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Miles SA, Nillama JA, Hunter L. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: The Diverse Roles That Fluorine Can Play within Amino Acid Side Chains. Molecules 2023; 28:6192. [PMID: 37687021 PMCID: PMC10489206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chain-fluorinated amino acids are useful tools in medicinal chemistry and protein science. In this review, we outline some general strategies for incorporating fluorine atom(s) into amino acid side chains and for elaborating such building blocks into more complex fluorinated peptides and proteins. We then describe the diverse benefits that fluorine can offer when located within amino acid side chains, including enabling 19F NMR and 18F PET imaging applications, enhancing pharmacokinetic properties, controlling molecular conformation, and optimizing target-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2052, Australia
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2
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Zhang X, Tan CH. Stereospecific and stereoconvergent nucleophilic substitution reactions at tertiary carbon centers. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Li Z, Gupta MK, Snowden TS. One-Carbon Homologation of Primary Alcohols and the Reductive Homologation of Aldehydes Involving a Jocic-Type Reaction. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ji K, Zheng Z, Wang Z, Zhang L. Enantioselective oxidative gold catalysis enabled by a designed chiral P,N-bidentate ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:1245-9. [PMID: 25431180 PMCID: PMC4300284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed P,N-bidentate ligand enables enantioselective intramolecular cyclopropanation by a reactive α-oxo gold carbene intermediate generated in situ. The ligand design is based on our previously proposed structure (with a well-organized triscoordinated gold center) of the carbene intermediate in the presence of a P,N-bidentate ligand. A C2-symmetric piperidine ring was incorporated in the ligand as the nitrogen-containing moiety. A range of racemic transformations of α-oxo gold carbene intermediates have been developed recently, and this new class of chiral ligands could enable their modification for asymmetric synthesis, as demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegong Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (USA), Fax: (+1) 805-893-4120, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucsb.edu/~zhang/index.html
| | - Zhitong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (USA), Fax: (+1) 805-893-4120, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucsb.edu/~zhang/index.html
| | - Zhixun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (USA), Fax: (+1) 805-893-4120, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucsb.edu/~zhang/index.html
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (USA), Fax: (+1) 805-893-4120, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucsb.edu/~zhang/index.html
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Ji K, Zheng Z, Wang Z, Zhang L. Enantioselective Oxidative Gold Catalysis Enabled by a Designed Chiral P,N-Bidentate Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bechi B, Amantini D, Tintori C, Botta M, Fabio RD. Stereocontrolled synthesis of 5-azaspiro[2.3]hexane derivatives as conformationally "frozen" analogues of L-glutamic acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1114-20. [PMID: 24991261 PMCID: PMC4077356 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies aimed to “freeze” natural amino acids into more constrained analogues have been developed with the aim of enhancing in vitro potency/selectivity and, more in general, drugability properties. The case of L-glutamic acid (L-Glu, 1) is of particular importance since it is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and plays a critical role in a wide range of disorders like schizophrenia, depression, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and in the identification of new potent and selective ligands of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs). To this aim, bicycle compound Ib was designed and synthesised from D-serine as novel [2.3]-spiro analogue of L-Glu. This frozen amino acid derivative was designed to further limit the rotation around the C3–C4 bond present in the azetidine derivative Ia by incorporating an appropriate spiro moiety. The cyclopropyl moiety was introduced by a diastereoselective rhodium catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bechi
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy ; Present address: Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David Amantini
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy ; Present address: Galapagos SASU, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Cristina Tintori
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Romano di Fabio
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy ; Present address: Drug Design and Discovery, Aptuit S.r.l., Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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Eckert M, Moulin S, Monnier F, Titanyuk ID, Osipov SN, Roisnel T, Dérien S, Dixneuf PH. Ruthenium-Catalysed Synthesis of Fluorinated Bicyclic Amino Esters through Tandem Carbene Addition/Cyclopropanation of Enynes. Chemistry 2011; 17:9456-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Green JE, Bender DM, Jackson S, O’Donnell MJ, McCarthy JR. Mitsunobu Approach to the Synthesis of Optically Active α,α-Disubstituted Amino Acids. Org Lett 2009; 11:807-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Green
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - David M. Bender
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Stona Jackson
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Martin J. O’Donnell
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - James R. McCarthy
