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Wood JL, Ghosh S, Houston ZH, Fletcher NL, Humphries J, Mardon K, Akhter DT, Tieu W, Ivashkevich A, Wheatcroft MP, Thurecht KJ, Codd R. A first-in-class dual-chelator theranostic agent designed for use with imaging-therapy radiometal pairs of different elements. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11748-11760. [PMID: 39092114 PMCID: PMC11290327 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A covalent adduct of DFOB and DOTA separated by a l-lysine residue (DFOB-l-Lys-N 6-DOTA) exhibited remarkable regioselective metal binding, with {1H}-13C NMR spectral shifts supporting Zr(iv) coordinating to the DFOB unit, and Lu(iii) coordinating to the DOTA unit. This first-in-class, dual-chelator theranostic design could enable the use of imaging-therapy radiometal pairs of different elements, such as 89Zr for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and 177Lu for low-energy β--particle radiation therapy. DFOB-l-Lys-N 6-DOTA was elaborated with an amine-terminated polyethylene glycol extender unit (PEG4) to give DFOB-N 2-(PEG4)-l-Lys-N 6-DOTA (compound D2) to enable installation of a phenyl-isothiocyanate group (Ph-NCS) for subsequent monoclonal antibody (mAb) conjugation (mAb = HuJ591). D2-mAb was radiolabeled with 89Zr or 177Lu to produce [89Zr]Zr-D2-mAb or [177Lu]Lu-D2-mAb, respectively, and in vivo PET/CT imaging and in vivo/ex vivo biodistribution properties measured with the matched controls [89Zr]Zr-DFOB-mAb or [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-mAb in a murine LNCaP prostate tumour xenograft model. The 89Zr-immuno-PET imaging function of [89Zr]Zr-D2-mAb and [89Zr]Zr-DFOB-mAb showed no significant difference in tumour accumulation at 48 or 120 h post injection. [89Zr]Zr-D2-mAb and [177Lu]Lu-D2-mAb showed similar ex vivo biodistribution properties at 120 h post-injection. Tumour uptake of [177Lu]Lu-D2-mAb shown by SPECT/CT imaging at 48 h and 120 h post-injection supported the therapeutic function of D2, which was corroborated by similar therapeutic efficacy between [177Lu]Lu-D2-mAb and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-mAb, both showing a sustained reduction in tumour volume (>80% over 65 d) compared to vehicle. The work identifies D2 as a trifunctional chelator that could expand capabilities in mixed-element radiometal theranostics to improve dosimetry and the clinical outcomes of molecularly targeted radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Wood
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences New South Wales 2006 Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Zachary H Houston
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - James Humphries
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Dewan T Akhter
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - William Tieu
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit (MITRU), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide Australia
| | | | | | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences New South Wales 2006 Australia
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Houson HA, Wu Z, Cao PLD, Lindsey JS, Lapi SE. Customizable Porphyrin Platform Enables Folate Receptor PET Imaging Using Copper-64. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2441-2455. [PMID: 38623055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Folate receptors including folate receptor α (FRα) are overexpressed in up to 90% of ovarian cancers. Ovarian cancers overexpressing FRα often exhibit high degrees of drug resistance and poor outcomes. A porphyrin chassis has been developed that is readily customizable according to the desired targeting properties. Thus, compound O5 includes a free base porphyrin, two water-solubilizing groups that project above and below the macrocycle plane, and a folate targeting moiety. Compound O5 was synthesized (>95% purity) and exhibited aqueous solubility of at least 0.48 mM (1 mg/mL). Radiolabeling of O5 with 64Cu in HEPES buffer at 37 °C gave a molar activity of 1000 μCi/μg (88 MBq/nmol). [64Cu]Cu-O5 was stable in human serum for 24 h. Cell uptake studies showed 535 ± 12% bound/mg [64Cu]Cu-O5 in FRα-positive IGROV1 cells when incubated at 0.04 nM. Subcellular fractionation showed that most radioactivity was associated with the cytoplasmic (39.4 ± 2.7%) and chromatin-bound nuclear (53.0 ± 4.2%) fractions. In mice bearing IGROV1 xenografts, PET imaging studies showed clear tumor uptake of [64Cu]Cu-O5 from 1 to 24 h post injection with a low degree of liver uptake. The tumor standardized uptake value at 24 h post injection was 0.34 ± 0.16 versus 0.06 ± 0.07 in the blocking group. In summary, [64Cu]Cu-O5 was synthesized at high molar activity, was stable in serum, exhibited high binding to FRα-overexpressing cells with high nuclear translocation, and gave uptake that was clearly visible in mouse tumor xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A Houson
- Department of Radiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Oncurie, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina 27608, United States
| | - Phuong-Lien Doan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Képes Z, Hajdu I, Fenyvesi F, Trencsényi G. Insights into recent preclinical studies on labelled cyclodextrin-based imaging probes: towards a novel oncological era. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:122978. [PMID: 37121492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As malignancies remain one of the major health concerns worldwide, increasing focus has been centered around the application of cyclodextrins (CDs) in cancer imaging and therapy due to their outstanding inclusion forming capability. Albeit the physicochemical properties of CDs were intensively elucidated, the spread of their clinical application is limited by the relative paucity of knowledge about their pharmacokinetic profile, especially biodistribution. Studies applying fluorescently- CDs, or CD-based MRI contrast agents revealed much about pharmacokinetics and diagnostic applications; however, derivatives labelled with positron emitters seem superior molecular probes in the investigation of the route of CDs in biological niche. In vivo imaging based on preclinical tumor-bearing model systems are well-suited to evaluate the whole-body distribution of the two most frequently assessed CDs: randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD). Exploiting the firm signaling interaction between cancer-related cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and RAS oncoprotein, radioconjugated, PGE2-affine CDs project the establishment of novel imaging probes and therapeutic agents. Currently, we provide an overview of the preclinical studies on CD pharmacokinetics highlighting the significance of the integration of translational discoveries into human patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - István Hajdu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Amjed N, Naz A, Wajid A, Aslam M, Ahmad I. Nuclear model analysis and optimization of production data of the medically interesting 66,67,68 Ga via alpha induced reactions on 63,65 Cu targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Nienhuis PH, Slart RHJA, Heeringa P, Brouwer E, Jiemy WF. Novel PET Imaging of Inflammatory Targets and Cells for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:902155. [PMID: 35733858 PMCID: PMC9207253 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.902155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are two interrelated inflammatory diseases affecting patients above 50 years of age. Patients with GCA suffer from granulomatous inflammation of medium- to large-sized arteries. This inflammation can lead to severe ischemic complications (e.g., irreversible vision loss and stroke) and aneurysm-related complications (such as aortic dissection). On the other hand, patients suffering from PMR present with proximal stiffness and pain due to inflammation of the shoulder and pelvic girdles. PMR is observed in 40-60% of patients with GCA, while up to 21% of patients suffering from PMR are also affected by GCA. Due to the risk of ischemic complications, GCA has to be promptly treated upon clinical suspicion. The treatment of both GCA and PMR still heavily relies on glucocorticoids (GCs), although novel targeted therapies are emerging. Imaging has a central position in the diagnosis of GCA and PMR. While [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) has proven to be a valuable tool for diagnosis of GCA and PMR, it possesses major drawbacks such as unspecific uptake in cells with high glucose metabolism, high background activity in several non-target organs and a decrease of diagnostic accuracy already after a short course of GC treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of GCA and, to some extent, PMR has advanced. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cellular heterogeneity in the immunopathology of GCA/PMR and discuss how recent advances in specific tissue infiltrating leukocyte and stromal cell profiles may be exploited as a source of novel targets for imaging. Finally, we discuss prospective novel PET radiotracers that may be useful for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring in GCA and PMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis S. M. van der Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Sandovici
