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Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Boëns B, Ouk TS, Champavier Y, Zerrouki R. Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Click-Generated Nitrogen Mustards. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 34:500-14. [PMID: 26158568 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1017580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of new click-generated nitrogen mustards and their biological evaluation. By using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, we managed to synthesize eight new nitrogen mustards. This strategy paves the way for the synthesis of a new family of nitrogen mustard, with an important structural variability. Furthermore, we studied the biological activity of synthesized compounds by testing their cytotoxicity on four representative cancer cell lines A431, JURKAT, K562, and U266. One structure, 1-benzyl-4-(N,N-di-2-chloroethylaminomethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, showed an interesting cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Boëns
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , Albert Thomas , Limoges , France
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Xu J, Zeng F, Wu H, Yu C, Wu S. Dual-targeting nanosystem for enhancing photodynamic therapy efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9287-9296. [PMID: 25876183 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognized as a valuable treatment option for localized cancers. Herein, we demonstrate a cellular and subcellular targeted strategy to facilitate PDT efficacy. The PDT system was fabricated by incorporating a cationic porphyrin derivative (MitoTPP) onto the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized and folic acid-modified nanographene oxide (NGO). For this PDT system, NGO serves as the carrier for MitoTPP as well as the quencher for MitoTPP's fluorescence and singlet oxygen ((1)O2) generation. Attaching a hydrophobic cation to the photosensitizer ensures its release from NGO at lower pH values as well as its mitochondria-targeting capability. Laser confocal microscope experiments demonstrate that this dual-targeted nanosystem could preferably enter the cancer cells overexpressed with folate receptor, and release its cargo MitoTPP, which subsequently accumulates in mitochondria. Upon light irradiation, the released MitoTPP molecules generate singlet oxygen and cause oxidant damage to the mitochondria. Cell viability assays suggest that the dual-targeted nanohybrids exhibit much higher cytotoxicity toward the FR-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangsheng Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Changmin Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xu J, Zeng F, Wu H, Hu C, Wu S. Enhanced Photodynamic Efficiency Achieved via a Dual-Targeted Strategy Based on Photosensitizer/Micelle Structure. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4249-59. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501270e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangsheng Xu
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Caiping Hu
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and
Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Saha P, Debnath C, Bérubé G. Steroid-linked nitrogen mustards as potential anticancer therapeutics: a review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:271-300. [PMID: 23692738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustards, an important class of drugs for cancer therapy, are known as DNA alkylating agents. The nitrogen mustards are highly reactive and, as a consequence, lack of selectivity and produce several adverse side effects. In order to minimize these undesirable effects, the attachment of nitrogen mustards to a steroidal hormone with affinity for its receptor can lead to highly selective and less toxic antineoplastic therapeutics. This review will focus on the design, synthesis and evaluation of such steroid-nitrogen mustard hybrids as antineoplastic agents. Among these compounds, modified steroids with aromatic nitrogen mustards linked by an ester function were found to have better DNA alkylating properties, improved selectivity as well as low toxicity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijus Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
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Production of (R)-ethyl-3,4-epoxybutyrate by newly isolated Acinetobacter baumannii containing epoxide hydrolase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:61-7. [PMID: 18301887 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several new microorganisms have been isolated from soil samples with high epoxide hydrolase activity toward ethyl 3,4-epoxybutyrate. Screening was performed by enrichment culture on alkenes as sole carbon source, followed by chiral gas chromatography. Eight strains were discovered with enantioselectivity from moderate to high level and identified as bacterial and yeast species. Cells were cultivated under aerobic condition at 30 degrees C using glucose as carbon source and resting cells were used as biocatalysts for kinetic resolution of ethyl 3,4-epoxybutyrate. Among isolated microorganisms, Acinetobacter baumannii showed highest enantioselectivity for (S)-enantiomer, resulting in (R)-ethyl-3,4-epoxybutyrates (>99%ee, 46% yield). It is the first report on the fact that epoxide hydrolases originating from bacterial species of A. baumannii was applied to kinetic resolution of ethyl 3,4-epoxybutyrate in order to obtain enantiopure high-value-added (R)-ethyl-3,4-epoxybutyrate.
