1
|
Sharma P, Kumar R, Bhargava G. Recent development in the synthesis of pyrrolin‐4‐ones/pyrrolin‐3‐ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Kapurthala India
| | - Rupesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Kapurthala India
| | - Gaurav Bhargava
- Department of Chemical Sciences I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Kapurthala India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perez Bakovic GR, Roberts JL, Colford B, Joyce M, Servoss SL. Peptoid microsphere coatings: The effects of helicity, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. Biopolymers 2019; 110:e23283. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- German R. Perez Bakovic
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas Fayetteville Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Jesse L. Roberts
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas Fayetteville Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Bryce Colford
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas Fayetteville Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Myles Joyce
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas Fayetteville Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Shannon L. Servoss
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas Fayetteville Fayetteville Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meyer VJ, Niggemann M. Highly Chemoselective Calcium-Catalyzed Propargylic Deoxygenation. Chemistry 2012; 18:4687-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Hydrogen-bonded synthetic mimics of protein secondary structure as disruptors of protein-protein interactions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 348:1-23. [PMID: 20827522 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules which can mimic the key structural facets of protein secondary structure, in particular the α-helix, β-strand, and β-sheet, have been shown to be potent disruptors of protein-protein interactions. Researchers have recently taken the organizational imitation of protein secondary structure to a new level by using intramolecular hydrogen bonds as stabilizing forces in these small molecule mimetics. The inclusion of these interactions invokes a conformational bias of the system, allowing for greater control of the appearance, and thus often function, of these molecules by design.
Collapse
|
5
|
Loughlin WA, Tyndall JDA, Glenn MP, Hill TA, Fairlie DP. Update 1 of: Beta-Strand Mimetics. Chem Rev 2011; 110:PR32-69. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900395y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Matthew P. Glenn
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - David P. Fairlie
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith AB, Charnley AK, Hirschmann R. Pyrrolinone-based peptidomimetics. "Let the enzyme or receptor be the judge". Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:180-93. [PMID: 21175156 PMCID: PMC3078624 DOI: 10.1021/ar1001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins, evolved by nature to perform vital biological functions, would constitute ideal candidates for therapeutic intervention were it not for their generally poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Nonpeptide peptidomimetics have thus been pursued because they might overcome these limitations while maintaining both the potency and selectivity of the parent peptide or protein. Since the late 1980s, we have sought to design, synthesize, and evaluate a novel, proteolytically stable nonpeptide peptidomimetic scaffold consisting of a repeating structural unit amenable to iterative construction; a primary concern is maintaining both the appropriate peptide-like side-chains and requisite hydrogen bonding. In this Account, we detail how efforts in the Smith-Hirschmann laboratories culminated in the identification of the 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold. We developed effective synthetic protocols, both in solution and on solid supports, for iterative construction of diverse polypyrrolinones that present functionalized peptide-like side-chains. As a result of the rigid nature of the pyrrolinone scaffold, control over the backbone conformation could be exerted by modulation of the stereogenicity of the constituent monomers and the network of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The extended conformation of the homochiral 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold proved to be an excellent mimic for β-strands and β-sheets. Application to enzyme inhibitor design and synthesis led not only to modest inhibitors of the aspartic acid protease renin and the matrix metalloprotease class of enzymes, but importantly to bioavailable HIV-1 protease inhibitors with subnanomolar binding constants. The design and synthesis of a competent peptide-pyrrolinone hybrid ligand for the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen protein HLA-DR1 further demonstrated the utility of the 3,5-polypyrrolinone motif as a mimic for the extended polyproline type II peptide backbone. Equally important, we sought to define, by synthesis, the additional conformational space accessible to the polypyrrolinone structural motif, with the ultimate goal of accessing pyrrolinone-based turn and helix mimetics. Toward this end, a mono-N-methylated bispyrrolinone was found to adopt an extended helical array in the solid state. Subsequent synthesis of d,l-alternating (heterochiral) tetrapyrrolinones both validated the expected turn conformations in solution and led to a functionally active mimetic of a peptidal β-turn (similar to somatostatin). Finally, the design, synthesis, and structural evaluation of both acyclic and cyclic heterochiral (that is, d,l-alternating) hexapyrrolinones yielded nanotube-like assemblies in the solid state. Taken together, these results illustrate the remarkable potential of the 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold as β-strand, β-sheet, β-turn, and potentially helical peptidomimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith AB, Wang W, Charnley AK, Carroll PJ, Kenesky CS, Hirschmann R. Design, synthesis, and structural analysis of D,L-mixed polypyrrolinones. 