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. Nienhuis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Riemer H. J. A. Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - William F. Jiemy
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Radiolabeled vitamins as the potential diagnostic probes for targeted tumor imaging. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Radiometals—Chemistry and radiolabeling. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Aboumanei MH, Mahmoud AF, Motaleb MA. Evaluation of radioiodinated ethopabate as a potential tumor targeting agent. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 180:110063. [PMID: 34922310 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.110063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of folate synthesis and folate receptor in a wide variety of tumors was reported. As a result, folate derivatives have emerged as a potential candidate for tumor imaging and therapy. Ethopabate is a structural analogue of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a precursor of folic acid. Ethopabate was radiolabeled with radioiodine-131 (131I) via direct electrophilic substitution reaction. Several factors that might affect the radiolabeling yield were studied. Paper chromatography was utilized for testing and evaluation of [131I]iodoethopabate, and HPLC was used as a co-chromatographic tool to confirm the radiochemical yield. The biodistribution of [131I]iodoethopabate in normal and tumor-bearing mice was investigated. The radioiodination of ethopabate resulted in a radiochemical yield of 93.70 ± 0.19%. The biodistribution data revealed that [131I]iodoethopabate was taken up by tumors with promising target/non-target (T/NT) ratios. Where, the tumor to-blood ratios were 3.30 ± 0.40 and 4.06 ± 0.10 at 1 and 4 h post injection, respectively. As a result of these findings, [131I]iodoethopabate appears to have excellent tumor uptake and adequate stability to be used for diagnostic purpose in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Aboumanei
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 11371, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ashgan F Mahmoud
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 11371, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Motaleb
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 11371, Cairo, Egypt
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Yousuf I, Bashir M, Arjmand F, Tabassum S. Advancement of metal compounds as therapeutic and diagnostic metallodrugs: Current frontiers and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Petrik M, Umlaufova E, Raclavsky V, Palyzova A, Havlicek V, Pfister J, Mair C, Novy Z, Popper M, Hajduch M, Decristoforo C. 68Ga-labelled desferrioxamine-B for bacterial infection imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:372-382. [PMID: 32734456 PMCID: PMC7835195 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose With the increase of especially hospital-acquired infections, timely and accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections is crucial for effective patient care. Molecular imaging has the potential for specific and sensitive detection of infections. Siderophores are iron-specific chelators recognized by specific bacterial transporters, representing one of few fundamental differences between bacterial and mammalian cells. Replacing iron by gallium-68 without loss of bioactivity is possible allowing molecular imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). Here, we report on the preclinical evaluation of the clinically used siderophore, desferrioxamine-B (Desferal®, DFO-B), radiolabelled with 68Ga for imaging of bacterial infections. Methods In vitro characterization of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B included partition coefficient, protein binding and stability determination. Specific uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B was tested in vitro in different microbial cultures. In vivo biodistribution was studied in healthy mice and dosimetric estimation for human setting performed. PET/CT imaging was carried out in animal infection models, representing the most common pathogens. Results DFO-B was labelled with 68Ga with high radiochemical purity and displayed hydrophilic properties, low protein binding and high stability in human serum and PBS. The high in vitro uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B in selected strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae could be blocked with an excess of iron-DFO-B. [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B showed rapid renal excretion and minimal retention in blood and other organs in healthy mice. Estimated human absorbed dose was 0.02 mSv/MBq. PET/CT images of animal infection models displayed high and specific accumulation of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B in both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus infections with excellent image contrast. No uptake was found in sterile inflammation, heat-inactivated P. aeruginosa or S. aureus and Escherichia coli lacking DFO-B transporters. Conclusion DFO-B can be easily radiolabelled with 68Ga and displayed suitable in vitro characteristics and excellent pharmacokinetics in mice. The high and specific uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, proving the potential of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B for specific imaging of bacterial infections. As DFO-B is used in clinic for many years and the estimated radiation dose is lower than for other 68Ga-labelled radiopharmaceuticals, we believe that [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B has a great potential for clinical translation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-020-04948-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Petrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Umlaufova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Raclavsky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Joachim Pfister
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 5, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Mair
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 5, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zbynek Novy
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Popper
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 5, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Larenkov A, Rakhimov M, Lunyova K, Klementyeva O, Maruk A, Machulkin A. Pharmacokinetic Properties of 68Ga-labelled Folic Acid Conjugates: Improvement Using HEHE Tag. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112712. [PMID: 32545327 PMCID: PMC7321154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a promising cell membrane-associated target for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy of cancer (FR-α) and potentially also inflammatory diseases (FR-β) through use of folic acid-based radioconjugate. FR is often overexpressed by cells of epithelial tumors, including tumors of ovary, cervix, endometrium, lungs, kidneys, etc. In healthy tissues, FR can be found in small numbers by the epithelial cells, mainly in the kidneys. Extremely high undesired accumulation of the folate radioconjugates in the renal tissue is a main drawback of FR-targeting concept. In the course of this work, we aimed to reduce the undesirable accumulation of folate radioconjugates in the kidneys by introducing a histidine/glutamic acid tag into their structure. Two folic acid based compounds were synthesized: NODAGA-1,4-butanediamine-folic acid (FA-I, as control) and NODAGA-[Lys-(HE)2]-folic acid (FA-II) which contains a (His-Glu)2 fragment. In vitro studies with FR (+) cells (KB and others) showed that both compounds have specificity for FR. Introduction of (HE)2-tag does not affect FR binding ability of the conjugates. In vivo biodistribution studies with normal laboratory animals, as well as with KB tumor bearing animals, were carried out. The results showed that introduction of the (HE)2 tag into the structure of folate radioconjugates can significantly reduce the accumulation of these compounds in non-target tissues and important organs (the accumulation in the kidneys is reduced 2-4 times), leaving the accumulation in tumor at least at the same level, and even increasing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Larenkov
