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Fica-Contreras SM, Hoffman DJ, Pan J, Liang C, Fayer MD. Free Volume Element Sizes and Dynamics in Polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Measured with Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3583-3594. [PMID: 33630576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The size, size distribution, dynamics, and electrostatic properties of free volume elements (FVEs) in polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were investigated using the Restricted Orientation Anisotropy Method (ROAM), an ultrafast infrared spectroscopic technique. The restricted orientational dynamics of a vibrational probe embedded in the polymer matrix provides detailed information on FVE sizes and their probability distribution. The probe's orientational dynamics vary as a function of its frequency within the inhomogeneously broadened vibrational absorption spectrum. By characterizing the degree of orientational restriction at different probe frequencies, FVE radii and their probability distribution were determined. PS has larger FVEs and a broader FVE size distribution than PMMA. The average FVE radii in PS and PMMA are 3.4 and 3.0 Å, respectively. The FVE radius probability distribution shows that the PS distribution is non-Gaussian, with a tail to larger radii, whereas in PMMA, the distribution is closer to Gaussian. FVE structural dynamics, previously unavailable through other techniques, occur on a ∼150 ps time scale in both polymers. The dynamics involve FVE shape fluctuations which, on average, conserve the FVE size. FVE radii were associated with corresponding electric field strengths through the first-order vibrational Stark effect of the CN stretch of the vibrational probe, phenyl selenocyanate (PhSeCN). PMMA displayed unique measured FVE radii for each electric field strength. By contrast, PS showed that, while larger radii correspond to unique and relatively weak electric fields, the smallest measured radii map onto a broad distribution of strong electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Junkun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chungwen Liang
- Computational Modeling Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Michael D Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Smith SJD, Hou R, Konstas K, Akram A, Lau CH, Hill MR. Control of Physical Aging in Super-Glassy Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1381-1388. [PMID: 32627529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusSince the discovery of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) in 2004, the fast size-selective interconnected pore cavities of the polymers have caused the upper bound of membrane performance to be revised, twice. Simultaneously, porous materials have meant that mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are now a relatively simple method of enhancing transport properties. While there are now reliable routes with mixed matrices to improve the fundamental transport properties of membrane materials, many of the other properties crucial for separation applications remain largely unaddressed. Physical aging severely affects membrane performance over time, especially for those prepared from high fractional free volume polymers. Gradual densification of the glassy polymer chains causes the connected pore channels present in these materials to constrict. Studies now suggest that aging of superglassy polymer materials is a two-step process; a rapid densification occurs within the first few days, followed by a gradual rearrangement of packed chains over longer time frames toward a theoretical equilibrium state. Although advantageous in terms of size selectivity, the considerable drop in permeation over the days and weeks after manufacture greatly impacts material applicability. While often still permeating faster than traditional membrane materials, the continuous gradual collapse of cavities in these polymers are a significant challenge in the application of high free volume polymer membranes. In 2014, we discovered that the porous aromatic framework PAF-1 not only greatly improved the membrane's void space and speed of gas transport but also seemingly froze several glassy polymers in a low-density state, holding the polymer's pore channels open, a process termed as Porosity Induced Side chain Adsorption (PISA).This discovery of PISA fundamentally challenged the conventional wisdom at the time that the aging rate could only be addressed by densification of the polymer. Unlike other high-performance glassy polymers, membranes containing PAF-1 can retain their high permeability for more than a year. Several other examples of antiaging behavior have been subsequently reported by the team, where control of aging rate as a function of gas penetrant, selectivity increases, and stability at higher pressures was reported. These works also demonstrate that these mixed matrix systems had applicability for several other separations, including pervaporation, solvent nanofiltration, and as separators for energy applications. In our subsequent studies, the antiaging mechanism has been elucidated as an effect of the interaction between the polymer's accessible pendant methyl group and the aromatic pore surface of PAF-1 or other antiaging additives. In otherwise identical MMMs, where this hypothesized methyl-π interaction is either absent or interrupted, we find that the antiaging behavior expected by the fixation of the polymer chains to the pore surface and PAF-1 does not occur. As a design approach for mixed matrix membranes, targeted interfacial interactions are a promising pathway for developing other stable membranes, enabling the exciting class of PIM materials to improve industrial separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J. D. Smith
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
- Monash Centre for Membrane Innovation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rujing Hou
- Monash Centre for Membrane Innovation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristina Konstas
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Ammara Akram
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K
| | - Cher Hon Lau
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K
| | - Matthew R. Hill
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
