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Deng R, Dong P, Ge J, Zhang W, Xue X, Duan L, Shi L, Gu Z. Regio- and Atroposelective Ring-Opening of 1H-Benzo[4,5]oxazolopyridinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402231. [PMID: 38407456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of new methods for regio- and stereoselective activation of C-O bonds in ethers holds significant promise for synthetic chemistry, offering advantages in terms of environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. Moreover, the C-N atropisomers represent a fascinating and crucial chiral system, extensively found in natural products, pharmaceutical leads, and the frameworks of advanced materials. In this work, we have introduced a nickel-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective carbon-oxygen arylation reaction for atroposelective synthesis of N-arylisoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones. The high regioselectivity of C-O cleavage benefits from the high stability of the in situ formed (amido)ethenolate via oxidative addition. Additionally, the self-activation of the aryl C-O bond facilitates the reaction under mild conditions, leading to outstanding enantioselectivities. The diverse post-functionalizations of the axially chiral isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones further highlighted the utility of this protocol in preparing valuable C-N atropisomers, including the chiral phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixian Deng
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Puyang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jimeng Ge
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoping Xue
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Longhui Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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2
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Tan B, Yang A, Yuan W, Li Y, Jiang L, Jiang J, Qiu F. Simultaneous determination of glipizide and its four hydroxylated metabolites in human urine using LC-MS/MS and its application in urinary phenotype study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:179-186. [PMID: 28284082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic mutant could influence the plasma concentration of glipizide in human subjects, which refers to glipizide safety and adverse effects in clinic practice. A further study to investigate the relationship of the concentrations between glipizide and its metabolites in human with different CYP mutants was valuable. We firstly develop a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantification of glipizide and its hydroxylated metabolites in human urine. After simple protein precipitation with methanol including 4'-OH-tolbutamide and gliclazide (both are internal standards), the analytes were chromatographed on a reversed-phased column with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water by a gradient elution. The ion transitions of the precursor to the product ion were principally protonated ions [M+H]+ at m/z 446.4→m/z 321.1 for glipizide, m/z 462.2→m/z 321.1 for the four hydroxylated forms of glipizide, m/z 287.2→m/z 188.0 for 4'-OH-tolbutamide, and m/z 324.1→m/z 127.1 for gliclazide. The method was linear over a concentration range of 0.02-20.0ng/mL. The intraday and inter-day variances were less than 9.9%, and accuracy was within ±6.8%. The method was successfully applied to the urinary phenotyping study in volunteers after a single oral administration of 5-mg glipizide tablet, and two new hydroxycyclohexyl metabolites of glipizide (OH-gp), 4-cis-OH-gp and 3-trans-OH-gp, were found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aidong Yang
- Department of Febrile Disease of Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weian Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Febrile Disease of Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Furong Qiu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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3
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Tang Z, Wu C, Wang T, Lao K, Wang Y, Liu L, Muyaba M, Xu P, He C, Luo G, Qian Z, Niu S, Wang L, Wang Y, Xiao H, You Q, Xiang H. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 6-aryl-indenoisoquinolone derivatives dual targeting ERα and VEGFR-2 as anti-breast cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:328-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Zhang X, Wang X, Vernikovskaya DI, Fokina VM, Nanovskaya TN, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS. Quantitative determination of metformin, glyburide and its metabolites in plasma and urine of pregnant patients by LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:560-9. [PMID: 25164921 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of glyburide (GLB), its five metabolites (M1, M2a, M2b, M3 and M4) and metformin (MET) in plasma and urine of pregnant patients under treatment with a combination of the two medications. The extraction recovery of the analytes from plasma samples was 87-99%, and that from urine samples was 85-95%. The differences in retention times among the analytes and the wide range of the concentrations of the medications and their metabolites in plasma and urine patient samples required the development of three LC methods. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of the analytes in plasma samples was as follows: GLB, 1.02 ng/mL; its five metabolites, 0.100-0.113 ng/mL; and MET, 4.95 ng/mL. The LLOQ in urine samples was 0.0594 ng/mL for GLB, 0.984-1.02 ng/mL for its five metabolites and 30.0 µg/mL for MET. The relative deviation of this method was <14% for intra-day and inter-day assays in plasma and urine samples, and the accuracy was 86-114% in plasma, and 94-105% in urine. The method described in this report was successfully utilized for determining the concentrations of the two medications in patient plasma and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0587, USA
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5