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(925)821–43–21
| | - Marat Rakhimov
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Kristina Lunyova
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Olga Klementyeva
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Alesya Maruk
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksei Machulkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Semiconductor Electronics & the Physics of Semiconductors, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 9 Leninskiy pr., 119049 Moscow, Russia
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Boss SD, Ametamey SM. Development of Folate Receptor-Targeted PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Tumor Imaging-A Bench-to-Bedside Journey. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061508. [PMID: 32527010 PMCID: PMC7352234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor-α (FR-α) is overexpressed in many epithelial cancers, including ovary, uterus, kidneys, breast, lung, colon and prostate carcinomas, but shows limited expression in normal tissues such as kidneys, salivary glands, choroid plexus and placenta. FR-α has therefore emerged as a promising target for the delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents to FR-positive tumors. A series of folate-based PET (positron emission tomography) radiopharmaceuticals have been developed for the selective targeting of FR-positive malignancies. This review provides an overview on the research progress made so far regarding the design, radiosynthesis and the utility of the folate-derived PET radioconjugates for targeting FR-positive tumors. For the most part, results from folate radioconjugates labeled with fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min) and gallium-68 (t1/2 = 67.7 min) have been presented but folates labeled with "exotic" and new PET radionuclides such as copper-64 (t1/2 = 12.7 h), terbium-152 (t1/2 = 17.5 h), scandium-44 (t1/2 = 3.97 h), cobalt-55 (t1/2 = 17.5 h) and zirconium-89 (t1/2 = 78.4 h) are also discussed. For tumor imaging, none of the reported PET radiolabeled folates reported to date has made the complete bench-to-bedside journey except [18F]AzaFol, which made it to patients with metastatic ovarian and lung cancers in a multicenter first-in-human trial. In the near future, however, we expect more clinical trials with folate-based PET radiopharmaceuticals given the increasing clinical interest in imaging and the treatment of FR-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan D. Boss
- SWAN Isotopen AG, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Simon Mensah Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Sitarz M, Cussonneau JP, Matulewicz T, Haddad F. Radionuclide candidates for β+γ coincidence PET: An overview. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 155:108898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yaghoobi F, Karimi shervedani R, Torabi M, Kefayat A, Ghahremani F, Farzadniya A. Therapeutic effect of deferrioxamine conjugated to PEGylated gold nanoparticles and complexed with Mn(II) beside the CT scan and MRI diagnostic studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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Cal-Gonzalez J, Vaquero JJ, Herraiz JL, Pérez-Liva M, Soto-Montenegro ML, Peña-Zalbidea S, Desco M, Udías JM. Improving PET Quantification of Small Animal [ 68Ga]DOTA-Labeled PET/CT Studies by Using a CT-Based Positron Range Correction. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:584-593. [PMID: 29352372 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Image quality of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers that emits high-energy positrons, such as Ga-68, Rb-82, or I-124, is significantly affected by positron range (PR) effects. PR effects are especially important in small animal PET studies, since they can limit spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy of the images. Since generators accessibility has made Ga-68 tracers wide available, the aim of this study is to show how the quantitative results of [68Ga]DOTA-labeled PET/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging of neuroendocrine tumors in mice can be improved using positron range correction (PRC). PROCEDURES Eighteen scans in 12 mice were evaluated, with three different models of tumors: PC12, AR42J, and meningiomas. In addition, three different [68Ga]DOTA-labeled radiotracers were used to evaluate the PRC with different tracer distributions: [68Ga]DOTANOC, [68Ga]DOTATOC, and [68Ga]DOTATATE. Two PRC methods were evaluated: a tissue-dependent (TD-PRC) and a tissue-dependent spatially-variant correction (TDSV-PRC). Taking a region in the liver as reference, the tissue-to-liver ratio values for tumor tissue (TLRtumor), lung (TLRlung), and necrotic areas within the tumors (TLRnecrotic) and their respective relative variations (ΔTLR) were evaluated. RESULTS All TLR values in the PRC images were significantly different (p < 0.05) than the ones from non-PRC images. The relative differences of the tumor TLR values, respect to the case with no PRC, were ΔTLRtumor 87 ± 41 % (TD-PRC) and 85 ± 46 % (TDSV-PRC). TLRlung decreased when applying PRC, being this effect more remarkable for the TDSV-PRC method, with relative differences respect to no PRC: ΔTLRlung = - 45 ± 24 (TD-PRC), - 55 ± 18 (TDSV-PRC). TLRnecrotic values also decreased when using PRC, with more noticeable differences for TD-PRC: ΔTLRnecrotic = - 52 ± 6 (TD-PRC), - 48 ± 8 (TDSV-PRC). CONCLUSION The PRC methods proposed provide a significant quantitative improvement in [68Ga]DOTA-labeled PET/CT imaging of mice with neuroendocrine tumors, hence demonstrating that these techniques could also ameliorate the deleterious effect of the positron range in clinical PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Cal-Gonzalez
- QIMP group, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, Dpto. Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan José Vaquero
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín L Herraiz
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, Dpto. Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mailyn Pérez-Liva
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, Dpto. Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Peña-Zalbidea
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- IRAB-Institut de Radiofarmàcia Aplicada de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Udías
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, Dpto. Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
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Brand C, Longo VA, Groaning M, Weber WA, Reiner T. Development of a New Folate-Derived Ga-68-Based PET Imaging Agent. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:754-761. [PMID: 28194631 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The folate receptor (FR) has emerged as an interesting diagnostic and therapeutic drug target with many potential applications in oncologic and inflammatory disorders. It was therefore the aim of this study to develop a folate-derived Ga-68-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracer that is straightforward to radiolabel and could be broadly used in clinical studies. We validated its target binding affinity and specificity and compared it to [99mTc]EC20, the folate single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging tracer that has been most extensively studied clinically so far. PROCEDURES The new folic acid-derived PET imaging agent is linked via a polyethyleneglycol linker to the chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-trisacetic acid (NOTA). This new compound, NOTA-folate, was labeled with gallium-68. We tested the probe's stability in human plasma and its selectivity in vitro, using the FR-positive KB cell line as well as the FR-negative A549 cell line. The pharmacokinetic profile of [68Ga]NOTA-folate was evaluated in FR-positive KB mouse xenografts. Following intravenous injection of [68Ga]NOTA-folate (383 ± 53 μCi), PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging studies as well as biodistribution studies were performed using KB tumor-bearing mice (n = 3). In vitro as well as in vivo studies were performed in parallel with the SPECT imaging tracer [99mTc]EC20. RESULTS In comparison to [99mTc]EC20 (radiochemical yield (RCY) = 82.0 ± 2.9 %, 91.8 ± 2.0 % purity), similar radiochemical yield (87.2 ± 6.9 %) and radiochemical purity (95.6 ± 1.8 %) could be achieved for [68Ga]NOTA-folate. For both tracers, we observed high affinity for FR-positive cells in vitro and high plasma stability. In PET/CT and biodistribution studies, [68Ga]NOTA-folate appeared to display slightly superior in vivo performance in comparison to [99mTc]EC20. In detail, 68Ga-NOTA-folate showed very good tumor uptake and retention (6.6 ± 1.1 %ID/g), relatively low kidney uptake (21.7 ± 1.1 %ID/g), and very low liver uptake (0.38 ± 0.08 %ID/g). In vivo blocking studies using a fivefold excess of EC20 reduced the tumor uptake to 2.5 ± 0.7 %ID/g, confirming receptor specific binding of [68Ga]NOTA-folate in vivo. CONCLUSION We validated a new Ga-68 folate-based PET imaging agent with excellent pharmacokinetics and tumor uptake. Based on a head-to-head comparison between both tracers, [68Ga]NOTA-folate is a suitable imaging probe for the delineation of FR-positive tumors and a promising candidate for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brand
