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Basu S, Chatterjee S, Bhaumik A, Mukhopadhyay C. Ultrasound‐promoted novel route to triazabenzo[b]cyclopenta[lm]fluorenes: An efficient NiFe
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@SiO
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H nanocatalyst‐assisted green synthesis. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Basu
- Department of Chemistry University of Calcutta Kolkata India
| | - Sauvik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Science Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- Department of Materials Science Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata India
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Asiri AM, Faidallah HM, Al-Youbi AO, Arshad MN, Osman OI, Zayed MEM. An Efficient Approach towards the Synthesis, Crystal Structures, DFT and Cytotoxic Activity of Highly Congested 11-Aryl-10,12-Dihydrodiindino[1,2- b‘,2′,1′- e]Pyridine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14655807391479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and novel method for the synthesis of a series of 11-aryl-10,12-dihydrodiindino[1,2- b‘,2′,1′- e]pyridine via one-pot multi-component reactions of aldehydes, indan-1-one and ammonium acetate has been delineated. All prepared compounds were structurally elucidated by IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR and X-ray diffraction techniques. The molecules adopted monoclinic crystal system with P21/ c space group and almost similar unit cell dimensions. The X-ray molecular geometries of the studied compounds were in excellent agreement with those computed by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The energies of the frontier orbitals calculated by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory enabled monitoring the reactivity and stability of the title molecules. The non-linear optical properties (NLO) and pNA were also computed and discussed. Compounds have shown broad spectrum cytotoxic activity against some human tumour cell lines; two of them rendering the most profound effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan M. Faidallah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman O. Al-Youbi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Nadeem Arshad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman I. Osman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohie E. M. Zayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Ouach A, Pin F, Bertrand E, Vercouillie J, Gulhan Z, Mothes C, Deloye JB, Guilloteau D, Suzenet F, Chalon S, Routier S. Design of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands using the (het)Aryl-1,2,3-triazole core: Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and SAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 107:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Parihar VS, Pawar NJ, Ghosh S, Chopade B, Kumbhar N, Dhavale DD. Diazaspiro-iminosugars and polyhydroxylated spiro-bislactams: synthesis, glycosidase inhibition and molecular docking studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09584k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of a new class of iminosugars 1–4 has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh Parihar
- Department of Chemistry
- Garware Research Centre
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)
- Pune-411 007
- India
| | - Nitin J. Pawar
- Department of Chemistry
- Garware Research Centre
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)
- Pune-411 007
- India
| | - Sougata Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411 007
- India
| | - Balu Chopade
- Department of Microbiology
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411 007
- India
| | - Navanath Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Garware Research Centre
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)
- Pune-411 007
- India
| | - Dilip D. Dhavale
- Department of Chemistry
- Garware Research Centre
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)
- Pune-411 007
- India
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5
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Discovery of novel tricyclic compounds as squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3072-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ichikawa M, Yokomizo A, Itoh M, Haginoya N, Sugita K, Usui H, Terayama K, Kanda A. Discovery of atrop fixed alkoxy-aminobenzhydrol derivatives: Novel, highly potent and orally efficacious squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5207-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Du R, Zhang G, Wang W, Guo C. Microwave-Assisted One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Amino-1-aryl-8-bromo-2,4-dicyano-9H-fluorenes in Water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.517377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhou
- a College of Sciences , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- a College of Sciences , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Renjun Du
- a College of Sciences , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- a College of Sciences , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Wei Wang
- a College of Sciences , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Cheng Guo
- a College of Sciences , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , China
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Ichikawa M, Yokomizo A, Itoh M, Sugita K, Usui H, Shimizu H, Suzuki M, Terayama K, Kanda A. Discovery of a new 2-aminobenzhydrol template for highly potent squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1930-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Koohang A, Bailey JL, Coates RM, Erickson HK, Owen D, Poulter CD. Enantioselective inhibition of squalene synthase by aziridine analogues of presqualene diphosphate. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4769-77. [PMID: 20545375 DOI: 10.1021/jo100718z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase catalyzes the conversion of two molecules of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate to squalene via the cyclopropylcarbinyl intermediate, presqualene diphosphate (PSPP). Since this novel reaction constitutes the first committed step in sterol biosynthesis, there has been considerable interest and research on the stereochemistry and mechanism of the process and in the design of selective inhibitors of the enzyme. This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of five racemic and two enantiopure aziridine analogues of PSPP and the evaluation of their potencies as inhibitors of recombinant yeast squalene synthase. The key aziridine-2-methanol intermediates (6-OH, 7-OH, and 8-OH) were obtained by N-alkylations or by an N-acylation-reduction sequence of (+/-)-, (2R,3S)-, and (2S,3R)-2,3-aziridinofarnesol (9-OH) protected as tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers. S(N)2 displacements of the corresponding methanesulfonates with pyrophosphate and methanediphosphonate anions afforded aziridine 2-methyl diphosphates and methanediphosphonates bearing N-undecyl, N-bishomogeranyl, and N-(alpha-methylene)bishomogeranyl substituents as mimics for the 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-2,5,9-trienyl side chain of PSPP. The 2R,3S diphosphate enantiomer bearing the N-bishomogeranyl substituent corresponding in absolute stereochemistry to PSPP proved to be the most potent inhibitor (IC(50) 1.17 +/- 0.08 muM in the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate), a value 4-fold less than that of its 2S,3R stereoisomer. The other aziridine analogues bearing the N-(alpha-methylene)bishomogeranyl and N-undecyl substituents, and the related methanediphosphonates, exhibited lower affinities for recombinant squalene synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Koohang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Urbina JA. Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: relevance, current limitations and new approaches. Acta Trop 2010; 115:55-68. [PMID: 19900395 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the development of specific chemotherapeutic approaches for the management of American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is presented, including controversies on the pathogenesis of the disease, the initial efforts that led to the development of currently available drugs (nifurtimox and benznidazole), limitations of these therapies and novel approaches for the development of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drugs, based on our growing understanding of the biology of this parasite. Among the later, the most promising approaches are ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors such as posaconazole and ravuconazole, poised to enter clinical trials for chronic Chagas disease in the short term; inhibitors of cruzipain, the main cysteine protease of T. cruzi, essential for its survival and proliferation in vitro and in vivo; bisphosphonates, metabolic stable pyrophosphate analogs that have trypanocidal activity through the inhibition of the parasite's farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthase or hexokinase; inhibitors of trypanothione synthesis and redox metabolism and inhibitors of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase, an essential enzyme for purine salvage in T. cruzi and related organisms. Finally, the economic and political challenges faced by development of drugs for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases, which afflict almost exclusively poor populations in developing countries, are analyzed and recent potential solutions for this conundrum are discussed.
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Urbina JA. Ergosterol biosynthesis and drug development for Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104 Suppl 1:311-8. [PMID: 19753490 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the currently available drugs nifurtimox (NFX) and benznidazole (BZN) used against Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease; herein we discuss their limitations along with potential alternatives with a focus on ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBI). These compounds are currently the most advanced candidates for new anti-T. cruzi agents given that they block de novo production of 24-alkyl-sterols, which are essential for parasite survival and cannot be replaced by a host's own cholesterol. Among these compounds, new triazole derivatives that inhibit the parasite's C14alpha sterol demethylase are the most promising, as they have been shown to have curative activity in murine models of acute and chronic Chagas disease and are active against NFX and BZN-resistant T. cruzi strains; among this class of compounds, posaconazole (Schering-Plough Research Institute) and ravuconazole (Eisai Company) are poised for clinical trials in Chagas disease patients in the short term. Other T. cruzi-specific EBI, with in vitro and in vivo potency, include squalene synthase, lanosterol synthase and squalene epoxidase-inhibitors as well as compounds with dual mechanisms of action (ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition and free radical generation), but they are less advanced in their development process. The main putative advantages of EBI over currently available therapies include their higher potency and selectivity in both acute and chronic infections, activity against NFX and BZN-resistant T. cruzi strains, and much better tolerability and safety profiles. Limitations may include complexity and cost of manufacture of the new compounds. As for any new drug, such compounds will require extensive clinical testing before being introduced for clinical use, and the complexity of such studies, particularly in chronic patients, will be compounded by the current limitations in the verification of true parasitological cures for T. cruzi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Urbina
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Rong L, Han H, Jiang H, Tu S. Efficient and Facile Synthesis of 3-Amino-1-aryl-9H-fluorene-2,4-dicarbonitrile Under Solvent-Free Conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902779298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangce Rong
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Normal University , Xuzhou, China
- b Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Han
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Normal University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- b Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujiang Tu
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Normal University , Xuzhou, China