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Tang Z, Niu S, Liu F, Lao K, Miao J, Ji J, Wang X, Yan M, Zhang L, You Q, Xiao H, Xiang H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-diaryl isoquinolinone derivatives as anti-breast cancer agents targeting ERα and VEGFR-2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2129-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kleser M, Hannemann F, Hutter M, Zapp J, Bernhardt R. CYP105A1 mediated 3-hydroxylation of glimepiride and glibenclamide using a recombinant Bacillus megaterium whole-cell catalyst. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:405-12. [PMID: 22202177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CYP105A1 from Streptomyces griseolus belongs to a widespread family of soluble prokaryotic cytochromes P450. For in vitro studies we established an electron transfer system, consisting of the ferredoxin Etp1(fd) and the ferredoxin reductase Arh1 from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We investigated the metabolism of glibenclamide and glimepiride, hypoglycemic drugs of sulfonylurea type, and determined corresponding in vitro kinetic parameters. The resulting 3-cyclohexyl-hydroxylation activity towards glibenclamide and glimepiride was demonstrated by NMR analysis. Furthermore, the main product of glibenclamide, cis-3-hydroxy-glibenclamide is identical with the phase-1-metabolite of this drug in human. The orientation of glimepiride and glibenclamide in the active site of the enzyme is shown by a computational docking model. For high scale production of sulfonylurea derivatives, we designed whole-cell biocatalysts based on Bacillus megaterium MS941. Surprisingly, the system expressing only CYP105A1 showed a similar activity towards hydroxylation of glimepiride and glibenclamide compared to the system expressing additionally the redox partners, Arh1 and Etp1(fd)(516-618), indicating that the host strain provides a functional endogenous electron transfer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kleser
- Universität des Saarlandes, Institut für Biochemie, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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7
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Ozcan S, Dengiz C, Deliömeroglu MK, Sahin E, Balci M. A novel one-pot, three-component reaction for the synthesis of isocoumarin-condensed pyrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Zhou L, Naraharisetti SB, Liu L, Wang H, Lin YS, Isoherranen N, Unadkat JD, Hebert MF, Mao Q. Contributions of human cytochrome P450 enzymes to glyburide metabolism. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010; 31:228-42. [PMID: 20437462 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glyburide (GLB) is a widely used oral sulfonylurea for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The therapeutic use of GLB is often complicated by a substantial inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug in human populations, which might be caused by inter-individual variations in factors such as GLB metabolism. Therefore, there has been a continued interest in identifying human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms that play a major role in the metabolism of GLB. However, contrasting data are available in the present literature in this regard. The present study systematically investigated the contributions of various human CYP isoforms (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19) to in vitro metabolism of GLB. GLB depletion and metabolite formation in human liver microsomes were most significantly inhibited by the CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole compared with the inhibitors of other CYP isoforms. Furthermore, multiple correlation analysis between GLB depletion and individual CYP activities was performed, demonstrating a significant correlation between GLB depletion and the CYP3A probe activity in 16 individual human liver microsomal preparations, but not between GLB depletion and the CYP2C19, CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 probe activity. By using recombinant supersomes overexpressing individual human CYP isoforms, it was found that GLB could be depleted by all the enzymes tested; however, the intrinsic clearance (V(max)/K(m)) of CYP3A4 for GLB depletion was 4-17 times greater than that of other CYP isoforms. These results confirm that human CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved in the in vitro metabolism of GLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Zhao R, Li QW, Li J, Zhang T. Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide 4 on kidneys in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:711-9. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) has been shown to have hypoglycemic and antioxidative properties, although its mode of action is yet unknown. Because oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, we evaluated the protective effect of LBP-4, the major active component of Lycium barbarum, on the defensive antioxidative mechanism in kidneys in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Moreover, we investigated the effects of LBP-4 on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in isolated mesangial cells. The role of protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and -independent pathways in LBP-4-reduced ERK1/2 was studied by bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) IV, an inhibitor of PKC. Diabetic rats treated with LBP-4 (10 mg/kg) for 8 weeks showed increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased scavenging of oxygen radicals, while the activity of PKC in the renal cortex was maintained at a physiological level. The decreased activation of ERK1/2 in mesangial cells, through the involvement of PKC, could explain the protective mechanism in kidneys of diabetic rats treated with LBP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, 163319, P. R. China
- School of Animal Science, Northwest A & F University, 22 Xinong Street, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Environment and Chemistry Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, 154007, P. R. China