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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García Ruano JL, Alonso M, Cruz D, Fraile A, Martín MR, Peromingo MT, Tito A, Yuste F. Synthesis of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanones via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazoalkanes to homochiral α-sulfinyl-2-cyclopentenones. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Proteins catalyze specific chemical reactions and carry out highly selective molecular recognition because they adopt well-defined three-dimensional structures and position chemically reactive functional groups in specific constellations. Proteins attain these well-defined structures through the complex process of protein folding. We seek to emulate these protein functions by constructing macromolecules that are easier to engineer by avoiding folding altogether. Toward that goal, we have developed an approach for the synthesis of macromolecules with programmable shapes. As described in this Account, we have constructed synthetic building blocks called bis-amino acids that we then couple through pairs of amide bonds to create water-soluble, spiroladder oligomers (bis-peptides) with well-defined three-dimensional structures. Bis-peptides use the conformational preferences of fused rings, stereochemistry, and strong covalent bonds to define their shape, unlike natural proteins and synthetic foldamers, which depend on noncovalent interactions and an unpredictable folding process to attain structure. Using these bis-amino acid monomers, we have built and characterized a number of bis-peptide nanostructures. We also constructed a molecular actuator that undergoes a large change in conformation under the control of metal exchange; the first application of bis-peptides. We are currently developing further approaches to functionalize bis-peptides as scaffolds to present well-defined constellations of functional groups. Such macromolecules could facilitate multifunctional catalysis and molecular recognition and lead to nanoscale molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Z. Brown
- Chemistry Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Chemistry Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
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Woltering T, Adam G, Huguenin P, Wichmann J, Kolczewski S, Gatti S, Bourson A, Kew J, Richards G, Kemp J, Mutel V, Knoflach F. Asymmetric Synthesis and Receptor Pharmacology of the Group II mGlu Receptor Ligand (1S,2R,3R,5R,6S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid—HYDIA. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:323-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Aggarwal VK, Grange E. Asymmetric Sulfonium Ylide Mediated Cyclopropanation: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (+)-LY354740. Chemistry 2006; 12:568-75. [PMID: 16187367 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of ester-stabilized sulfonium ylides with cyclopentenone to give (+)-5 ((1S,5R,6S)-ethyl 2-oxobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-6-carboxylate), an important precursor to the pharmacologically important compound (+)-LY354740, has been studied using chiral sulfides operating in both catalytic (sulfide, Cu(acac)2, ethyl diazoacetate, 60 degrees C) and stoichiometric modes (sulfonium salt, base, room temperature). It was found that the reaction conditions employed had a major influence over both diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Under catalytic conditions, good enantioselectivity with low diastereoselectivity was observed, but under stoichiometric conditions low enantioselectivity with high diastereoselectivity was observed. When the stoichiometric reactions were conducted at high dilution, diastereoselectivity was reduced. This indicated that base-mediated betaine equilibration was occurring (which is slow relative to ring closure at high dilution). Based on this model, conditions for achieving high enantioselectivity were established as follows: use of a preformed ylide, absence of base, hindered ester (to reduce ylide-mediated betaine equilibration), and low concentration. Under these conditions high enantioselectivity (95 % ee) was achieved, albeit with low diastereocontrol. Our model for selectivity has been applied to other sulfonium ylide mediated cyclopropanation reactions and successfully accounts for the diastereoselectivity observed in all such reported reactions to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Structural Features of the Binding Site for Diphenin and other Anticonvulsants belonging to the Group of Sodium Channel Blockers. Pharm Chem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-006-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Tan L, Yasuda N, Yoshikawa N, Hartner FW, Eng KK, Leonard WR, Tsay FR, Volante RP, Tillyer RD. Stereoselective Syntheses of Highly Functionalized Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes: A General Methodology for the Synthesis of Potent and Selective mGluR2/3 Agonists. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8027-34. [PMID: 16277324 DOI: 10.1021/jo0511187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Chemical reaction: See text] A Et3Al mediated intramolecular epoxide opening, cyclopropanation reaction is described. The transformation provided highly functionalized bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane systems in high efficiency and with perfect H or F endo selectivity. Application of this reaction to the synthesis of mGluR2/3 agonist 1 (43% overall yield) and a few intermediates suitable for the synthesis of other bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane mGluR2/3 agonists is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushi Tan
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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Frolovskii VA, Studnev YN, Garibova TL, Voronina TA. Some aspects in the search for anticonvulsants (a review). Pharm Chem J 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-005-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] The synthesis of a new bis-amino acid 1 is presented. This monomer is designed to create a tightly curved structure when assembled into oligomers. The monomer is demonstrated to couple to the previously developed monomer 2 through pairs of amide bonds to create a strongly bent spiro-ladder oligomer. The structure of oligomer 3 was determined in aqueous solution using two-dimensional NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Habay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Lee W, Miller MJ. Concise Synthesis of 4-Acylamino Analogues of 2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acids (LY354740) from an Acylnitroso Diels−Alder Cycloadduct. J Org Chem 2004; 69:4516-9. [PMID: 15202910 DOI: 10.1021/jo0495034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Concise total syntheses of 4-acylamino analogues of LY354740 were accomplished employing an N-Boc acylnitroso Diels-Alder cycloadduct as the starting material. The syntheses involved N-O bond cleavage, oxidation, intermolecular cyclopropanation, Bucherer-Bergs reaction, hydrolysis, and regioselective acylation with a temporary copper chelate. The synthesis of an optically active compound was also achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
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