1. From nonpeptide peptidomimetics to nanotubes. Org Lett 2010; 12:2990-3. [PMID: 20518540 PMCID: PMC2892756 DOI: 10.1021/ol101007n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To expand the potential conformational space available to the polypyrroline structural motif, an open chain, D,L-alternating hexapyrrolinone was designed and synthesized. Structural studies, including solution NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis, revealed that the hexapyrrolinone adopts a turn conformation both in solution and in the solid state, with aggregation in solution and a nanotube-like quaternary structure in the crystal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Wenyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Adam K. Charnley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Craig S. Kenesky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ge X, Wakim B, Sem DS. Chemical proteomics-based drug design: target and antitarget fishing with a catechol-rhodanine privileged scaffold for NAD(P)(H) binding proteins. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4571-80. [PMID: 18616236 DOI: 10.1021/jm8002284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drugs typically exert their desired and undesired biological effects by virtue of binding interactions with protein target(s) and antitarget(s), respectively. Strategies are therefore needed to efficiently manipulate and monitor cross-target binding profiles (e.g., imatinib and isoniazid) as an integrated part of the drug design process. Herein we present such a strategy, which reverses the target --> lead rational drug design paradigm. Enabling this approach is a catechol-rhodanine privileged scaffold for dehydrogenases, which is easily tuned for affinity and specificity toward desired targets. This scaffold crosses bacterial (E. coli) cell walls, and proteome-wide studies demonstrate it does indeed bind to and identify NAD(P)(H)-binding proteins that are potential drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antitargets (or targets) in human liver. This approach to drug discovery addresses key difficulties earlier in the process by only pursuing targets for which a chemical lead and optimization strategy are available, to permit rapid tuning of target/antitarget binding profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Proteomics Facility at Marquette, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Norgren AS, Zhang S, Arvidsson PI. Synthesis and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopic Investigations of Oligomeric β-Peptoids with α-Chiral Side Chains. Org Lett 2006; 8:4533-6. [PMID: 16986943 DOI: 10.1021/ol061717f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic oligomers are of large interest both as targets for combinatorial and parallel synthetic efforts and as foldamers. For example, shorter peptoid derivatives of beta-peptides, i.e., oligo-N-substituted beta-Ala, have been described as potential lead structures. Herein, we describe a solid-phase synthetic route to beta-peptoids with alpha-chiral aromatic N-substituents up to 11 residues long. Furthermore, the folding propensities of these oligomers were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Norgren
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moreno-Vargas AJ, Robina I, Petricci E, Vogel P. Synthesis ofd- andl-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-4,5-trans-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethylproline and Tripeptides Containing Them. J Org Chem 2004; 69:4487-91. [PMID: 15202906 DOI: 10.1021/jo049637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure (-)-(1R,4R,5R,6S)- and (+)-(1S,4S,5S,6R)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5,6-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-one ((-)-3 and (+)-3) have been obtained from the Diels-Alder adduct of N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrole and 2-bromo-1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)acetylene, including the Alexakis optical resolution of ketone (+/-)-3 via formation of cyclic aminals with (1R,2R)-diphenylethylenediamine. Compounds (-)-3 and (+)-3 were converted into d- and l-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-4,5-trans-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-3,4-isopropylidenedioxyprolines (-)-4 and (+)-4, respectively. Applying the Boc and Fmoc strategies of peptide synthesis, these compounds were used to construct two tripeptides containing the d- or l-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-4,5-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethylproline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Moreno-Vargas
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie et de Synthèse Asymétrique, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), BCH, CH-1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
