Fe-modified HZSM-5 catalysts for ethanol conversion into light olefins

Superior ZSM-5@γ-Al2O3 Composite Catalyst for Methanol and Ethanol Coconversion to Light Olefins

This paper proposes a ZSM-5@γ-Al₂O₃ composite with a core-shell structure for the high-efficiency cocatalytic conversion of a methanol-ethanol system to light olefins. Using ZSM-5 and γ-Al₂O₃ as sole catalysts for comparison, the effects of physical blending, impregnation, and liquid-phase precipitation coating strategies on the catalytic performance and physicochemical properties of the composite catalysts were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the ZSM-5@γ-Al₂O₃ composite catalyst prepared by a liquid-phase precipitation coating exhibited excellent catalytic performance. When the ethanol content was 25 wt % and the reaction occurred at 350 °C, the conversion rates of methanol and ethanol were 96.1 and 99.9%, respectively; the selectivity and yield of light olefins reached 92.3 and 89.9%, respectively. The introduction of ethanol into methanol enhanced the selectivity of light olefins as target products. The interfacial composite phase formed by in situ nucleation growth of pseudoboehmite produced distinct Brønsted-Lewis acid synergistic active centers. It also increased the mesopore/micropore ratio in the composite catalyst.

H2 -free Synthesis of Aromatic, Cyclic and Linear Oxygenates from CO2

The synthesis of oxygenate products, including cyclic ketones and phenol, from carbon dioxide and water in the absence of gas-phase hydrogen has been demonstrated. The reaction takes place in subcritical conditions at 300 °C and pressure at room temperature of 25 barg. This is the first observation of the production of cyclic ketones by this route and represents a step towards the synthesis of valuable intermediates and products, including methanol, without relying on fossil sources or hydrogen, which carries a high carbon footprint in its production by conventional methods. Inspiration for these studies was taken directly from natural processes occurring in hydrothermal environments around ocean vents. Bulk iron and iron oxides were investigated to provide a benchmark for further studies, whereas reactions over alumina and zeolite-based catalysts were employed to demonstrate, for the first time, the ability to use catalyst properties such as acidity and pore size to direct the reaction towards specific products. Bulk iron and iron oxides produced methanol as the major product in concentrations of approximately 2-3 mmol L^-1 . By limiting the hydrogen availability through increasing the initial CO₂ /H₂ O ratio the reaction could be directed to yield phenol. Alumina and zeolites were both observed to enhance the production of longer-chained species (up to C₈ ), likely owing to the role of acid sites in catalysing rapid oligomerisation reactions. Notably, zeolite-based catalysts promoted the formation of cyclic ketones. These proof-of-concept studies show the potential of this process to contribute to sustainable development through either targeting methanol production as part of a "methanol economy" or longer-chained species including phenol and cyclic ketones.