- Monash Centre for Membrane Innovation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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ROAMing in mutable voids: Polymer free volumes from wobbling vibrational probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15385-15387. [PMID: 32576695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009604117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Yampolskii Y, Belov N, Alentiev A. Perfluorinated polymers as materials of membranes for gas and vapor separation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Effects of sulfonate incorporation and structural isomerism on physical and gas transport properties of soluble sulfonated polyimides. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Weber CC, Brooks NJ, Castiglione F, Mauri M, Simonutti R, Mele A, Welton T. On the structural origin of free volume in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid mixtures: a SAXS and 129Xe NMR study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5999-6010. [PMID: 30809621 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) mixtures enable the design of fluids with finely tuned structural and physicochemical properties for myriad applications. In order to rationally develop and design IL mixtures with the desired properties, a thorough understanding of the structural origins of their physicochemical properties and the thermodynamics of mixing needs to be developed. To elucidate the structural origins of the excess molar volume within IL mixtures containing ions with different alkyl chain lengths, 3 IL mixtures containing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ILs have been explored in a joint small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and 129Xe NMR study. The apolar domains of the IL mixtures were shown to possess similar dimensions to the largest alkyl chain of the mixture with the size evolution determined by whether the shorter alkyl chain was able to interact with the apolar domain. 129Xe NMR results illustrated that the origin of excess molar volume in these mixtures was due to fluctuations within these apolar domains arising from alkyl chain mismatch, with the formation of a greater number of smaller voids within the IL structure. These results indicate that free volume effects for these types of mixtures can be predicted from simple considerations of IL structure and that the structural basis for the formation of excess molar volume in these mixtures is substantially different to IL mixtures formed of different types of ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Weber
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Low ZX, Budd PM, McKeown NB, Patterson DA. Gas Permeation Properties, Physical Aging, and Its Mitigation in High Free Volume Glassy Polymers. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5871-5911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xian Low
- Centre for Advanced Separations Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Peter M. Budd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Darrell A. Patterson
- Centre for Advanced Separations Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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Lebedev VT, Kul’velis YV, Orlova DN, Shamanin VV, Vinogradova LV. Structural features of films based on star-shaped fullerene-containing polystyrenes: Small-angle neutron-scattering study. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x16050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Evaluation of free volume and anisotropic chain orientation of Tröger's base (TB)-based microporous polyimide/copolyimide membranes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brooks NJ, Castiglione F, Doherty CM, Dolan A, Hill AJ, Hunt PA, Matthews RP, Mauri M, Mele A, Simonutti R, Villar-Garcia IJ, Weber CC, Welton T. Linking the structures, free volumes, and properties of ionic liquid mixtures. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6359-6374. [PMID: 29619199 PMCID: PMC5859882 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of ionic liquid (IL) mixtures has been proposed as an approach to rationally fine-tune the physicochemical properties of ILs for a variety of applications. However, the effects of forming such mixtures on the resultant properties of the liquids are only beginning to be understood. Towards a more complete understanding of both the thermodynamics of mixing ILs and the effect of mixing these liquids on their structures and physicochemical properties, the spatial arrangement and free volume of IL mixtures containing the common [C4C1im]+ cation and different anions have been systematically explored using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and 129Xe NMR techniques. Anion size has the greatest effect on the spatial arrangement of the ILs and their mixtures in terms of the size of the non-polar domains and inter-ion distances. It was found that differences in coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions arising from the distribution of charge density amongst the atoms of the anion also significantly influences these inter-ion distances. PALS and 129Xe NMR results pertaining to the free volume of these mixtures were found to strongly correlate with each other despite the vastly different timescales of these techniques. Furthermore, the excess free volumes calculated from each of these measurements were in excellent agreement with the excess volumes of mixing measured for the IL mixtures investigated. The correspondence of these techniques indicates that the static and dynamic free volume of these liquid mixtures are strongly linked. Consequently, fluxional processes such as hydrogen bonding do not significantly contribute to the free volumes of these liquids compared to the spatial arrangement of ions arising from their size, shape and coulombic attraction. Given the relationship between free volume and transport properties such as viscosity and conductivity, these results provide a link between the structures of IL mixtures, the thermodynamics of mixing and their physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Brooks
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry , Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Cara M Doherty
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Private Bag 10 , Clayton South , Victoria 3169 , Australia
| | - Andrew Dolan
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Anita J Hill
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Private Bag 10 , Clayton South , Victoria 3169 , Australia
| | - Patricia A Hunt
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Richard P Matthews
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Michele Mauri
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università of Milano-Bicocca , via Cozzi 55 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry , Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università of Milano-Bicocca , via Cozzi 55 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - Ignacio J Villar-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . .,Photoactivated Processes Unit , IMDEA Energy Institute , Móstoles Technology Park, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra, 3 , 28935 Móstole , Madrid , Spain