A case study of the discovery of small molecule antagonists to the integrins GPIIbIIIa (alphaII(B)beta3), alphavbeta3, LFA-1 (alphaLbeta2), alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 is presented from the perspective of a biotechnology research organization. A strategy incorporating protein mutagenesis and structural studies to develop a structure-activity relationship (SAR) that described the 'epitope' of the integrin ligand was crucial to the identification of peptide analogs of these proteins, and subsequently, through parallel trends in SAR, to the identification of small molecule mimetics of these peptides, which are active analogs of the protein ligands themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Gadek
- Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2447] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Archer EA, Gong H, Krische MJ. Hydrogen bonding in noncovalent synthesis: selectivity and the directed organization of molecular strands. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Smith AB, Liu H, Okumura H, Favor DA, Hirschmann R. Synthesis of polypyrrolinones on solid support. Org Lett 2000; 2:2041-4. [PMID: 10891225 DOI: 10.1021/ol005931u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient, three-step iterative synthesis of polypyrrolinones has been achieved on solid support, setting the stage for the construction of a wide variety of libraries based on the pyrrolinone scaffold. Central to the approach is an effective end-game sequence featuring pyrrolinone ring construction with traceless release from the solid support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smith AB, Liu H, Hirschmann R. A second-generation synthesis of polypyrrolinone nonpeptidomimetics: prelude to the synthesis of polypyrrolinones on solid support. Org Lett 2000; 2:2037-40. [PMID: 10891224 DOI: 10.1021/ol0059293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A second-generation asymmetric synthesis of polypyrrolinones (3) has been achieved exploiting scalemic alpha-aminolactones (1) as building blocks. Imine formation between an appropriate lactone (1) and aldehyde (2), followed in turn by pyrrolinone ring construction promoted by KHMDS in the presence of 18-crown-6 and modified Swern oxidation furnished pyrrolinone aldehyde 3. This iterative, efficient three-step protocol paves the way for the synthesis of polypyrrolinones on solid support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Molecules that fold to mimic protein secondary structures have emerged as important targets of bioorganic chemistry. Recently, a variety of compounds that mimic helices, turns, and sheets have been developed, with notable advances in the design of beta-peptides that mimic each of these structures. These compounds hold promise as a step toward synthetic molecules with protein-like properties and as drugs that block protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Stigers
- Department of Chemistry, 535B Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Chemical and biological researchers are making rapid progress in the design and synthesis of non-natural oligomers and polymers that emulate the properties of natural proteins. Whereas molecular biologists are exploring biosynthetic routes to non-natural proteins with controlled material properties, synthetic polymer chemists are developing bioinspired materials with well-defined chemical and physical properties that function or self-organize according to defined molecular architectures. Bioorganic chemists, on the other hand, are developing several new classes of non-natural oligomers that are bridging the gap between molecular biology and polymer chemistry. These synthetic oligomers have both sidechain and length specificity, and, in some cases, demonstrate capability for folding, self-assembly, and specific biorecognition. Continued active exploration of diverse backbone and sidechain chemistries and connectivities in bioinspired oligomers will offer the potential for self-organized materials with greater chemical diversity and biostability than natural peptides. Taken together, advances in molecular bioengineering, polymer chemistry, and bioorganic chemistry are converging towards the creation of useful bioinspired materials with defined molecular properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Barron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Smith AB, Benowitz AB, Sprengeler PA, Barbosa J, Guzman MC, Hirschmann R, Schweiger EJ, Bolin DR, Nagy Z, Campbell RM, Cox DC, Olson GL. Design and Synthesis of a Competent Pyrrolinone−Peptide Hybrid Ligand for the Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Protein HLA-DR1. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991251e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Andrew B. Benowitz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Paul A. Sprengeler
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Joseph Barbosa
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Mark C. Guzman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Ralph Hirschmann
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Edwin J. Schweiger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - David R. Bolin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Robert M. Campbell
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Donald C. Cox
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Gary L. Olson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| |
Collapse
|