| | - Qing-wang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, 163319, P. R. China
- School of Animal Science, Northwest A & F University, 22 Xinong Street, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Environment and Chemistry Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, 154007, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, 163319, P. R. China
- School of Animal Science, Northwest A & F University, 22 Xinong Street, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Environment and Chemistry Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, 154007, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, 163319, P. R. China
- School of Animal Science, Northwest A & F University, 22 Xinong Street, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Environment and Chemistry Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, 154007, P. R. China
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Zharikova OL, Fokina VM, Nanovskaya TN, Hill RA, Mattison DR, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS. Identification of the major human hepatic and placental enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of glyburide. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1483-90. [PMID: 19679108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the factors affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug during pregnancy is the activity of hepatic and placental metabolizing enzymes. Recently, we reported on the biotransformation of glyburide by human hepatic and placental microsomes to six metabolites that are structurally identical between the two tissues. Two of the metabolites, 4-trans-(M1) and 3-cis-hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide (M2b), were previously identified in plasma and urine of patients treated with glyburide and are pharmacologically active. The aim of this investigation was to identify the major human hepatic and placental CYP450 isozymes responsible for the formation of each metabolite of glyburide. This was achieved by the use of chemical inhibitors selective for individual CYP isozymes and antibodies raised against them. The identification was confirmed by the kinetic constants for the biotransformation of glyburide by cDNA-expressed enzymes. The data revealed that the major hepatic isozymes responsible for the formation of each metabolite are as follows: CYP3A4 (ethylene-hydroxylated glyburide (M5), 3-trans-(M3) and 2-trans-(M4) cyclohexyl glyburide); CYP2C9 (M1, M2a (4-cis-) and M2b); CYP2C8 (M1 and M2b); and CYP2C19 (M2a). Human placental microsomal CYP19/aromatase was the major isozyme responsible for the biotransformation of glyburide to predominantly M5. The formation of significant amounts of M5 by CYP19 in the placenta could render this metabolite more accessible to the fetal circulation. The multiplicity of enzymes biotransforming glyburide and the metabolites formed underscores the potential for its drug interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L Zharikova
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0587, USA
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Calderone V, Rapposelli S, Martelli A, Digiacomo M, Testai L, Torri S, Marchetti P, Breschi MC, Balsamo A. NO-glibenclamide derivatives: Prototypes of a new class of nitric oxide-releasing anti-diabetic drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5426-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Naraharisetti SB, Kirby BJ, Hebert MF, Easterling TR, Unadkat JD. Validation of a sensitive LC-MS assay for quantification of glyburide and its metabolite 4-transhydroxy glyburide in plasma and urine: an OPRU Network study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 860:34-41. [PMID: 17980680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glyburide (glibenclamide, INN), a second generation sulfonylurea is widely used in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). None of the previously reported analytical methods provide adequate sensitivity for the expected sub-nanogram/mL maternal and umbilical cord plasma concentrations of glyburide during pregnancy. We developed and validated a sensitive and low sample volume liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method for simultaneous determination of glyburide (GLY) and its metabolite, 4-transhydroxy glyburide (M1) in human plasma (0.5 mL) or urine (0.1 mL). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for GLY and M1 in plasma were 0.25 and 0.40 ng/mL, respectively whereas it was 1.06 ng/mL for M1 in urine. As measured by quality control samples, precision (% coefficient of variation) of the assay was <15% whereas the accuracy (% deviation from expected) ranged from -10.1 to 14.3%. We found that the GLY metabolite, M1 is excreted in the urine as the glucuronide-conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Babu Naraharisetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Box 357610, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, United States
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Hwang SH, Tsai HJ, Liu JY, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Orally bioavailable potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3825-40. [PMID: 17616115 PMCID: PMC2596069 DOI: 10.1021/jm070270t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of N,N'-disubstituted ureas having a conformationally restricted cis- or trans-1,4-cyclohexane alpha to the urea were prepared and tested as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors. This series of compounds showed low nanomolar to picomolar activities against recombinant human sEH. Both isomers showed similar potencies, but the trans isomers were more metabolically stable in human hepatic microsomes. Furthermore, these new potent inhibitors show a greater metabolic stability in vivo than previously described sEH inhibitors. We demonstrated that trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)cyclohexyloxy]benzoic acid 13g (t-AUCB, IC50 = 1.3 +/- 0.05 nM) had excellent oral bioavailability (98%, n = 2) and blood area under the curve in dogs and was effective in vivo to treat hypotension in lipopolysaccharide challenged murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8584, USA
