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Srivastava P, Sudevan ST, Thennavan A, Mathew B, Kanthlal SK. Inhibiting Monoamine Oxidase in CNS and CVS would be a Promising Approach to Mitigating Cardiovascular Complications in Neurodegenerative Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:331-341. [PMID: 36872357 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230303115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The flavoenzyme monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are present in the mitochondrial outer membrane and are responsible for the metabolism of biogenic amines. MAO deamination of biological amines produces toxic byproducts such as amines, aldehydes, and hydrogen peroxide, which are significant in the pathophysiology of multiple neurodegenerative illnesses. In the cardiovascular system (CVS), these by-products target the mitochondria of cardiac cells leading to their dysfunction and producing redox imbalance in the endothelium of the blood vessels. This brings up the biological relationship between the susceptibility of getting cardiovascular disorders in neural patients. In the current scenario, MAO inhibitors are highly recommended by physicians worldwide for the therapy and management of various neurodegenerative disorders. Many interventional studies reveal the benefit of MAO inhibitors in CVS. Drug candidates who can target both the central and peripheral MAO could be a better to compensate for the cardiovascular comorbidities observed in neurodegenerative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princika Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Arumugam Thennavan
- Central Lab Animal Facility, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - S K Kanthlal
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
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2
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Sağlık BN, Kaya Çavuşoğlu B, Acar Çevik U, Osmaniye D, Levent S, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds as potential MAO-A inhibitors - design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1063-1074. [PMID: 33479699 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are important drug targets for the management of neurological disorders. Herein, a series of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives bearing various alkyl/arylamine moieties as MAO inhibitors were designed and synthesized. All of the compounds were more selective against hMAO-A than hMAO-B. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of most of the compounds were lower than that of the common drug moclobemide (IC50 = 4.664 μM) and compound 6b was proven to be the most active compound (IC50 = 0.060 μM). Moreover, it was seen that compound 6b showed a similar inhibition profile to that of clorgyline (IC50 = 0.048 μM). The inhibition profile was found to be reversible and competitive for compound 6b with MAO-A selectivity. Molecular modelling studies aided in the understanding of the interaction modes between compound 6b and MAO-A. Furthermore, this compound was predicted to have a good pharmacokinetic profile and high BBB penetration. Therefore, such compounds are of interest towards developing new MAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Betül Kaya Çavuşoğlu
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Bulent Ecevit University , 67600 Zonguldak , Turkey . ; ; Tel: +90 (372) 261 31 54
| | - Ulviye Acar Çevik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Derya Osmaniye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
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3
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Manzoor S, Hoda N. A comprehensive review of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112787. [PMID: 32942081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are mammalian flavoenzyme, which catalyze the oxidative deamination of several neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, serotonin, and some other amines. The oxidative deamination produces several harmful side products like ammonia, peroxides, and aldehydes during the biochemical reaction. The concentration of biochemical neurotransmitter alteration in the brain by MAO is directly related with several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Activated MAO also contributes to the amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation by two successive cleft β-secretase and γ-secretase of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO is also involved in aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive destruction through the cholinergic neuronal damage and disorder of the cholinergic system. MAO inhibition has general anti-Alzheimer's disease effect as a consequence of oxidative stress reduction prompted by MAO enzymes. In this review, we outlined and addressed recent understanding on MAO enzymes such as their structure, physiological function, catalytic mechanism, and possible therapeutic goals in AD. In addition, it also highlights the current development and discovery of potential MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) from various chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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4
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Sağlık BN, Osmaniye D, Acar Çevik U, Levent S, Kaya Çavuşoğlu B, Atlı Eklioğlu Ö, Özkay Y, Koparal AS, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis, in vitro enzyme activity and molecular docking studies of new benzylamine-sulfonamide derivatives as selective MAO-B inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1422-1432. [PMID: 32602377 PMCID: PMC7821958 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1784892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on the selective inhibition of human monoamine oxidase B (hMAO-B) enzyme using benzylamine-sulphonamide derivatives. Using various chemical modifications on BB-4h, which was reported previously by our team and showed a significant level of MAO-B inhibition, novel benzylamine-sulphonamide derivatives were designed, synthesised, and their MAO inhibition potentials were evaluated. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 4i and 4t achieved IC50 values of 0.041 ± 0.001 µM and 0.065 ± 0.002 µM, respectively. The mechanism of hMAO-B inhibition by compounds 4i and 4t was studied using Lineweaver–Burk plot. The nature of inhibition was also determined to be non-competitive. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted and compounds 4i and 4t were found to be non-toxic. Molecular docking studies were also carried out for compound 4i, which was found as the most potent agent, within hMAO-B catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Derya Osmaniye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ulviye Acar Çevik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Betül Kaya Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlı Eklioğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | | | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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5
