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Kaya AA, Menzek A, Şahin E. Synthesis of cyclohexane derivatives including Br, Cl, N, O, and S at 1,2,4,5-positions: selectivity in addition reactions. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Gao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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Choi HK, Choi S, Lee Y, Kang DW, Ryu H, Maeng HJ, Chung SJ, Pavlyukovets VA, Pearce LV, Toth A, Tran R, Wang Y, Morgan MA, Blumberg PM, Lee J. Non-vanillyl resiniferatoxin analogues as potent and metabolically stable transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:690-8. [PMID: 19135377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of non-vanillyl resiniferatoxin analogues, having 4-methylsulfonylaminophenyl and fluorophenyl moieties as vanillyl surrogates, have been investigated as ligands for rat TRPV1 heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Although lacking the metabolically problematic 4-hydroxy substituent on the A-region phenyl ring, the compounds retained substantial agonist potency. Indeed, the 3-methoxy-4-methylsulfonylaminophenyl analog (1) was modestly (2.5-fold) more potent than RTX, with an EC(50)=0.106 nM. Further, it resembled RTX in its kinetics and pattern of stimulation of the levels of intracellular calcium in individual cells, as revealed by imaging. Compound 1 displayed modestly enhanced in vitro stability in rat liver microsomes and in plasma, suggesting that it might be a pharmacokinetically more favorable surrogate of resiniferatoxin. Molecular modeling analyses with selected analogues provide evidence that the conformational differences could affect their binding affinities, especially for the ester versus amide at the B-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Nakagawa H, Hiura A. Capsaicin, transient receptor potential (TRP) protein subfamilies and the particular relationship between capsaicin receptors and small primary sensory neurons. Anat Sci Int 2006; 81:135-55. [PMID: 16955665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-073x.2006.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of subfamilies of the capsaicin receptor, collectively called TRP, have been reported since the discovery of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1). The term 'TRP' is derived from 'transient receptor potential', which means the transient and rapid defect of reaction following long stimulation with light in the photoreceptor cells of mutant Drosophila. The common features of TRP family members are the centrally situated six transmembrane domain, in which an ion channel is located, three to four ankirin repeats at the N-terminus and a TRP domain comprising 25 amino acids at the C-terminus. The TRP family members are present in animals, including invertebrates and vertebrates, and in the cells in various tissues in individual animals. During evolution, the original TRP seems to have acquired a wide variety of functions related to sensing the inner or outer environment (e.g. to sensing light (Drosophila), osmolarity, protons, temperature, ligands and mechanical force). In mammals, the TRPV subfamily is exclusively expressed in small- to medium-sized primary sensory neurons that also co-express some chemical markers (i.e. isolectin B4 (IB4), fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP), the P2X3 purinoceptor (a receptor provoked by ATP-induced nociception) and Ret, a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor). There is a paradox in that regardless of the marked or complete loss of noxious, small sensory neurons (polymodal nociceptors) in mice treated with capsaicin during the neonatal period, as well as in VR1 (TRPV1)-deficient knock-out mice, the responses to noxious heat are normal. Regarding the paradox in mice treated with capsaicin as neonates, our explanation is that although capsaicin probably reduces the number of a subgroup of small neurons (IB4-, VR1+), the remaining IB4+ (VR1-) neurons can sense noxious heat normally. One working hypothesis is that mice lacking TRPV1/2 can sense noxious heat under normal conditions, presumably via another still unknown pathway, and TRPV1 has been suggested to be involved in noxious heat transduction under pathological conditions, such as inflammation and tissue injury. Further studies will be required to clarify these complexities. Mice treated with capsaicin as neonates would provide a model to investigate the above paradoxes, as would TRPV1-knock-out mice, although different mechanisms may be operating in the two models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Center for Special Care in Dentistry School of Dentistry, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Stanoeva E, He W, De Kimpe N. Natural and synthetic cage compounds incorporating the 2,9,10-trioxatricyclo[4.3.1.03,8]decane type moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:17-28. [PMID: 15582448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 2,9,10-trioxatricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,8)]decane moiety is a tetracyclic cage-like orthoester incorporated in the structure of a series of daphnane derivatives such as resiniferatoxin (RTX), kirkinine, synaptolepis factors, huratoxin etc., exhibiting various biological activities. The approaches to the preparation of cage-like orthoesters starting from partially acylated or unmodified 1,2,4-trihydroxycyclohexane moieties built onto natural as well as synthetic compounds are discussed. Orthoester derivatives of RTX analogs, Ceverathrum alkaloids, myoinositol and pyranoses are included. Stereochemical requirements to the formation of the orthoester unit are discussed. The biological activity of different compounds containing the cage-like orthoester structural fragment is given. The literature is reviewed till 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stanoeva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lee J, Kim SY, Park S, Lim JO, Kim JM, Kang M, Lee J, Kang SU, Choi HK, Jin MK, Welter JD, Szabo T, Tran R, Pearce LV, Toth A, Blumberg PM. Structure-activity relationships of simplified resiniferatoxin analogues with potent VR1 agonism elucidates an active conformation of RTX for VR1 binding. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1055-69. [PMID: 14980619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously described a series of N-(3-acyloxy-2-benzylpropyl) homovanillate and N'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) thiourea derivatives that were potent VR1 agonists with high-affinities and excellent analgesic profiles. The design of these simplified RTX analogues was based on our RTX-derived pharmacophore model which incorporates the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl (A-region), C(20)-ester (B-region), orthophenyl (C1-region) and C(3)-keto (C2-region) groups of RTX. For the purpose of optimizing the spatial arrangement of the four principal pharmacophores on the lead agonists (1-4), we have modified the distances in the parent C-region, 3-acyloxy-2-benzylpropyl groups, by lengthening or shortening one carbon to vary the distances between the pharmacophores. We find that two of the amides, 4 and 19, possess EC(50) values <1 nM for induction of calcium influx in the VR1-CHO cells. As observed previously, the structure-activity relations for inhibition of RTX binding to VR1 and for induction of calcium uptake were distinct, presumably reflecting both intrinsic and methodological factors. In order to find the active conformation of VR1 ligands, the energy-minimized conformations of seven selected agonists were determined and the positions of their four pharmacophores were matched with those of five low energy RTX conformations. The rms values for the overlaps in the pharmacophores were calculated and correlated with the measured binding affinities (K(i)) and calcium influx (EC(50)) values. The binding affinities of the agonists correlated best with the RMS values derived from RTX conformation E (r(2)=0.92), predicting a model of the active conformation of RTX and related vanilloids for binding to VR1. Poorer correlation was obtained between any of the conformations and the EC(50) values for calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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Stanoeva E, He W, Rocchetti MT, Nguyen Van T, De Kimpe N. Synthesis of 1-substituted 2,9,10-trioxatricyclo[4.3.1.03,8]decanes. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee J, Lee J, Kim J, Kim SY, Chun MW, Cho H, Hwang SW, Oh U, Park YH, Marquez VE, Beheshti M, Szabo T, Blumberg PM. N-(3-Acyloxy-2-benzylpropyl)-N'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) thiourea derivatives as potent vanilloid receptor agonists and analgesics. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:19-32. [PMID: 11197340 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-(3-acyloxy-2-benzylpropyl)-N'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) thiourea derivatives were investigated as vanilloid receptor ligands in an effort to discover a novel class of analgesics. The proposed pharmacophore model of resiniferatoxin. which includes the C20 homovanillic moiety, the C3-carbonyl and the orthoester phenyl ring as key pharmacophoric groups, was utilized as a guide for drug design. The compounds were synthesized after several steps from diethylmalonate and evaluated in vitro in a receptor binding assay and in a capsaicin-activated channel assay. Additional evaluation of analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity and pungency was conducted in animal models by the writhing test, the ear edema assay, and the eye-wiping test, respectively. Among the new compounds, 23 and 28 were found to be the most potent receptor agonists of the series with Ki values of 19 nM and 11 nM, respectively. Their strong in vitro potencies were also reflected by an excellent analgesic profile in animal tests with ED50 values of 0.5 microg kg for 23 and 1.0 microg/kg for 28. Relative to capsaicin these compounds appear to be ca. 600 and 300 times more potent. Both 23 and 28 were found to be less pungent than capsaicin based on the eye-wiping test. However, the compounds did not show significant anti-inflammatory activity. A molecular modeling study comparing the energy-minimized structures of resiniferatoxin and 35 demonstrated a good correlation in the spatial disposition of the corresponding key pharmacophores. The thioureas described in this investigation, which were designed as simplified resiniferatoxin surrogates, represent a novel class of potent vanilloid receptor agonists endowed with potent analgesic activity and reduced pungency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea.
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Lee J, Park SU, Kim JY, Kim JK, Lee J, Oh U, Marquez VE, Beheshti M, Wang QJ, Modarres S, Blumberg PM. 3-Acyloxy-2-phenalkylpropyl amides and esters of homovanillic acid as novel vanilloid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2909-14. [PMID: 10571146 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-acyloxy-2-phenalkylpropyl amides and esters of homovanillic acid were designed and synthesized as vanilloid receptor agonists containing the three principal pharmacophores of resiniferatoxin. Amide analogues 23, 5 and 11 were found to be potent agonists in vanilloid receptor assay both for ligand binding and for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea
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Goodwin JT, Mao B, Vidmar TJ, Conradi RA, Burton PS. Strategies toward predicting peptide cellular permeability from computed molecular descriptors. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 53:355-69. [PMID: 10406214 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of an orally administered drug is dictated not only by its pharmacological properties such as potency and selectivity, but also its pharmacokinetic properties such as its access to the site of activity. Thorough evaluation of the physicochemical and biological barriers to drug delivery is essential to the selection and successful development of drug candidates. We have demonstrated previously that cellular permeability, as a primary component of drug delivery, is principally dependent upon the desolvation potential of the polar functionalities in the molecule and, secondarily, upon the solute lipophilicity [Conradi, R.A., Hilgers, A.R., Ho, N.F.H., Burton, P.S. (1992). The influence of peptide structure on transport across Caco-2 cells. II. Peptide bond modification which results in improved permeability. Pharm. Res. 9, 473-479]. Increasingly sophisticated computational methods are becoming available for describing molecular structural features proposed to correlate with such molecular physicochemical determinants of permeability. Herein we examine the relationships of various computationally derived molecular geometric descriptors for a set of peptides and peptidomimetics, in the context of experimentally measured hydrogen-bond potentials and lipophilicities, with their cellular permeabilities. These descriptors include molecular volume, polar and non-polar surface areas and projected molecular cross-sectional areas. Particular attention is paid to the roles of solvation treatments and other computational factors in descriptor generation, deconvolution of cellular transport mechanisms and statistical analyses of the resulting data for the development of valid, structure-based and mechanistically meaningful models of cellular permeability. No significant correlation of cellular permeability with computed descriptors was found. This was primarily because of our inability to identify surrogates for hydrogen-bond desolvation potential for the solutes from among these descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Goodwin
- Drug Absorption and Transport, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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