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Zharikova OL, Ravindran S, Nanovskaya TN, Hill RA, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS. Kinetics of glyburide metabolism by hepatic and placental microsomes of human and baboon. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:2012-9. [PMID: 17462606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glyburide (glibenclamide) is under investigation for treatment of gestational diabetes. Two metabolites of glyburide have been previously identified in patients, namely, 4-trans-(M1) and 3-cis-(M2) hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide. Recently, the metabolism of glyburide by microsomes of liver and placenta from humans and baboons revealed the formation of four additional metabolites: 4-cis-(M2a), 3-trans-(M3), and 2-trans-(M4) hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide, and ethyl-hydroxy glyburide (M5). The aim of this investigation was to determine the kinetics for the metabolism of glyburide by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes of human and baboon placental and hepatic microsomes. The metabolism of glyburide by microsomes from the four organs revealed saturation kinetics and apparent K(m) values between 4 and 12 microM. However, the rates for formation of the metabolites varied between organs and species. M1 was the major metabolite (36% of total), formed by human hepatic microsomes with V(max) of 80+/-13 pmol mg protein(-1)min(-1), and together with M2, accounted for only 51% of the total. M5 was the major metabolite (87%) formed by human placental microsomes with V(max) of 11 pmol mg protein(-1)min(-1). In baboon liver, M5 had the highest rate of formation (V(max) 135+/-32 pmol mg protein(-1)min(-1), 39% of total), and in its placenta, was M4 (V(max) 0.7+/-0.1 pmol mg protein(-1)min(-1), 65%). The activity of human and baboon hepatic microsomes in metabolizing glyburide was similar, but the activity of human and baboon placental microsomes was 7% and 0.3% of their respective hepatic microsomes. The data obtained suggest that more than 1 CYP isozyme is responsible for catalyzing the hydroxylation of glyburide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L Zharikova
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0587, USA
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Ravindran S, Zharikova OL, Hill RA, Nanovskaya TN, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS. Identification of glyburide metabolites formed by hepatic and placental microsomes of humans and baboons. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1730-7. [PMID: 17011523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glyburide (glibenclamide) is a second-generation sulfonylurea used for treatment of type-2 and gestational diabetes mellitus. To date, two glyburide metabolites have been identified in maternal urine: namely, 4-trans-hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide and 3-cis-hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide. The use of glyburide to treat gestational diabetes prompted us to investigate its metabolism by the placenta. The metabolism of glyburide by microsomal preparations from human and baboon placenta was compared with metabolism by their livers. The metabolites formed by the microsomes of the four tissues were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using retention times, ion current (extracted at m/z 510), and selected-ion monitoring. The data obtained revealed the formation of six distinct hydroxylated derivatives of glyburide by each of the four microsomal preparations. However, the amounts of the six metabolites formed by the placentas were a fraction of that formed by the livers. Moreover, the relative quantities of each metabolite formed differed between species as well as between the two tissues. Also, the structure of the unidentified metabolites was determined by comparison with synthesized standards. These metabolites were identified as the 4-cis-hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide, 3-trans-hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide, and 2-trans-hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide. Therefore, one glyburide metabolite remains to be identified, but the data we obtained allowed us to suggest its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvan Ravindran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0587, USA
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Yuriev E, Kong DCM, Iskander MN. Investigation of structure-activity relationships in a series of glibenclamide analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 39:835-47. [PMID: 15464617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of 15 new glibenclamide analogues is described. The conformational trends of these analogues were investigated using Monte Carlo conformational analysis. The conformational analysis results resolved the discrepancy between previous molecular modelling simulations of glibenclamide and allowed rationalizing the effect of aqueous environment on the overall conformation. The 3D-QSAR study was carried out with respect to the compounds' ability to antagonize the [(3)H]-glibenclamide binging in rat cerebral cortex. Superimposition of the antagonists was performed using the conformations derived from atom-by-atom fit to the glibenclamide crystal structure and this alignment was used to develop CoMFA models. CoMFA provided a good predictability: number of PLS components = 2, q(2) = 0.876, R(2) = 0.921, SEE = 0.455 and F = 70. Best CoMFA models showed the steric and lipophilic properties as the major interacting forces whilst the electrostatic property contribution was a minor factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yuriev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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