- b Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Kourounakis AP, Charitos C, Rekka EA, Kourounakis PN. Lipid-Lowering (Hetero)Aromatic Tetrahydro-1,4-Oxazine Derivatives with Antioxidant and Squalene Synthase Inhibitory Activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5861-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800663w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P. Kourounakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece, ELPEN Pharmaceutical Co Inc., 95 Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Charitos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece, ELPEN Pharmaceutical Co Inc., 95 Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni A. Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece, ELPEN Pharmaceutical Co Inc., 95 Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panos N. Kourounakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece, ELPEN Pharmaceutical Co Inc., 95 Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Linder MD, Ikonen E. Genetics and molecular biology: a cholesterol-lowering drug with antibacterial properties. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:324-5. [PMID: 18460926 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3282ff8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu CI, Liu GY, Song Y, Yin F, Hensler ME, Jeng WY, Nizet V, Wang AHJ, Oldfield E. A cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor blocks Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Science 2008; 319:1391-4. [PMID: 18276850 DOI: 10.1126/science.1153018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces hospital- and community-acquired infections, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus posing a serious public health threat. The golden carotenoid pigment of S. aureus, staphyloxanthin, promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species and host neutrophil-based killing, and early enzymatic steps in staphyloxanthin production resemble those for cholesterol biosynthesis. We determined the crystal structures of S. aureus dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM) at 1.58 angstrom resolution, finding structural similarity to human squalene synthase (SQS). We screened nine SQS inhibitors and determined the structures of three, bound to CrtM. One, previously tested for cholesterol-lowering activity in humans, blocked staphyloxanthin biosynthesis in vitro (median inhibitory concentration approximately 100 nM), resulting in colorless bacteria with increased susceptibility to killing by human blood and to innate immune clearance in a mouse infection model. This finding represents proof of principle for a virulence factor-based therapy against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Liu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Leonik FM, Papke RL, Horenstein NA. Quinuclidines as selective agonists for alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1520-2. [PMID: 17276680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The alpha7 subtype of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) was targeted for the design of selective agonists deriving from the quinuclidine scaffold. Arylidene groups at the 3-position and N-methyl quinuclidine were found to be selective agonists with EC(50)s of 1.5 and 40 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedra M Leonik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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Hamama WS, El-Magid OMA, Zoorob HH. Chemistry of quinuclidines as nitrogen bicyclic bridged-ring structures. J Heterocycl Chem 2006; 43:1397-1420. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Ishihara T, Kakuta H, Moritani H, Ugawa T, Yanagisawa I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel propylamine derivatives as orally active squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5899-908. [PMID: 15498666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase inhibitors are potentially superior hypolipidemic agents. We synthesized novel propylamine derivatives, as well as evaluated their ability to inhibit squalene synthase and their lipid-lowering effects in rats. 1-Allyl-2-[3-(benzylamino)propoxy]-9H-carbazole (YM-75440) demonstrated potent inhibition of the enzyme derived from HepG2 cells with an IC(50) value of 63 nM. It significantly reduced both plasma total cholesterol and plasma triglyceride levels following oral dosing to rats with a reduced tendency to elevate plasma transaminase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Ishihara
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chemistry Laboratories, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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Urbina JA, Concepcion JL, Caldera A, Payares G, Sanoja C, Otomo T, Hiyoshi H. In vitro and in vivo activities of E5700 and ER-119884, two novel orally active squalene synthase inhibitors, against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2379-87. [PMID: 15215084 PMCID: PMC434216 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.7.2379-2387.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease is a serious public health problem in Latin America, and no treatment is available for the prevalent chronic stage. Its causative agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, requires specific endogenous sterols for survival, and we have recently demonstrated that squalene synthase (SQS) is a promising target for antiparasitic chemotherapy. E5700 and ER-119884 are quinuclidine-based inhibitors of mammalian SQS that are currently in development as cholesterol- and triglyceride-lowering agents in humans. These compounds were found to be potent noncompetitive or mixed-type inhibitors of T. cruzi SQS with K(i) values in the low nanomolar to subnanomolar range in the absence or presence of 20 microM inorganic pyrophosphate. The antiproliferative 50% inhibitory concentrations of the compounds against extracellular epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes were ca. 10 nM and 0.4 to 1.6 nM, respectively, with no effects on host cells. When treated with these compounds at the MIC, all of the parasite's sterols disappeared from the parasite cells. In vivo studies indicated that E5700 was able to provide full protection against death and completely arrested the development of parasitemia when given at a concentration of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 30 days, while ER-119884 provided only partial protection. This is the first report of an orally active SQS inhibitor that is capable of providing complete protection against fulminant, acute Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Urbina
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones, Centro de Bioquimica y Biofisica, Altos de Pipe, Caracas 1020, Venezuela.