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Valerie A Longo
- Small-Animal Imaging Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Karimi Shervedani R, Yaghoobi F, Torabi M, Rahsepar FR, Samiei Foroushani M. Controlled synthesis of mixed molecular nanostructures from folate and deferrioxamine-Ga(III) on gold and tuning their performance for cancer cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 122:149-157. [PMID: 29631207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy is developed for construction of the mixed molecular nanostructures from folic acid (FOA), a targeting agent, and deferrioxamoine-Ga(III), (DFO-Ga(III)), a theranostic agent, on gold-mercaptopropionic acid surface, Au-MPA. The strategy is focused to achieve a system in which all the active constituents of FOA; i.e., pteridine rings, p-aminobenzoeic acid, and the glutamic acid, having high affinity for folate receptor overexpressed on cancer cells; remain unreacted in adjacent to DFO-Ga(III), Au-MPA-[DFO-Ga(III)]‖-[FOA]. For this purpose, the NH2 groups of FOA and DFO-Ga(III) were attached covalently and separately to COOH of Au-MPA surface allowing all the active groups of FOA to be available for drug delivery purposes. The data obtained through several electrochemical and surface analysis techniques, supported successful construction of the designed mixed molecular nanostructures system. In addition, the results showed that the system is stable, and Ga(III) ion does not leave DFO-Ga(III) complex. The prepared surface was successfully tested for capturing of the breast cancer cells 4T1 as a model. The measurements showed a rapid uptake kinetics (t1/2 of ~6.0min) and efficient accessibility of the system by the cancer cells; the Rct was significantly increased in the presence of 4T1 cells compared with blank PBS (ΔRct ~420kΩ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Karimi Shervedani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Islamic Republic of Iran..
| | - Fatemeh Yaghoobi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mostafa Torabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Foss CA, Sanchez-Bautista J, Jain SK. Imaging Macrophage-associated Inflammation. Semin Nucl Med 2018; 48:242-245. [PMID: 29626941 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system comprising closely related cells of bone marrow origin. Activated macrophages are critical in several diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, and atherosclerosis. Noninvasive imaging techniques that can specifically image activated macrophages could therefore help in differentiating various forms of inflammatory diseases and to monitor therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julian Sanchez-Bautista
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Cal-Gonzalez J, Vaquero JJ, Herraiz JL, Pérez-Liva M, Soto-Montenegro ML, Peña-Zalbidea S, Desco M, Udías JM. Improving PET Quantification of Small Animal [68Ga]DOTA-Labeled PET/CT Studies by Using a CT-Based Positron Range Correction. Mol Imaging Biol 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-018-1161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Prospective of 68Ga Radionuclide Contribution to the Development of Imaging Agents for Infection and Inflammation. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018. [PMID: 29531507 PMCID: PMC5817300 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9713691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the utilization of 68Ga for the development of imaging agents has increased considerably with the leading position in the oncology. The imaging of infection and inflammation is lagging despite strong unmet medical needs. This review presents the potential routes for the development of 68Ga-based agents for the imaging and quantification of infection and inflammation in various diseases and connection of the diagnosis to the treatment for the individualized patient management.
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22
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Photophysical changes of thionine dye with folic acid capped gold nanoparticles by spectroscopic approach and its in vitro cytotoxicity towards A-549 lung cancer cells. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Yi YS. Folate Receptor-Targeted Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases. Immune Netw 2016; 16:337-343. [PMID: 28035209 PMCID: PMC5195843 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.6.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, an innate immune response mediated by macrophages, forms the first line of defence to protect our body from the invasion of various pathogens. Although inflammation is a defensive response, chronic inflammation has been regarded as the major cause of many types of human diseases such as inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, cancers, neurological diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Folate receptor (FR) is a cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein, and its three isoforms, FR-α, FR-β, and FR-γ, are found in humans. Interestingly, FRs are highly expressed on a variety of cells, including cancer cells and activated macrophages, whereas their expression on normal cells is undetectable, indicating that FR-targeting could be a good selective strategy for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of cancers and activated macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases. Previous studies successfully showed FR-targeted imaging of many types of cancers in animal models as well as human patients. Recently, a number of emerging studies have found that activated macrophages, which are critical players for a variety of inflammatory diseases, highly express FRs, and selective targeting of these FR-positive activated macrophages is a good approach to diagnose and treat inflammatory diseases. In this review, we describe the characteristics and structure of FRs, and further discuss FR-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics of human diseases, in particular, activated macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea
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Jain A, Mathur A, Pandey U, Bhatt J, Mukherjee A, Ram R, Sarma HD, Dash A. Synthesis and evaluation of a (68)Ga labeled folic acid derivative for targeting folate receptors. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 116:77-84. [PMID: 27501138 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Present work evaluates the potential of a newly synthesized (68)Ga-NOTA-folic acid conjugate for PET imaging of tumors over-expressing folate receptors (FRs). NOTA-folic acid conjugate was synthesized and characterized. It was radiolabeled with (68)Ga in ≥ 95% radiolabeling yields. In vitro cell binding studies showed a maximum cell uptake of 1.7±0.4% per million KB cells which was completely blocked on addition of cold folic acid showing specificity towards the FRs. However, further studies in tumor xenografts are warranted in order to assess the potential of (68)Ga-folic acid complex for imaging tumors over-expressing FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Jain
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Anupam Mathur
- Radiopharmaceuticals Program, Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, Navi Mumbai, 400703 India
| | - Usha Pandey
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Jyotsna Bhatt
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Archana Mukherjee
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Ramu Ram
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India.
