross-linking agent. Particle size measured by TEM varied in the range 60-280 nm. In the swollen state, the average size of the particles measured by DLS was in the range 270-370 nm depending on the pH. The biodegradable cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles, as solutions or dispersions in aqueous media, might be useful for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Bodnar
- Department of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Qin C, Du Y, Zong L, Zeng F, Liu Y, Zhou B. Effect of hemicellulase on the molecular weight and structure of chitosan. Polym Degrad Stab 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(03)00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takita J, Katohda S, Sugiyama H. Structural determination of an exocellular mannan from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa YR-2 using ab initio assignment of proton and carbon NMR spectra. Carbohydr Res 2001; 335:133-9. [PMID: 11567644 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the title mannan was determined exclusively by NMR. Because of the short relaxation time of the native mannan (100 kDa), a partially hydrolyzed mannan (10 kDa) was used for proton assignments by COSY, to correlate proton and carbon signals by HMQC, and to determine linkage positions between residues by HMBC. A further hydrolyzed mannan (oligomers of approximately 1.5 kDa) was used to determine the anomeric configuration, using Wilker's quasi-3D method [Wilker, W.; Leibfritz, D. Magn. Reson. Chem. 1995, 33, 632-638]. The procedure presented here can be used to determine the structure of any polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Takita
- Nitto Best Co. Ltd., Sagae 991-8610, Japan
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