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Choi SW, Bai DH, Yu JH, Shin CS. Characteristics of the squalene synthase inhibitors produced by a Streptomyces species isolated from soils. Can J Microbiol 2004; 49:663-8. [PMID: 14735215 DOI: 10.1139/w03-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms producing squalene synthase inhibitors were screened from soils. A high producer was selected and identified as a Streptomyces species. Two active inhibitors were obtained from culture broths via a series of purification processes involving solvent extraction, WK-10 cation-exchange column chromatography, HP-20 adsorption column chromatography, silica-gel column chromatography, preparative HPLC, and crystallization. The inhibitors were confirmed as macrolactins A and F with molecular weights of 402 by UV-absorption spectrometry, fast atom bombardment mass spectometry, and 13C- and 1H-NMR analyses. Kinetic results for macrolactins A and F showed that they appear to be noncompetitive inhibitors of rat liver squalene synthase with IC50 values of 1.66 and 1.53 micromol/L, respectively. Since mammalian squalene synthase was used, these inhibitors have significant potential as therapeutic agents for hyperlipemia and suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Won Choi
- Green Biotech Co. Ltd., Paju-city, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Ishihara T, Kakuta H, Moritani H, Ugawa T, Yanagisawa I. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinuclidine Derivatives Incorporating Phenothiazine Moieties as Squalene Synthase Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:1204-9. [PMID: 15467236 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase inhibitors have the potential to be superior hypocholesterolemic agents. A series of quinuclidine derivatives incorporating phenothiazine systems was synthesized in order to investigate the effects of their structure on the inhibition of hamster liver microsomal enzyme. (+/-)-3-(10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-ylmethoxy)quinuclidine hydrochloride (19) was the most potent inhibitor in this series with an IC(50) value of 0.12 microM. Oral dosing of compound 19 to hamsters demonstrated effective reduction of both plasma total cholesterol levels and plasma triglyceride levels. Compound 19 showed a reduced tendency to elevate plasma transaminase levels, an indicator of hepatotoxicity. Enantiomerically pure (-)-19, YM-53546, was found to be more potent than the corresponding (+)-enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Ishihara
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ishihara T, Kakuta H, Moritani H, Ugawa T, Sakamoto S, Tsukamoto SI, Yanagisawa I. Syntheses of 3-ethylidenequinuclidine derivatives as squalene synthase inhibitors. Part 2: enzyme inhibition and effects on plasma lipid levels. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3735-45. [PMID: 12901918 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase (E.C. 2.5.1.21) is a microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the reductive dimerization of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate to form squalene, and is involved in the first committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis. It is an attractive target for hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic strategies. We synthesized a series of 3-ethylidenequinuclidine derivatives, and evaluated their ability to inhibit squalene synthase in vitro and to lower non-HDL cholesterol levels in hamsters. 3-Ethylidenequinuclidine derivatives incorporating an unsubstituted 9H-carbazole moiety reduced plasma non-HDL cholesterol levels and did not affect plasma transaminase levels, indicating a lack of hepatotoxicity. Among the novel compounds, (Z)-2-[2-(quinuclidin-3-ylidene)ethoxy]-9H-carbazole hydrochloride 8 (YM-53579) and (E)-2-[2-fluoro-2-(quinuclidin-3-ylidene)ethoxy]-9H-carbazole hydrochloride 28 (YM-53601) were potent inhibitors of squalene synthase derived from human hepatoma cells, with IC(50) values of 160 and 79 nM, respectively. They also reduced plasma non-HDL cholesterol levels in hamsters by approximately 50 and 70%, respectively, at an oral dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Ishihara
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 21Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, 305-8585, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ishihara T, Sakamoto S, Tsukamoto SI, Yanagisawa I. A Facile and Practical Procedure for the Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)-3-Quinuclidinylideneacetic Acid Derivative. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-9784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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