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Sonni I, Iagaru A. PET Imaging Toward Individualized Management of Urologic and Gynecologic Malignancies. PET Clin 2016; 11:261-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Chen Q, Meng X, McQuade P, Rubins D, Lin SA, Zeng Z, Haley H, Miller P, González Trotter D, Low PS. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Folate-NOTA-Al(18)F for PET Imaging of Folate-Receptor-Positive Tumors. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1520-7. [PMID: 27054811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Folate-receptor-targeted PET radiotracers can potentially serve as versatile imaging agents for the diagnosis, staging, and prediction of response to therapy of patients with folate-receptor (FR)-expressing cancers. Because current FR-targeted PET reagents can be compromised by complex labeling procedures, low specific activities, poor radiochemical yields, or unwanted accumulation in FR negative tissues, we have undertaken to design an improved folate-PET agent that might be more amenable for clinical development. For this purpose, we have synthesized a folate-NOTA-Al(18)F radiotracer and examined its properties both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Radiochemical synthesis of folate-NOTA-Al(18)F was achieved by incubating (18)F(-) with AlCl3 for 2 min followed by heating in the presence of folate-NOTA for 15 min at 100 °C. Binding of folate-NOTA-Al(18)F to FR was quantitated in homogenates of KB and Cal51 tumor xenografts in the presence and absence of excess folic acid as a competitor. In vivo imaging was performed on nu/nu mice bearing either FR+ve (KB cell) or FR-ve (A549 cell) tumor xenografts, and specific accumulation of the radiotracer in tumor and other tissues was assessed by high-resolution micro-PET and ex vivo biodistribution in the presence and absence of excess folic acid. Image quality of folate-NOTA-Al(18)F was compared with that of (99m)Tc-EC20, a clinically established folate-targeted SPECT imaging agent. RESULTS Total radiochemical synthesis and purification of folate-NOTA-Al(18)F was completed within 37 min, yielding a specific activity of 68.82 ± 18.5 GBq/μmol, radiochemical yield of 18.6 ± 4.5%, and radiochemical purity of 98.3 ± 2.9%. Analysis of FR binding revealed a Kd of ∼1.0 nM, and micro-PET imaging together with ex vivo biodistribution analyses demonstrated high FR-mediated uptake in an FR+ tumor and the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Folate-NOTA-Al(18)F constitutes an easily prepared FR-targeted PET imaging agent with improved radiopharmaceutical properties and high specificity for folate receptor expressing tumors. Given its improved properties over (99m)Tc-EC20 (i.e., higher resolution, shorter image acquisition time, etc.), we conclude that folate-NOTA-Al(18)F constitutes a viable alternative to (99m)Tc-EC20 for use in identification, diagnosis, and staging of patients with FR-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul McQuade
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Daniel Rubins
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Shu-An Lin
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Zhizhen Zeng
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hyking Haley
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Patricia Miller
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Dinko González Trotter
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Fraile L, Herraiz J, Udías J, Cal-González J, Corzo P, España S, Herranz E, Pérez-Liva M, Picado E, Vicente E, Muñoz-Martín A, Vaquero J. Experimental validation of gallium production and isotope-dependent positron range correction in PET. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
The most commonly utilized PET radionuclide is fluorine-18 ((18)F) because of its convenient half-life and excellent imaging properties. In this review, we present the first analysis of patents issued for radiotracers labeled with fluorine-18 (between 2009 and 2015), and provide perspective on current trends and future directions in PET radiotracer development.
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Targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil to cholangiocarcinoma cells using folic acid as a targeting agent. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 60:411-415. [PMID: 26706547 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There are limits to the standard treatment for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) including drug resistance and side effects. The objective of this study was to develop a new technique for carrying drugs by conjugation with gold nanoparticles and using folic acid as a targeting agent in order to increase drug sensitivity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were functionalized with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and folic acid (FA) using polyethylene glycol (PEG) shell as a linker (AuNPs-PEG-5FU-FA). Its cytotoxicity was tested in CCA cell lines (M139 and M213) which express folic acid receptor (FA receptor). The results showed that AuNPs-PEG-5FU-FA increased the cytotoxic effects in the M139 and M213 cells by 4.76% and 7.95%, respectively compared to those treated with free 5FU+FA. It is found that the cytotoxicity of the AuNPs-PEG-5FU-FA correlates with FA receptor expression suggested the use of FA as a targeted therapy. The mechanism of cytotoxicity was mediated via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as determined by apoptosis array. In conclusion, our findings shed some light on the use of gold nanoparticles for conjugation with potential compounds and FA as targeted therapy which contribute to the improvement of anti-cancer drug efficacy. In vivo study should be warranted for its effectiveness of stability, biosafety and side effect reduction.
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Abstract
Targeted therapy is gaining prominence in the management of different cancers. Given different mechanism of action compared with traditional chemoradiotherapy, selection of patients for targeted therapy and monitoring response to these agents is difficult with conventional imaging. Various new PET radiopharmaceuticals have been evaluated for molecular imaging of these targets to achieve specific patient selection and response monitoring. These PET/computed tomography (CT) agents target the cell surface receptors, hormone receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, or angiogenesis components. This article reviews the established and potential role of PET/CT with new radiopharmaceuticals for guiding targeted therapy.