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Tripathi RKP, Ayyannan SR. Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors as potential neurotherapeutic agents: An overview and update. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1603-1706. [PMID: 30604512 DOI: 10.1002/med.21561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have made significant contributions and remain an indispensable approach of molecular and mechanistic diversity for the discovery of antineurodegenerative drugs. However, their usage has been hampered by nonselective and/or irreversible action which resulted in drawbacks like liver toxicity, cheese effect, and so forth. Hence, the search for selective MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) has become a substantial focus in current drug discovery. This review summarizes our current understanding on MAO-A/MAO-B including their structure, catalytic mechanism, and biological functions with emphases on the role of MAO-B as a potential therapeutic target for the development of medications treating neurodegenerative disorders. It also highlights the recent developments in the discovery of potential MAO-B inhibitors (MAO-BIs) belonging to diverse chemical scaffolds, arising from intensive chemical-mechanistic and computational studies documented during past 3 years (2015-2018), with emphases on their potency and selectivity. Importantly, readers will gain knowledge of various newly established MAO-BI scaffolds and their development potentials. The comprehensive information provided herein will hopefully accelerate ideas for designing novel selective MAO-BIs with superior activity profiles and critical discussions will inflict more caution in the decision-making process in the MAOIs discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | - Senthil Raja Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Design, synthesis, monoamine oxidase inhibition and docking studies of new dithiocarbamate derivatives bearing benzylamine moiety. Bioorg Chem 2018; 76:177-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Tripathi AC, Upadhyay S, Paliwal S, Saraf SK. Privileged scaffolds as MAO inhibitors: Retrospect and prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:445-497. [PMID: 29335210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and readable review of general interest to the medicinal chemistry community because it focuses on the pharmacological, chemical, structural and computational aspects of diverse chemical categories as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Monoamine oxidases (MAOs), namely MAO-A and MAO-B represent an enormously valuable class of neuronal enzymes embodying neurobiological origin and functions, serving as potential therapeutic target in neuronal pharmacotherapy, and hence we have coined the term "Neurozymes" which is being introduced for the first time ever. Nowadays, therapeutic attention on MAOIs engrosses two imperative categories; MAO-A inhibitors, in certain mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and MAO-B inhibitors, in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The use of MAOIs declined due to some potential side effects, food and drug interactions, and introduction of other classes of drugs. However, curiosity in MAOIs is reviving and the recent developments of new generation of highly selective and reversible MAOIs, have renewed the therapeutic prospective of these compounds. The initial section of the review emphasizes on the detailed classification, structural and binding characteristics, therapeutic potential, current status and future challenges of the privileged pharmacophores. However, the chemical prospective of privileged scaffolds such as; aliphatic and aromatic amines, amides, hydrazines, azoles, diazoles, tetrazoles, indoles, azines, diazines, xanthenes, tricyclics, benzopyrones, and more interestingly natural products, along with their conclusive SARs have been discussed in the later segment of review. The last segment of the article encompasses some patents granted in the field of MAOIs, in a simplistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C Tripathi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Savita Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Pharmacy Department, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India.
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8
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Kaya B, Sağlık BN, Levent S, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis of some novel 2-substituted benzothiazole derivatives containing benzylamine moiety as monoamine oxidase inhibitory agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1654-61. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1161621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Betül Kaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey and
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey and
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey and
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey and
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey and
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9
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Erdem SS, Özpınar GA, Boz Ü. Quantum chemical modeling of the inhibition mechanism of monoamine oxidase by oxazolidinone and analogous heterocyclic compounds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:81-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.753882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Sağ Erdem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University
IstanbulTurkey
| | - Gül Altınbaş Özpınar
- Chemistry Department, Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering Faculty, Bursa Technical University
OsmangaziTurkey
| | - Ümüt Boz
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University
IstanbulTurkey
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10