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Bartzatt R, Donigan L. Applying pattern recognition methods to analyze the molecular properties of a homologous series of nitrogen mustard agents. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006; 7:E35. [PMID: 16796353 PMCID: PMC2750285 DOI: 10.1208/pt070235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to analyze the pharmacological properties of a homologous series of nitrogen mustard (N-mustard) agents formed after inserting 1 to 9 methylene groups (-CH2-) between 2 -N(CH2CH2Cl)2 groups. These compounds were shown to have significant correlations and associations in their properties after analysis by pattern recognition methods including hierarchical classification, cluster analysis, nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), detrended correspondence analysis, K-means cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and self-organizing tree algorithm (SOTA) analysis. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a linear-like association of the 9 homologs, and hierarchical classification showed that each homolog had great similarity to at least one other member of the series-as did cluster analysis using paired-group distance measure. Nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling was able to discriminate homologs 2 and 3 (by number of methylene groups) from homologs 4, 5, and 6 as a group, and from homologs 7, 8, and 9 as a group. Discriminant analysis, K-means cluster analysis, and hierarchical classification distinguished the high molecular weight homologs from low molecular weight homologs. As the number of methylene groups increased the aqueous solubility decreased, dermal permeation coefficient increased, Log P increased, molar volume increased, parachor increased, and index of refraction decreased. Application of pattern recognition methods discerned useful interrelationships within the homologous series that will determine specific and beneficial clinical applications for each homolog and methods of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Bartzatt
- University of Nebraska, Durham Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Studies, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
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Papageorgiou A, Koutsourea AI, Arsenou ES, Fousteris MA, Mourelatos D, Nikolaropoulos SS. Structure???anti-leukemic activity relationship study of B- and D-ring modified and non-modified steroidal esters of chlorambucil??s active metabolite. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:1075-82. [PMID: 16222149 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200511000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of modification of the B-steroidal ring to lactamic on the anti-leukemic potency of D-modified and D-non-modified steroidal esters of chlorambucil's active metabolite. The compounds synthesized were studied against leukemias P388 and L1210 after the subsequent estimation of their toxicity in vivo, and for their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and to inhibit cell proliferation in normal human lymphocytes in vitro. The in vitro results correlated well, on a molar basis, with the results obtained from the study of the anti-leukemic potency. In a comparative study, the B-lactamic steroidal derivatives proved less active than the 7-oxidized ones against both leukemias. The presence of the -NHCO- group in the B-steroidal ring did not have the same positive effect on the biological action of chlorambucil's active metabolite esters as in the D-lactamic ring. However, this new modification of the B-ring rendered the final esteric derivatives much more toxic, compared with to the corresponding esters with a simple B-ring. This loss of the anti-leukemic specificity, which occurs from the modification of the B-ring, is additional evidence for the role of the steroidal part on the mechanism of action of these promising compounds. This provides support for the notion that the steroidal part of these molecules is not just a simple biological carrier, as has been speculated for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece
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Verma RP, Mekapati SB, Kurup A, Hansch C. A QSAR review on melanoma toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5508-26. [PMID: 16081291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and is currently attracting our attention particularly in the area of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). In the present review, an attempt has been made to collect the data for different sets of compounds and to discuss their toxicities toward melanoma cells by the formulation of a total number of 36 QSAR.
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Verma RP, Kurup A, Hansch C. On the role of polarizability in QSAR. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:237-55. [PMID: 15582468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The polarizability of a molecule, an important physical property, is currently attracting our attention particularly in the area of QSAR for chemical-biological interactions. In this report, the polarizability effects on ligand-substrate interactions has been discussed in terms of NVE (number of valence electrons) using additive values for valence electrons and the formulation of a total number of 51 QSAR. The QSAR model can be illustrated by Eq. I. log 1/C = a(NVE) +/- constant
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