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Abstract
Radioisotopes of elements from all parts of the periodic table find both clinical and research applications in radionuclide molecular imaging and therapy (nuclear medicine). This article provides an overview of these applications in relation to both the radiological properties of the radionuclides and the chemical properties of the elements, indicating past successes, current applications and future opportunities and challenges for inorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Blower
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Evaluation of excitation functions of the 68,67, 66 Zn(p,xn) 68,67, 66 Ga and 67 Zn(p,α) 64 Cu reactions: Validation of evaluated data through comparison with experimental excitation functions of the nat Zn(p,x) 66, 67 Ga and nat Zn(p,x) 64 Cu processes. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 96:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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AlJammaz I, Al-Otaibi B, Al-Rumayan F, Al-Yanbawi S, Amer S, Okarvi SM. Development and preclinical evaluation of new (124)I-folate conjugates for PET imaging of folate receptor-positive tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:457-63. [PMID: 24776091 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to develop new folate radiotracers with favorable biochemical properties for detecting folate receptor-positive cancers, we have synthesized [(124)I]-SIB- and [(124)I]-SIP-folate conjugates using a straightforward and two-step simple reactions. Radiochemical yields for [(124)I]-SIB- and [(124)I]-SIP-folate conjugates were greater than 90 and 60% respectively, with total synthesis time of 30-40min. Radiochemical purities were always greater than 98% without HPLC purification. These synthetic approaches hold considerable promise as rapid and simple method for (124)I-folate conjugate preparation with high radiochemical yield in short synthesis time. In vitro tests on KB cell line showed that the significant amounts of the radioconjugates were associated with cell fractions. In vivo characterization in normal Balb/c mice revealed rapid blood clearance of these radioconjugates and favorable biodistribution profile for [(124)I]-SIP-folate conjugate over [(124)I]-SIB-folate conjugate. Biodistribution studies of [(124)I]-SIP-folate conjugate in nude mice bearing human KB cell line xenografts, demonstrated significant tumor uptake. The uptake in the tumors was blocked by excess injection of folic acid, suggesting a receptor-mediated process. These results demonstrate that [(124)I]-SIP-folate conjugate may be useful as a molecular probe for detecting and staging of folate receptor-positive cancers, such as ovarian cancer and their metastasis as well as monitoring tumor response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I AlJammaz
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - B Al-Otaibi
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - F Al-Rumayan
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Al-Yanbawi
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Amer
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S M Okarvi
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Taylor J. The Diagnostic Application of Radiolabelled Folate in the Detection of Folate Receptor-Positive Tumors. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2014; 45:55-58. [PMID: 31051997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Folate receptor (FR)-positive cancer, particularly in the ovary, is difficult to diagnose in the early stages of disease and is a poor prognosis for those involved. Currently, computed tomography (CT) and sonography are useful for assessing lesion size but are limited by the sensitivity, specificity, and resolution of the systems. Radiolabelled folates have been a topic of interest over recent years, and research is showing promising results. In particular, technetium -99m etarfolatide using single-photon emission computed tomography or single-photon emission computed tomography/CT has been claimed as the most practical and efficient radiocompound and can be used to diagnose FR-positive cancers and metastatic involvement. A conjugate chemotherapy treatment agent, EC145, uses the same pathway as technetium-99m EC20, and, therefore, these two agents can be used together to provide a new method of treatment. Some positron emission tomography/CT radiocompounds have also been explored based on similar disease pathways, but much more research is still needed. The purpose of this article was to discuss the role of radiolabelled folates in the diagnosis and management of patients with FR-positive ovarian cancer.
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Akbulut M, D’Addio SM, Gindy ME, Prud’homme RK. Novel methods of targeted drug delivery: the potential of multifunctional nanoparticles. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 2:265-82. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Schieferstein H, Betzel T, Fischer CR, Ross TL. 18 F-click labeling and preclinical evaluation of a new 18 F-folate for PET imaging. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:68. [PMID: 24041035 PMCID: PMC3849131 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The folate receptor (FR) is a well-established target for tumor imaging and therapy. To date, only a few 18 F-folate conjugates via 18 F-prosthetic group labeling for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging have been developed. To some extent, they all lack the optimal balance between efficient radiochemistry and favorable in vivo characteristics. Methods A new clickable olate precursor was synthesized by regioselective coupling of folic acid to 11-azido-3,6,9-trioxaundecan-1-amine at the γ-position of the glutamic acid residue. The non-radioactive reference compound was synthesized via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of 3-(2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)prop-1-yne and γ-(11-azido-3,6,9-trioxaundecanyl)folic acid amide. The radiosynthesis was accomplished in two steps: at first a 18 F-fluorination of 2-(2-(2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, followed by a 18 F-click reaction with the γ-azido folate. The in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo behaviors of the new 18 F-folate were investigated using FR-positive human KB cells in displacement assays and microPET studies using KB tumor-bearing mice. Results The new 18 F-folate with oligoethylene spacers showed reduced lipophilicity in respect to the previously developed 18 F-click folate with alkyl spacers and excellent affinity (Ki = 1.6 nM) to the FR. Combining the highly efficient 18 F-click chemistry and a polar oligoethylene-based 18 F-prosthetic group facilitated these results. The overall radiochemical yield of the isolated and formulated product averages 8.7%. In vivo PET imaging in KB tumor-bearing mice showed a tumor uptake of 3.4% ID/g tissue, which could be reduced by FR blockade with native folic acid. Although the new 18 F-oligoethyleneglycole (OEG)-folate showed reduced hepatobiliary excretion over time, a distinct unspecific abdominal background was still observed. Conclusions A new 18 F-folate was developed, being available in very high radiochemical yields via a fast and convenient two-step radiosynthesis. The new 18 F-OEG-folate showed good in vivo behavior and lines up with several recently evaluated 18 F-labeled folates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Schieferstein
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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Zhou Y, Baidoo KE, Brechbiel MW. Mapping biological behaviors by application of longer-lived positron emitting radionuclides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1098-111. [PMID: 23123291 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the technological development of positron emission tomography (PET) and the advent of novel antibody-directed drug delivery systems, longer-lived positron-emitting radionuclides are moving to the forefront to take important roles in tracking the distribution of biotherapeutics such as antibodies, and for monitoring biological processes and responses. Longer half-life radionuclides possess advantages of convenient on-site preparation procedures for both clinical and non-clinical applications. The suitability of the long half-life radionuclides for imaging intact monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their respective fragments, which have inherently long biological half-lives, has attracted increased interest in recent years. In this review, we provide a survey of the recent literature as it applies to the development of nine-selected longer-lived positron emitters with half-lives of 9-140h (e.g., (124)I, (64)Cu, (86)Y and (89)Zr), and describe the biological behaviors of radionuclide-labeled mAbs with respect to distribution and targeting characteristics, potential toxicities, biological applications, and clinical translation potentials.