| | - Cameron C Weber
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . .,School of Science , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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Demco DE, Melian C, Simmelink J, Litvinov VM, Möller M. Structure and Dynamics of Drawn Gel-Spun Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Fibers by 1H, 13C and 129Xe NMR. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Fang W, Zhang L, Jiang J. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity for gas permeation: a molecular simulation study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2010.498828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Emmler T, Heinrich K, Fritsch D, Budd PM, Chaukura N, Ehlers D, Rätzke K, Faupel F. Free Volume Investigation of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs): PIM-1 and PIM1 Copolymers Incorporating Ethanoanthracene Units. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1008786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Emmler
- GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Kathleen Heinrich
- GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Detlev Fritsch
- GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Dennis Ehlers
- Technische Fakultät der Universität Kiel, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Rätzke
- Technische Fakultät der Universität Kiel, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Technische Fakultät der Universität Kiel, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Gotoh K, Ueda T, Eguchi T, Kawabata K, Yamamoto K, Murakami Y, Hayakawa S, Ishida H. Pore Structure of Hard Carbon Made from Phenolic Resin Studied by129Xe NMR. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kruse J, Rätzke K, Faupel F, Sterescu DM, Stamatialis DF, Wessling M. Free Volume in C60Modified PPO Polymer Membranes by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:13914-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074966+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Parker, WO, Ferrando A, Ferri D, Canepari V. Cross-Link Density of a Dispersed Rubber Measured by 129Xe Chemical Shift. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wallace O. Parker,
- Physical Chemistry, Refining & Marketing Division, Eni S.p.A., via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy, and Polymer Research Center “C. Buonerba”, Polimeri Europa, via Taliercio 14, 46100 Mantova, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrando
- Physical Chemistry, Refining & Marketing Division, Eni S.p.A., via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy, and Polymer Research Center “C. Buonerba”, Polimeri Europa, via Taliercio 14, 46100 Mantova, Italy
| | - Dino Ferri
- Physical Chemistry, Refining & Marketing Division, Eni S.p.A., via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy, and Polymer Research Center “C. Buonerba”, Polimeri Europa, via Taliercio 14, 46100 Mantova, Italy
| | - Valentino Canepari
- Physical Chemistry, Refining & Marketing Division, Eni S.p.A., via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy, and Polymer Research Center “C. Buonerba”, Polimeri Europa, via Taliercio 14, 46100 Mantova, Italy
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Ueda T, Omi H, Yukioka T, Eguchi T. High-Pressure129Xe NMR Study of the Intermolecular Interaction of Xenon Confined in Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Joers JM, Fong PM, Gore JC. Detection of radiation effects in polymer gel dosimeters using129Xe NMR. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:N23-30. [PMID: 16394332 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/2/n01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gel dosimeters consist of monomers, with or without cross-linking agents, dispersed in a gel. Upon exposure to ionizing radiation, polymerization proceeds within the gel matrix, thereby changing several measurable physical properties that can then be related quantitatively to absorbed dose. Several previous studies have examined how various nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties, such as the relaxation rates of water protons, change with dose, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used successfully to measure three-dimensional dose distributions in irradiated polymer gels. Here we report our first observations of the manner in which the chemical shift of xenon gas (129Xe) dissolved in a gel changes with absorbed dose, and we introduce the potential use of high resolution xenon NMR spectra for understanding better the dose response of gels. 129Xe possesses a large chemical shift range and xenon spectra are sensitive to subtle changes in the physical and chemical environments in which the gas is dissolved. For doses ranging from 0 Gy to 40 Gy we found that the mean chemical shift of 129Xe was linearly related to dose, and that the gel dosimeter could be described in terms of a two-component model undergoing fast exchange. We found no evidence of radiation damage to the gelatin matrix at doses between 0 Gy and 40 Gy. At 40 Gy, the fast-exchange model begins to break down, and distinct gelatin and poly(methacrylate) resonances are observed at higher doses. High resolution NMR measurements of xenon provide a novel method for probing radiation dose effects in irradiated polymer gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Joers
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2675, USA.
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Suzuki T, Yamada Y. Characterization of 6FDA-based hyperbranched and linear polyimide-silica hybrid membranes by gas permeation and129Xe NMR measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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SIVAKUMAR M, SUZUKI T, YAMAMOTO Y, MAHESH K, YOSHIMIZU H, TSUJITA Y. Structure and properties of the mesophase of syndiotactic polystyrene membraneVII. Isothermal sorption behavior of xenon. J Memb Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Suzuki T, Tanaka T, Nakajima M, Yoshimizu H, Tsujita Y. Characterization of the Cavity in Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Crystal by Gas Permeation and 129Xe NMR Measurements. Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.34.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Suzuki T, Miyauchi M, Yoshimizu H, Tsujita Y. Characterization of Microvoids in Glassy Polymers by Means of 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy. Polym J 2001. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.33.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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