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Alesiani D, Canini A, D’Abrosca B, DellaGreca M, Fiorentino A, Mastellone C, Monaco P, Pacifico S. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of phytochemicals from Quince (Cydonia vulgaris) peels. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Fiorentino A, D'Abrosca B, Pacifico S, Mastellone C, Piscopo V, Caputo R, Monaco P. Isolation and structure elucidation of antioxidant polyphenols from quince (Cydonia vulgaris) peels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2660-2667. [PMID: 18348529 DOI: 10.1021/jf800059r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen new compounds, as well as 16 already known, have been isolated from organic extracts of peels of Cydonia vulgaris, a fruit of a shrub belonging to the same tribe as the apple. All of the structures were elucidated by EI- or ESI-MS and (1)H and (13)C NMR after purification of individual compounds by HPLC. Thirteen fatty acid esters of cinnamyl alcohols, three fatty acid esters of hydroxybenzoic acid, three fatty acid esters of hydroxybenzaldehyde, three glucosides of aromatic acids, four chlorogenic acids, two flavonols, and a benzylamine have been identified. The fatty acid moieties have been identified by GC-MS analysis of the methanolysis products. All of the compounds were tested for their radical scavenging and antioxidant activities by measuring their capacity to scavenge the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and anion superoxide radical and to induce the reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V). The chlorogenic acids and the flavonols exhibited more antioxidant and radical scavenger capacity than the positive standards alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The results of the tests were analyzed by cluster analysis that grouped all of the compounds on the basis of the substituents on the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fiorentino
- artimento di Scienze della Vita, Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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12
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Huang CA, Ho CL, Chen CT. Structural and catalytic studies of lithium complexes bearing pendant aminophenolate ligands. Dalton Trans 2008:3502-10. [DOI: 10.1039/b717370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Erdem SS, Karahan O, Yildiz I, Yelekçi K. A computational study on the amine-oxidation mechanism of monoamine oxidase: Insight into the polar nucleophilic mechanism. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:646-58. [PMID: 16467939 DOI: 10.1039/b511350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The proposed polar nucleophilic mechanism of MAO was investigated using quantum chemical calculations employing the semi-empirical PM3 method. In order to mimic the reaction at the enzyme's active site, the reactions between the flavin and the p-substituted benzylamine substrate analogs were modeled. Activation energies and rate constants of all the reactions were calculated and compared with the published experimental data. The results showed that electron-withdrawing groups at the para position of benzylamine increase the reaction rate. A good correlation between the log of the calculated rate constants and the electronic parameter (sigma) of the substituent was obtained. These results agree with the previous kinetic experiments on the effect of p-substituents on the reduction of MAO-A by benzylamine analogs. In addition, the calculated rate constants showed a correlation with the rate of reduction of the flavin in MAO-A. In order to verify the results obtained from the PM3 method single-point B3LYP/6-31G*//PM3 calculations were performed. These results demonstrated a strong reduction in the activation energy for the reaction of benzylamine derivatives having electron-withdrawing substituents, which is in agreement with the PM3 calculations and the previous experimental QSAR study. PM3 and B3LYP/6-31G* energy surfaces were obtained for the overall reaction of benzylamine with flavin. Results suggest that PM3 is a reasonable method for studying this kind of reaction. These theoretical findings support the proposed polar nucleophilic mechanism for MAO-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Sağ Erdem
- Chemistry Department, Marmara University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 34722, Göztepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Bolasco A, Fioravanti R, Carradori S. Recent development of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.12.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Castillo J, Hung J, Rodriguez M, Bastidas E, Laboren I, Jaimes A. LED fluorescence spectroscopy for direct determination of monoamine oxidase B inactivation. Anal Biochem 2005; 343:293-8. [PMID: 16004952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report an alternative assay for the determination of the inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity of probe compounds. Enzyme MAO-B exhibits fluorescence emissions when it is excited at 412 nm. Using an inexpensive blue LED-like excitation source, we measured the quenching of fluorescence intensity of MAO-B enzyme during the reaction with inhibitors. The applicability of the procedure is demonstrated by assays with l-deprenyl and berberine as inhibitors through the use of fluorescence studies. The IC(50) values of l-deprenyl and berberine were 0.04 and 90 microM, respectively. The K(I) values were 0.020 and 47 microM for l-deprenyl and berberine, respectively. These IC(50) and K(I) values were similar to the values obtained with a standard method. These results demonstrate the feasibility of this method as an alternative to follow the inhibitory effect on MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castillo
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1080A, Venezuela.
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Yoshida S, Rosen TC, Meyer OGJ, Sloan MJ, Ye S, Haufe G, Kirk KL. Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 3: Inhibition of monoamine oxidase A and B. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2645-52. [PMID: 15110846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 03/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines and alkylamines were examined as inhibitors of recombinant human liver monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) and B (MAO B). For a series of trans- and cis-2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamine analogues, the presence of fluorine attached to a cyclopropane ring was found to result in an increase in inhibitory activity towards both MAO A and B. In addition, p-substitution of electron-withdrawing groups such as Cl and F in the aromatic ring of the trans-isomers increased the inhibition of both enzymes. (1S,2S)-2-Fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamine was a more potent inhibitor of both MAO A and B than was the (1R,2R)-enantiomer, indicating that the presence of fluorine has no influence on the enantioselectivity of MAO inhibition, since a similar effect of stereochemistry has been reported for tranylcypromine. Interestingly, fluorination at the 2-position of 1-phenycyclopropylamine, which is known as a selective inhibitor of MAO B relative to MAO A, reversed the selectivity and resulted in a potent inhibitor selective for MAO A. All inhibitors showed time- and concentration-dependent inhibition for both enzymes, with the exception of trans-2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropyl ethylamine, which acts as a competitive and reversible MAO A selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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