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Key Words
- (124)I
- (64)Cu
- (86)Y
- (89)Zr
- 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N″′-tetraacetic acid
- 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N′,N″-1,4,7-triacetic acid
- 1-N-(4-aminobenzyl)-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane-1,8-diamine
- 1-oxa-4,7,1-tetraazacyclododecane-5-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-4,7,10-triacetic acid
- 3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]-pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-4-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-3,6,9-triacetic acid
- CHX-A″-DTPA
- DOTA
- DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide
- DOTATOC
- DTPA
- HPMA
- Immuno-PET
- Monoclonal antibodies
- N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide
- N-[R-2-amino-3-(p-isothiocyanato-phenyl)propyl]-trans-(S,S)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid
- NOTA
- Oncology
- PIB
- PIP
- Radioimmunoimaging
- SATA
- SarAr
- bispecific monoclonal antibody
- bsMAb
- diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
- p-SCN-Bn-PCTA
- p-SCN-Bn-oxo-DO3A
- p-iodobenzoate
- para-iodophenyl
- succinimidyl acetylthioacetate
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Müller C. Folate-based radiotracers for PET imaging--update and perspectives. Molecules 2013; 18:5005-31. [PMID: 23629756 PMCID: PMC6269920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is expressed in many tumor types, among those ovarian and lung cancer. Due to the high FR affinity of folic acid, it has been used for targeting of FR-positive tumors, allowing specific delivery of attached probes to the malignant tissue. Therefore, nuclear imaging of FR-positive cancer is of clinical interest for selecting patients who could benefit from innovative therapy concepts based on FR-targeting. Positron emission computed tomography (PET) has become an established technique in clinical routine because it provides an increased spatial resolution and higher sensitivity compared to single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Therefore, it is of critical importance to develop folate radiotracers suitable for PET imaging. This review article updates on the design, preparation and pre-clinical investigation of folate derivatives for radiolabeling with radioisotopes for PET. Among those the most relevant radionuclides so far are fluorine-18 (t1/2: 110 min, Eavβ+: 250 keV) and gallium-68 (t1/2: 68 min, Eav β+: 830 keV). Recent results obtained with new PET isotopes such as terbium-152 (t1/2: 17.5 h, Eβ+: 470 keV) or scandium-44 (t1/2: 3.97 h, Eav β+: 632 keV) are also presented and discussed. Current endeavors for clinical implementation of PET agents open new perspectives for identification of FR-positive malignancies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland.
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Krall N, Scheuermann J, Neri D. Small Targeted Cytotoxics: Current State and Promises from DNA-Encoded Chemical Libraries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1384-402. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Krall N, Scheuermann J, Neri D. Entwicklung zielgerichteter niedermolekularer zytotoxischer Wirkstoffverbindungen mit DNA-codierten chemischen Bibliotheken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Development of new radiopharmaceuticals and their availability are crucial factors influencing the expansion of clinical nuclear medicine. The number of new (68)Ga-based imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) is increasing greatly. (68)Ga has been used for labeling of a broad range of molecules (small organic molecules, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides) as well as particles, thus demonstrating its potential to become a PET analog of the legendary generator-produced gamma-emitting (99m)Tc but with added value of higher sensitivity and resolution as well as quantitation and dynamic scanning. Further, the availability of technology for GMP-compliant automated tracer production can facilitate the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and enable standardized, harmonized multicenter studies to be conducted for regulatory approval. This chapter presents some examples of tracers for targeted, pretargeted, and nontargeted imaging with emphasis on the potential of (68)Ga to facilitate clinically practical PET development and to promote the PET technique worldwide for earlier and better diagnostics, and personalized medicine with the ultimate objective of improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rösch F. 68Ge/68Ga Generators and 68Ga Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry on Their Way into a New Century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
68Ga faces a renaissance initiated by the development of new 68Ge/68Ga radionuclide generators, sophisticated 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals, preclinical research and state-of-the-art clincial diagnoses via positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). A new type of 68Ge/68Ga generator became commercially available in the first years of the 21st century, with eluates based on hydrochloric acid. These generators provided ‘cationic’ 68Ga instead of ‘inert’ 68Gacomplexes, and opened new pathways of MeIII radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The last decade has seen a 68Ga rush. Increasing interest in generator-based 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic applications has been accompanied by its potential use in the context of diease treatment planning, made possible by the inherent option expressed by theranostics. However, widespread acceptance and clinical application requires optimization of 68Ge/68Ga generators both from chemical and regulatory perspectives.
How to cite this article
Rösch F. 68Ge/68Ga Generators and 68Ga Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry on Their Way into a New Century. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(1):18-25.
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Ditto AJ, Shah KN, Robishaw NK, Panzner MJ, Youngs WJ, Yun YH. The Interactions between L-tyrosine based nanoparticles decorated with folic acid and cervical cancer cells under physiological flow. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3089-98. [PMID: 22957928 DOI: 10.1021/mp300221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs have been established clinically, but their efficacy can be compromised by nonspecific toxicity and an inability to reach the desired cancerous intracellular spaces. In order to address these issues, researchers have explored the use of folic acid as a targeted moiety to increase specificity of chemotherapeutic drugs. To expand upon such research, we have conjugated folic acid to functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) and subsequently decorated the surface of l-tyrosine polyphosphate (LTP) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles possess the appropriate size (100-500 nm) for internalization as shown by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Under simulated physiological flow, LTP nanoparticles decorated with folic acid (targeted nanoparticles) show a 10-fold greater attachment to HeLa, a cervical cancer cell line, compared to control nanoparticles and to human dermal fibroblasts. The attachment of these targeted nanoparticles progresses at a linear rate, and the strength of this nanoparticle attachment is shown to withstand shear stresses of 3.0 dyn/cm(2). These interactions of the targeted nanoparticles to HeLa are likely a result of a receptor-ligand binding, as a competition study with free folic acid inhibits the nanoparticle attachment. Finally, the targeted nanoparticles encapsulated with a silver based drug show increased efficacy in comparison to nondecorated (plain) nanoparticles and drug alone against HeLa cells. Thus, targeted nanoparticles are a promising delivery platform for developing anticancer therapies that overexpress the folate receptors (FRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ditto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Olson Research Center, Akron, Ohio 44325-0302, United States
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Liu X, Ma S, Yao Y, Li G, Feng M, Deng K, Dai C, Cai F, Li Y, Zhang B, Wang R. Differential expression of folate receptor alpha in pituitary adenomas and its relationship to tumor behavior. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:1274-80; discussion 1280. [PMID: 22089756 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182417e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate receptor alpha (FRα) plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis of some malignant tumors, but its role and clinical significance in pituitary adenomas remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To identify a possible biomarker for the diagnosis of nonfunctional pituitary adenomas (NFAs) that could also be used to assess tumor behavior. METHODS Sporadic pituitary tumor specimens (n = 76) and normal pituitary glands (n = 7) were examined. FRα protein and mRNA expression were quantified by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, respectively. We verified the differential expression of FRα in pituitary adenomas and evaluated the associations of FRα expression with Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and clinicopathologic characteristics of NFAs. Statistical significance was determined by using the Student t test or one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS FRα mRNA and protein was uniquely overexpressed in NF (immunohistochemically positive) and NF (immunohistochemically negative) adenomas but not in functional adenomas (adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin) or normal adenohypophysial tissues (P < .001). The expression of FRα was positively correlated with tumor invasiveness, size and Ki-67 LI in NFAs. CONCLUSION FRα may play an important role in the development and progression of NFAs. Therefore, FRα may be useful as a molecular biomarker for the diagnosis of NFAs and assessment of tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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Al Jammaz I, Al-Otaibi B, Amer S, Al-Hokbany N, Okarvi S. Novel synthesis and preclinical evaluation of folic acid derivatives labeled with 18F-[FDG] for PET imaging of folate receptor-positive tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:864-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bartholomä MD. Recent developments in the design of bifunctional chelators for metal-based radiopharmaceuticals used in Positron Emission Tomography. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vaitilingam B, Chelvam V, Kularatne SA, Poh S, Ayala-Lopez W, Low PS. A Folate Receptor-α–Specific Ligand That Targets Cancer Tissue and Not Sites of Inflammation. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1127-34. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.099390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Natarajan A, Habte F, Gambhir SS. Development of a novel long-lived immunoPET tracer for monitoring lymphoma therapy in a humanized transgenic mouse model. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1221-9. [PMID: 22621257 DOI: 10.1021/bc300039r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an attractive imaging tool to localize and quantify tracer biodistribution. ImmunoPET with an intact mAb typically requires two to four days to achieve optimized tumor-to-normal ratios. Thus, a positron emitter with a half-life of two to four days such as zirconium-89 [(89)Zr] (t1/2: 78.4 h) is ideal. We have developed an antibody-based, long-lived immunoPET tracer (89)Zr-Desferrioxamine-p-SCN (Df-Bz-NCS)-rituximab (Zr-iPET) to image tumor for longer durations in a humanized CD20-expressing transgenic mouse model. To optimize the radiolabeling efficiency of (89)Zr with Df-Bz-rituximab, multiple radiolabelings were performed. Radiochemical yield, purity, immunoreactivity, and stability assays were carried out to characterize the Zr-iPET for chemical and biological integrity. This tracer was used to image transgenic mice that express the human CD20 on their B cells (huCD20TM). Each huCD20TM mouse received a 7.4 MBq/dose. One group (n = 3) received a 2 mg/kg predose (blocking) of cold rituximab 2 h prior to (89)Zr-iPET; the other group (n = 3) had no predose (nonblocking). Small animal PET/CT was used to image mice at 1, 4, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h. Quality assurance of the (89)Zr-iPET demonstrated NCS-Bz-Df: antibody ratio (c/a: 1.5 ± 0.31), specific activity (0.44-1.64 TBq/mol), radiochemical yield (>70%), and purity (>98%). The Zr-iPET immunoreactivity was >80%. At 120 h, Zr-iPET uptake (% ID/g) as mean ± STD for blocking and nonblocking groups in spleen was 3.2 ± 0.1% and 83.3 ± 2.0% (p value <0.0013.). Liver uptake was 1.32 ± 0.05% and 0.61 ± 0.001% (p value <0.0128) for blocking and nonblocking, respectively. The small animal PET/CT image shows the spleen specific uptake of Zr-iPET in mice at 120 h after tracer injection. Compared to the liver, the spleen specific uptake of Zr-iPET is very high due to the expression of huCD20. We optimized the radiolabeling efficiency of (89)Zr with Df-Bz-rituximab. These radioimmunoconjugate lots were stable up to 5 days in serum in vitro. The present study showed that (89)Zr is well-suited for mAbs to image cancer over an extended period of time (up to 5 days).
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Fani M, Tamma ML, Nicolas GP, Lasri E, Medina C, Raynal I, Port M, Weber WA, Maecke HR. In Vivo Imaging of Folate Receptor Positive Tumor Xenografts Using Novel 68Ga-NODAGA-Folate Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200418f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Luisa Tamma
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume P. Nicolas
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Lasri
- Research Department, Guerbet, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | | | - Isabelle Raynal
- Research Department, Guerbet, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Marc Port
- Research Department, Guerbet, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Wolfgang A. Weber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helmut R. Maecke
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Engle JW, Hong H, Zhang Y, Valdovinos HF, Myklejord DV, Barnhart TE, Theuer CP, Nickles RJ, Cai W. Positron emission tomography imaging of tumor angiogenesis with a 66Ga-labeled monoclonal antibody. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1441-8. [PMID: 22519890 DOI: 10.1021/mp300019c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a (66)Ga-based positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for noninvasive imaging of CD105 expression during tumor angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer. (66)Ga was produced using a cyclotron with (nat)Zn or isotopically enriched (66)Zn targets. TRC105, a chimeric anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody, was conjugated to 2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-NOTA) and labeled with (66)Ga. No difference in CD105 binding affinity or specificity was observed between TRC105 and NOTA-TRC105 based on flow cytometry analysis. Reactivity of (66)Ga for NOTA, corrected to the end of bombardment, was between 74 and 222 GBq/μmol for both target enrichments with <2 ppb of cold gallium. (66)Ga-labeling was achieved with >80% radiochemical yield. Serial PET imaging revealed that the murine breast cancer 4T1 tumor uptake of (66)Ga-NOTA-TRC105 was 5.9 ± 1.6, 8.5 ± 0.6, and 9.0 ± 0.6% ID/g at 4, 20, and 36 h postinjection, respectively (n = 4). At the last time point, tumor uptake was higher than that of all organs, which gave excellent tumor contrast with a tumor/muscle ratio of 10.1 ± 1.1. Biodistribution data as measured by gamma counting were consistent with the PET findings. Blocking experiment, control studies with (66)Ga-NOTA-cetuximab, as well as ex vivo histology all confirmed the in vivo target specificity of (66)Ga-NOTA-TRC105. Successful PET imaging with high specific activity (66)Ga (>700 GBq/μmol has been achieved) as the radiolabel opens many new possibilities for future PET research with antibodies or other targeting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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